非自我为中心的偏侧忽略的发生及其解剖

目的:研究非自我为中心的空间忽略在整个忽略人群中的分布及其发生相关的解剖位点。方法:对55例右侧脑损伤后合并左侧空间忽略的患者进行不同参考框架下的分型,根据分型结果将忽略患者分为自我为中心的忽略亚组及合并非自我为中心和自我为中心的忽略亚组,比较两个亚组的临床特征,并利用MRIcro软件将两个亚组的头颅脑成像显示的病灶分别进行叠加和相减分析。结果:47例患者接受了分型测试,其中30例(63.83%)患者合并存在非自我为中心的忽略和自我为中心的忽略,17例患者表现为单纯的自我为中心的忽略。两个亚组的一般状况及临床特征比较无显著性差异。两个亚组的病灶部位相比,右侧颞上回、颞中回及豆状核的损伤在非自我为中心的忽略亚组更常见。结论:右侧脑损伤后存在左侧空间忽略的患者一半以上合并存在非自我为中心的忽略。非自我为中心的左侧空间忽略的发生与右侧颞上回、颞中回、豆状核及周围白质的损伤相关。     

左侧空间忽略患者远空间忽略的表现与评定研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨右脑卒中后左侧空间忽略患者的远空间忽略特点和评定。方法2021年1月至10月,北京博爱医院30例右侧脑卒中后左侧空间忽略患者(n=30,患者组)与性别、年龄和文化程度匹配的健康人(n=30,对照组)行近空间和远空间线段划销测验、星星划销测验、线段二等分测验。方便抽取对照组25例于第二天同一时间行远空间线段二等分测验。结果对照组近空间和远空间漏划线段数和百分比、漏划星星数均为零;患者组二等分测验偏离中点长度和百分比均显著大于对照组(|t|>4.319,P<0.001);患者组远空间除二等分测验的偏离中点长度显著大于近空间测验外(t=-4.994,P<0.001),其余指标与近空间测试无显著性差异(|Z|<1.638,t=-1.282,P>0.05)。二等分测验重测ICC>0.462(P<0.01)。结论左侧近空间忽略脑卒中患者可同时存在远空间忽略,二等分测验可以用于远空间忽略的评定。     

经颅直流电刺激对脑卒中后视觉空间忽略不同参考框架成分的影响

目的:探究右后顶叶皮层经颅直流电刺激对脑卒中后视觉空间忽略患者以自身为中心参考框架成分和非自身为中心参考框架成分的影响.方法:20名右侧半球脑卒中后左侧视觉空间忽略患者随机分为观察组和对照组各10例,观察组行经颅直流电刺激联合常规康复治疗,对照组只进行常规康复治疗.治疗前和治疗2周后对2组患者进行自身为中心成分(线段二...     

重复经颅磁刺激的累积效应在治疗偏侧忽略中的作用研究

目的:观察连续数天的低频重复经颅磁刺激在对偏侧忽略患者的治疗中是否产生了累积效应,探讨累积效应是否是低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗偏侧忽略的重要机制。方法:将12例偏侧忽略患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,并对治疗组进行为期10天的低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗,每两天对这12例患者用线段划消和直线二等分测试进行评估,观察治疗组和对照组忽略症状的变化趋势。结果:rTMS的治疗效果和治疗时间之间存在相关关系,治疗组线段划消测试的评估结果和治疗时间之间的相关系数r=-0.659;直线二等分测试中r=-0.606。对照组线段划消测试评估结果和治疗时间之间无相关关系,P0.05;直线二等分测试结果和治疗时间之间也无相关关系,P0.05。结论:低频重复经颅磁刺激对偏侧忽略患者症状的改善是一个渐进的过程,具有累积效应,低频重复经颅磁刺激的累积效应在对偏侧忽略患者症状的改善中起到了关键作用。     

经颅直流电刺激对脑卒中视觉空间忽略患者视运动探查功能的影响

摘要 目的：观察阳极经颅直流电刺激作用于右侧后顶叶皮质对右侧脑卒中后左侧视觉空间忽略患者视运动探查功能表现的影响。 方法：研究纳入20例右侧脑卒中后左侧视觉空间忽略患者,分为治疗组和对照组：治疗组（n=10）行经颅直流电刺激联合常规康复治疗;对照组（n=10）行常规康复治疗。治疗前、治疗后予以不同注意需求的视运动探查任务评估：单纯搜索目标（线段删除）、对不同搜索目标进行不同标记（缺口探查）、从干扰刺激中搜索目标（星星删除）。 结果：治疗组线段删除得分较治疗前有改善,左侧缺口圆判断错误率、星星删除遗漏率有所减低,且差异均有显著性意义（P＜0.05）;而对照组较基线水平相比差异无显著性意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后两组间线段删除、缺口探查未标记目标百分比及左侧缺口率差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）,但星星删除差异无显著性意义（P＞0.05）。 结论：阳极经颅直流电刺激作用于右侧后顶叶皮质对不同注意加工需求的视运动探查任务影响不同,经颅直流电刺激对单纯目标搜索功能的改善和以目标物自身为参考框架成分加工的改善有促进作用。     

经颅磁刺激对脑卒中后单侧空间忽略患者运动功能康复的作用

【目的】探讨重复性经颅磁刺激（RTMS）对脑卒中后单侧空间忽略（USN）患者运动功能康复的作用。【方法】将60例门诊或住院治疗的脑卒中 USV患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例患者。对照组采用常规康复治疗和行为学治疗;在此基础上,观察组联合重复 rTMS方法治疗。治疗前后采用直线二等分试验、线段划消试验、字体抄写试验、画钟试验、平面图形临摹试验进行评定。【结果】治疗前,两组患者 USN程度方面无显著性差异（P＞0．05）;治疗后,两组 USN 程度及运动、日常生活活动能力均有明显有所改善（P＜0．05）。观察组改善程度显著优于对照组（P＜0．05）。【结论】采用 rTMS治疗脑卒中后 USN症疗效显著,可以使患者的 USN得到明显改善。     

护理干预对脑损伤致单侧视觉空间忽略的影响

目的观察护理干预对脑损伤致单侧视觉空间忽略临床疗效的影响。方法将确诊的脑损伤致单侧视觉空间忽略患者随机分成护理干预组和常规组，护理干预组在常规组的基础上配合康复护理。治疗前后分别采用二等分线段、数字划销、画钟试验等方法观察两组患者认知功能恢复情况。结果护理干预组治疗后显著优于常规组（P〈0.001）。结论康复护理干预对改善单侧视觉空间忽略具有重要作用。     

脑卒中患者偏侧忽略线分法试验中线段位置对结果的影响

目的研究线分法试验中线段位置对不同程度偏侧忽略脑卒中患者线分结果的影响，探讨线段位置对线分结果影响的机制。方法根据凯瑟林一波哥量表（CatherineBergegoScale，CBS）检出26例首发脑卒中致左侧偏侧忽略的患者，分为轻度忽略组（15例）和重度忽略组（11例），20例年龄匹配的健康成人作为对照组。进行线分法检查时，让患者中分在Ag纸的左侧、中央和右侧的长度为10cm的水平线段。然后在另外一张同样的Ag纸上，先让患者标出他所看到的线段两端，然后再在标出的线段中央划一条垂直分隔线。计算分隔线右侧长度占所分隔线段长度的百分比。结果轻度忽略组与对照组在上述线分试验中所有结果的差异均无统计学意义。在标出线段两端前，重度忽略组患者分隔左侧及中央线段时分隔线较实际中点出现明显右移。重度忽略患者标记后的3条线段长度均明显短于对照组和轻度忽略组，缩短的原因是标记左侧端点时标记点明显右移。结论线段位置主要对重度偏侧忽略患者的线分结果有影响，其主要机制是重度偏侧忽略患者所看到的线段均较实际线段短，忽略了所有位置线段的左侧端，这种忽略程度白左向右逐渐减轻。     

线分法与行为偏侧忽略的相关性研究

目的 研究线分法与行为偏侧忽略的相关性，探讨线分法能否预测行为偏侧忽略。方法 根据行为偏侧忽略的评估量表——凯瑟林一波哥量表将30例脑卒中致左侧偏瘫的患者分为4组：严重偏侧忽略组，中度偏侧忽略组，轻度偏侧忽略组和无偏侧忽略组。11例年龄匹配的健康成人作为对照组。进行线分法检查时，在A4纸的左侧、中央和右侧分别画6条水平线段，让患者用右手持圆珠笔在线的中央划一垂直分隔线。计算分隔线右侧长度占该线段全长的百分比。结果 除轻度偏侧忽略组外，被分割线段空间的位置对其它各组人员的线分结果有明显影响。严重偏侧忽略组、无偏侧忽略组、对照组出现线分法中的位置“反转效应（crossovereffect）”。严重偏侧忽略组的患者在分隔A4纸左侧及中央的线段时出现向右的偏差，而在分隔A4纸右侧的线段时出现向左的偏差。在无偏侧忽略组及对照组，被检人员在分隔A4纸左侧线段时出现向左的偏差，而在分隔中央及右侧线段时出现向右的偏差。结论 本研究表明线分法中的位置“反转效应”若出现在位于患者右侧的线段，则强烈提示患者有重度行为偏侧忽略。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗视觉空间忽略的临床研究

目的：采用低频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对视觉空间忽略的患者进行治疗,通过行为学方法观察其治疗前后忽略的变化并探讨其脑机制。方法：14例脑血管意外后伴视觉空间忽略两周后无自然恢复的患者,分为治疗组和对照组各7例,治疗组采用rTMS进行治疗,刺激强度为运动阈值的90%,频率0.5Hz,刺激位点位于患者健侧大脑的顶叶后部（EEG10-20标准的P3点）。每次治疗15min,每天2次,连续治疗2周。并连续观察治疗两周后忽略的变化情况。结果：经过rTMS对左侧大脑的顶叶后部进行连续刺激两周后,患者的忽略明显改善。其中线段划消及直线二等分测试均表现为治疗前后有明显的差异。结论：使用rTMS后,患者的视觉空间忽略明显改善。经颅磁刺激治疗作为一种无创性的治疗方法,对视觉空间忽略有效。本结果支持注意网络的半球竞争理论。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.