有氧练习对肥胖妇女心血管危险因素的影响

目的研究规律的有氧训练对肥胖绝经妇女心血管危险因素的影响。方法对28名肥胖绝经妇女实施20周有氧训练,观察受试者运动前后身体成分、血压、安静心率及血脂、血糖和胰岛素(Ins)水平的变化。结果有氧训练后,肥胖妇女的形态指标有明显改善,受试者体质量下降(2.05±0.1)kg;局部脂肪量也有显著改善,与心血管疾病密切相关的腰围和体脂含量显著下降[腰围:(90.21±4.84)cmvs(85.64±4.46)cm,P<0.01;体脂含量:(27.79±5.31)kgvs(22.83±5.18)kg,P<0.01];运动后血压和安静心率显著下降;Ins水平下降[(9.17±2.30)mIU/Lvs(7.76±2.21)mIU/L,P<0.05],而空腹血糖没有明显变化;血脂改善[总胆固醇:(5.74±0.9)mmol/Lvs(4.41±0.12)mmol/L,P<0.01;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇:(3.12±0.71)mmol/Lvs(2.76±0.89)mmol/L,P<0.05);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇:(1.74±0.70)mmol/Lvs(2.23±0.84)mmol/L,P<0.05;甘油三酯:(1.70±0.58)mmol/Lvs(1.58±0.66)mmol/L,P<0.01]。结论长期有氧运动训练能改善绝经后肥胖妇女身体成分,降低心血管疾病的危险因素。     

全反式维甲酸对糖尿病大鼠肾小管—间质中肌成纤维细胞的作用

目的观察全反式维甲酸对糖尿病大鼠肾小管—间质中肌成纤维细胞的影响。方法链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病模型大鼠24只随机分为实验组(T)、模型组(D)各12只,正常组(N)健康大鼠12只,T组给予全反式维甲酸(20mg·kg-1.d-1)植物油溶液灌胃,D组和N组分别灌注相同等量的植物油。4、8周时每组各处死大鼠6只,测量24h尿微量白蛋白排泄率、肾重/体重、血肌酐、血糖(BS)。肾组织PAS、Masson’s染色,免疫组化检测肾小管—间质α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA,肌成纤维细胞的标记)的表达。结果肾组织PAS、Masson’s染色可见T组肾小球系膜细胞和基质的增生明显低于D组,肾小管上皮细胞的肿胀、空泡变性以及肾间质的增生明显好于D组;4周时尿微量白蛋白的排泄率T组低于D组[(3.1±0.5)μg/minvs(3.4±0.6)μg/min,P<0.05],8周时更加明显[(2.5±0.4)μg/minvs(4.5±0.9)μg/min,P<0.01];4、8周血肌酐T组分别低于同期D组[(56±6)μmol/Lvs(65±4)μmol/L,P<0.05;(48±3)μmol/Lvs(69±6)μmol/L,P<0.01],肾重/体重T组分别低于同期D组(6.0±0.4vs6.7±0.6,P<0.05;5.1±0.6vs7.8±1.0),血糖差异无统计学意义[(30.1±3.2)mmol/Lvs(28.3±3.5)mmol/L,P>0.05;(28.8±5.3)mmol/Lvs(31.0±3.3)mmol/L,P>0.05];肾小管—间质α-SMA表达T组明显低于D组。结论全反式维甲酸可减轻糖尿病大鼠肾小管—间质的损害,减少蛋白尿、肾小管—间质肌成纤维细胞的数量,防止肾间质的纤维化。     

酒精中毒对豚鼠免疫功能影响的实验研究

选用健康豚鼠24只,随机分成两组,每组12只。实验组每天用50％酒精生理盐水溶液按1ml/100g体重剂量灌胃一次,灌后动物出现昏睡现象2～3h;对照组用同剂量生理盐水灌胃,共20天。结果:①白细胞计数(×10~9/L):实验组5.250±0.872,对照组10.850±1.445,P<0.001;②白细胞吞噬率(％):实验组41.4±3.14,对照组69.5±4.32,P<0.01;     

葛根素对糖尿病大鼠血脂和主动脉细胞间粘附分子-1表达的调控

目的观察葛根素对糖尿病大鼠血脂和主动脉细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)mRNA表达的调控。方法利用链脲佐菌素腹腔注射法诱导建立1型糖尿病大鼠模型,将实验用SD大鼠随机分正常对照组、糖尿病组、葛根素治疗组。治疗16周,观察治疗期间及治疗后大鼠的一般状况、血糖(BS)、甘油三脂(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、糖化低密度脂蛋白(G-LDL),分离主动脉,HE染色及原位杂交检测主动脉内膜ICAM-1mRNA表达。结果①造模2组大鼠均出现血脂异常[TC(0.73±0.24)mmol/Lvs(5.73±0.21)mmol/L,P<0.05);TG(1.58±0.04)mmol/Lvs(4.45±0.14)mmol/L,P<0.05);LDL(0.70±0.23)mmol/Lvs(1.53±0.17)mmol/L,P<0.05);HDL(1.58±0.04)mmol/Lvs(0.45±0.14)mmol/L,P<0.05)]及主动脉损害。②葛根素能改善基本状况,葛根素能降低糖尿病大鼠的甘油三脂[(1.61±0.14)mmol/Lvs(4.45±0.14)mmol/L,P<0.05]、胆固醇[(1.15±0.24)mmol/Lvs(5.73±0.21)mmol/L,P<0.05]、低密度脂蛋白[(0.95±0.14)mmol/Lvs(1.53±0.17)mmol/L,P<0.05]、糖化血红蛋白[(7.11±0.24)%vs(13.73±1.21)%,P<0.05]、糖化低密度脂蛋白[(477.44±70.15)mmol/Lvs(900.28±66.64)mmol/L,P<0.05],升高高密度脂蛋白[(1.55±0.25)mmol/Lvs(0.45±0.14)mmol/L,P<0.05];葛根素降低主动脉ICAM-1基因[(51.32±8.75)mmol/Lvs(85.65±9.65)mmol/L,P<0.05]表达。结论葛根素具有确切的主动脉保护作用。     

抑郁大鼠进食量、胃容受性扩张功能测定与脑内5-HT含量的关系

目的:探讨抑郁反应大鼠胃容受性扩张功能、进食量、脑内5-HT的关系。方法:20只SD大鼠随机分为两组,记录每只大鼠每天进食量,实验组采用足底电刺激使大鼠产生抑郁反应(I=0.8mAT=1h),对照组放入电刺激箱内1h,但不与刺激。常规空腹腹腔麻醉下食管插管分级恒压灌注混合营养液体,免疫组化法测定大鼠脑内5-HT含量。结果:在电刺激后第二天实验组大鼠进食量明显降低分别为对照组(22.7±6.83)g/kg;实验组(16.80±4.59)g/kg,在4cmH2O灌注下实验组大鼠胃内容量明显下降,对照组平均(36.78±6.21)mL/kg,实验组平均为(25.20±6.34)mL/kg(P<0.01);脑内5-HT阳性指数实验组0.024±0.010明显小于对照组0.052±0.012,P<0.01。脑内5-HT阳性指数对抑郁反应积分和4cmH2O恒压灌注下胃内容量相关系数分别0.741(P<0.01)、0.566(P<0.05)。抑郁反应积分对4cmH2O恒压灌注下胃内容量相关系数0.681(P<0.05)。结论:大鼠脑内5-HT阳性积分降低明显导致抑郁反应及胃容受性扩张功能明显降低;而与大鼠进食量的关系不明显,脑内5-HT降低可能是FD发病的根本原因之一。     

改善胰岛素抵抗药物治疗大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病的实验研究

目的探讨罗格列酮和二甲双胍对大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)的治疗作用。方法44只雄性SD大鼠分为正常对照组(8只)和NAFLD组(36只)。以高脂饲料饲养建立NAFLD大鼠模型,8周末,处死NAFLD组大鼠4只,证实造模成功后,将NAFLD组进一步分为4组:NAFLD对照组(8只)、罗格列酮治疗组(8只)、二甲双胍治疗组(8只)和饮食治疗组(8只),除NAFLD对照组外,其余各组均进食普通饲料。12周末,处死所有动物,检测血脂、肝功能、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、肝脂质、肝组织TNFα、脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)的mRNA表达等指标及肝组织病理学。结果罗格列酮和二甲双胍治疗组血甘油三酯(0.61mmol/L±0.17mmol/L,0.63mmol/L±0.16mmol/Lvs0.85mmol/L±0.15mmol/L),总胆固醇(2.49mmol/L±0.68mmol/L,2.49mmol/L±0.58mmol/Lvs4.55mmol/L±1.58mmol/L),肝功能(丙氨酸氨基转移酶:38.3U/L±10.6U/L,43.3U/L±27.5U/Lvs110.6U/L±44.2U/L,天冬氨酸氨基转移酶:141.7U/L±14.3U/L,174.5U/L±57.9U/Lvs251.8U/L±91.0U/L),肝组织甘油三酯含量(18.9mg/g±2.7mg/g,20.4mg/g±3.6mg/gvs54.8mg/g±7.6mg/g)均显著低于NAFLD对照组(均P<0.05),其肝脂肪变性(分级:0.8±0.3,1.0±0.2vs2.8±0.5)及炎症程度(积分:0.8±0.2,1.0±0.3vs1.8±0.4)亦显著减轻(均P<0.01)。饮食治疗也能使血脂异常和肝组织病理学改变有一定改善,但对肝功能异常和肝脏炎症改善不明显,且疗效不如两药物治疗组。罗格列酮和二甲双胍治疗组的血清TNFα(125pg/ml±21pg/ml,155pg/ml±33pg/ml vs324pg/ml±34pg/ml)及肝组织TNFαmRNA(0.24±0.14,0.30±0.12vs0.85±0.12),FAS mRNA表达水平(0.22±0.14,0.29±0.16vs0.68±0.23)亦显著低于NAFLD对照组(均P<0.05)。结论罗格列酮和二甲双胍可有效治疗大鼠NAFLD。     

大鼠胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术模型的建立及形态学研究

目的建立大鼠幽门切除+胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术模型,观测体重以及肠管周径等形态学改变,探讨术后胃支空肠襻淤滞综合征(Roux stasis syndrome,RSS)的发生机制。方法 20只SD雄性大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,称量体重后实验组行幽门切除+胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,对照组仅行剖腹探查术。术后4周测量实验组胃支空肠襻中段肠管与对照组对应解剖部位肠管周径。结果动物模型建立成功,实验组大鼠术后体重平均(279.8±22.0)g,对照组体重平均(302.6±14.8)g,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组大鼠胃支空肠襻中段肠管周径平均为(1.7±0.2)cm,对照组大鼠对应解剖部位肠管周径为(1.3±0.1)cm,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论大鼠幽门切除+胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后体重下降,胃支空肠襻肠管扩张可能是RSS发生的重要原因之一。     

高压氧对急性坏死性胰腺炎胰腺腺泡细胞NF-κB活性与血液炎症细胞因子影响的研究

目的探讨高压氧对ANP胰腺腺泡细胞核转录因子NF-κB活性的影响。方法采用5%牛磺胆酸钠胰管逆行注射制备ANP动物模型。SD雄性大鼠40只,按随机分配原则分为ANP高压氧治疗组和ANP空白对照组。采用EMSA法检测胰腺腺泡细胞胞核NF-κB活性、Western-blot法检测胰腺腺泡细胞胞质IκBa活性及ELISA法检测血液IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-a及ICAM-1含量。结果高压氧在1、3、5及7h均可显著抑制ANP胰腺腺泡细胞胞核NF-κB活性[(24.47±5.39)μmol/Lvs(31.36±5.72)μmol/L、(28.58±4.51)μmol/Lvs(39.44±6.31)μmol/L、(26.47±4.13)μmol/Lvs(33.80±5.96)μmol/L及(20.38±3.79)μmol/Lvs(25.69±4.91)μmol/L](P<0.01);显著增强ANP胰腺腺泡细胞胞质IκBa活性[(8.94±1.43)μmol/Lvs(6.37±1.19)μmol/L、(7.83±1.72)μmol/Lvs(5.91±1.65)μmol/L、(8.31±1.54)μmol/Lvs(6.85±1.37)μmol/L及(8.62±1.12)μmol/Lvs(6.97±0.86)μmol/L](P<0.01);显著抑制血液中炎症细胞因子IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-a及ICAM-1活性(P<0.05)。结论高压氧可通过显著抑制ANP胰腺腺泡细胞NF-κB活性,增加胰腺腺泡细胞胞质IκBa活性的能力,减少血液中炎症细胞因子活性,从而抑制ANP引起的过度炎症反应。     

地塞米松对豚鼠免疫功能的影响(摘要)

选用体重约500g的豚鼠28只,随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组肌注地塞米松0.014g/kg每天1次。对照组肌注生理盐水。5天后进行外周血白细胞移行抑制试验,E——玫瑰花形成试验,肺泡吞噬细胞吞噬功能测定。结果:外周血白细胞移行指数对照组为0.4583±0.14,实验组为0.7579±0.19(P<0.01)。E——玫瑰花形成率对     

大鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎中NO、MDA、SOD的变化

目的建立大鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎的模型,观察结肠组织中NO、MDA、SOD的变化.方法30只Wistar大鼠,随机分为对照组、实验组、治疗组各10只,实验组和治疗组用乙酸灌肠建立大鼠溃疡性结肠炎的模型后,分别给予生理盐水、SASP(80mg/kg/d)1ml/d灌肠,采用组织病理学进行损伤指数评分;生化法检测组织中NO、MDA、SOD值.结果实验组NO(518.7±45.3μmol/g)、MDA(30.6±2.18nmol/g)均显著增高于对照组(196.5±29.1μmol/g,6.82±0.81μmol/g,P＜0.01)、治疗组(298.2±27.15μmol/g,14.79±1.92μmol/g,P＜0.01);实验组SOD(11.06±1.82u/g)显著降低于对照组(22.2±1.62u/g,P＜0.01)、治疗组(17.7±1.76u/g,P＜0.01),实验组的损伤指数(3.89±0.78)显著高于治疗组(1.3±0.48,P＜0.01).治疗组与对照组各值比较也有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论自由基参与溃疡性结肠炎的病理过程并降低自由基水平,可以为治疗溃疡性结肠炎提供新的途径.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.