儿童呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌及其耐药性的分析

目的:探讨儿童重症监护病房(PICU)机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原菌群及耐药结果.方法:对156例VAP临床资料及下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养结果进行回顾性分析.结果:PICU中机械通气患者VAP发生率为70.6%;病原菌以G-菌为主,其中,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌是主要致病菌,且耐药严重.结论:加强机械通气儿童患者呼吸道管理及病原学监测,合理应用抗生素.     

ICU患者呼吸机相关性肺炎耐药菌分布的现状及分析

目的 分析我院急诊重症监护病房(EICU)机械通气患者合并呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilation-associated pneumonia,VAP)的细菌耐药的现状.方法 无菌条件下收集2010年7月~2012年3月我科呼吸机相关性肺炎患者100例下呼吸道分泌物并进行细菌培养,并测定培养所得菌株对常见16种抗菌药物的耐药率.结果 共分离到菌株240株,其中革兰氏阴性菌168株,革兰氏阴性菌中,主要为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌.结论 铜绿假单胞菌与鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、环丙沙星、阿米卡星耐药率较低;嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌主要对复方新诺明耐药率最低.亚胺培南对肠杆菌属有着较高的抗菌活性.     

呼吸机相关肺炎发病率及相关危险因素的目标性监测研究

目的探讨呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)的发病特点及相关危险因素,为制定其预防措施提供科学依据。方法采用目标性监测方法调查ICU病房应用呼吸机患者VAP的发病率,并研究患者口咽部、胃液中、呼吸机的湿化器、冷凝器、螺纹管的微生物定植情况及其它5项危险因素与VAP之间的关系。结果VAP的发病率为61.02%,每千日机械通气感染率为100‰,病死率33.33%;机械通气时间≥7d、患者口咽部微生物定植、APACHEⅡ评分≥15分、呼吸机通气管路微生物定植是VAP的重要危险因素。结论VAP的发病率高,是多种危险因素共同作用的结果。     

新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌检测及药敏分析

目的探讨新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原菌感染现状及耐药性，为防治VAP提供科学依据。方法对新生儿VAP的病原菌及耐药性进行回顾性研究，分析26例新生儿VAP的临床资料及呼吸道分泌物细菌培养与药敏结果。结果本组新生儿VAP的发生率为55．1％。革兰阴性杆菌是新生儿VAP主要致病菌，其中以铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠杆菌为主。药敏显示铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯菌对大多数第三代头孢菌素耐药。结论铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠杆菌是新生儿VAP的主要致病菌，耐药率高，应积极预防。     

重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原菌分布及耐药特点

目的 探讨重症监护病房（ICU）中呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）患者的病原菌分布及耐药特点,为临床诊治提供参考依据.方法 对102例ICU中VAP患者的病原菌分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析.结果 从102例VAP患者的下呼吸道深部分泌物标本中分离出161株病原菌,前5位的病原菌依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、真菌.碳氢酶烯类加酶抑制剂对主要G-杆菌有较好的敏感性,头孢哌酮舒巴坦对鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌有较好的敏感性;G＋球菌主要为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺100%敏感.结论 G-杆菌是ICU中导致VAP的主要病原菌,且对多种抗菌药物耐药率增加,真菌感染率增加.应尽量减少侵袭性治疗,严格消毒隔离制度;抗菌药物治疗应以病原学和耐药性监测结果为依据.     

呼吸机相关性气管-支气管炎和肺炎的对比研究

【目的】探讨老年机械通气患者呼吸机相关性气管支气管炎和肺炎的临床和病原学特点，为临床更好地防治呼吸机相关的院内感染提供帮助。【方法】分析92例机械通气〉48h老年患者的资料，依据临床症状、X线胸片和下呼吸道分泌物的细菌培养结果，将符合标准的研究对象分成38例呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）组和32例呼吸机相关性气管-支气管感染（VAD组。分析两组发生率、病原学和预后差异。【结果】VAP、VAT发生率分别为41.3％和34．8％，13例VAT（40．6％）继发VAP。对比VAT组，VAP组机械通气2周前使用抗生素、COPD患者的比率显著增高，感染发生潍后，病死率高，机械通气时间、ICU时间延长，差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。VAP组前四位致病菌是铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、真菌。VAT组是铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希氏杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。分离的G-菌株70％为多重耐药菌株，亚胺培南耐药率最低。【结论】VAT的早期发现和控制，有利于防止VAP发生，并降低病死率。     

呼吸机相关性气管-支气管炎和肺炎的对比研究

[目的]探讨老年机械通气患者呼吸机相关性气管支气管炎和肺炎的临床和病原学特点,为临床更好地防治呼吸机相关的院内感染提供帮助。[方法]分析92例机械通气>48 h老年患者的资料,依据临床症状、X线胸片和下呼吸道分泌物的细菌培养结果,将符合标准的研究对象分成38例呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)组和32例呼吸机相关性气管-支气管感染(VAT)组。分析两组发生率、病原学和预后差异。[结果]VAP、VAT发生率分别为41.3%和34.8%,13例VAT(40.6%)继发VAP。对比VAT组,VAP组机械通气2周前使用抗生素、COPD患者的比率显著增高,感染发生滞后,病死率高,机械通气时间、ICU时间延长,差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。VAP组前四位致病菌是铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、真菌。VAT组是铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希氏杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。分离的G-菌株70%为多重耐药菌株,亚胺培南耐药率最低。[结论]VAT的早期发现和控制,有利于防止VAP发生,并降低病死率。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎60例临床分析

目的:观察机械通气并发呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP),探讨其对患者预后影响和防治对策。方法:观察住院期间机械通气48h以上患者156例,通过观察体温、气管内吸出脓性分泌物、外周血白细胞、痰细菌培养、X线胸片,诊断呼吸机相关性肺炎。结果:机械通气48h以上156例患者,60例发生呼吸机相关性肺炎,发生率为38.46%。病原菌培养结果:铜绿假单胞菌20例,肺炎克雷伯菌15例,鲍曼不动杆菌12例,金黄色葡萄球菌8例,白色念珠菌5例,大肠埃希菌4例。结论:铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌是呼吸机相关性肺炎主要致病菌;针对产生呼吸机相关性肺炎的原因进行积极防治、缩短机械通气时间是预防VAP发生的有效措施。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及危险因素分析

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)老年患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌分布及危险因素,为防治老年患者VAP提供科学依据.方法 选择安徽中医药大学第一附属医院2013年 10月至2015年 12 月ICU收治的机械通气48 h以上的80例患者,36例患者发生VAP(VAP组),44例患者未发生VAP(非VAP组),分析VAP患者病原菌分布及相关危险因素.结果 VAP主要致病菌依次为鲍曼不动杆菌(26.0%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(16.0%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(16.0%)、铜绿假单胞菌(10.0%)、溶血葡萄球菌(8.0%)等.两组患者在机械通气≥5 d、APACHE Ⅱ评分≥15 分、意识障碍、误吸、留置胃管、营养状况、抑酸剂、抗菌药物的联合应用方面的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示其中机械通气时间≥5 d、误吸、意识障碍、抗菌药物联合应用是发生VAP独立危险因素.结论 VAP主要致病菌为鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌等,VAP的危险因素有机械通气时间≥5 d、误吸、意识障碍、抗菌药物联合应用等.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响因素与病原菌研究

目的:了解呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的影响因素及细菌的耐药性.方法:采用目标性监测.结果:气管切开、使用皮质激素、昏迷、通气前使用大量抗生素,VAP的发生差异有统计学意义;从VAP患者分离出的病原菌中G-杆菌占75.2 %,以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌为主;鲍曼不动杆菌对大多数抗菌药物耐药性＞75 %.结论:机械通气时间延长、气管切开、气管插管、长期使用抗生素与皮质激素、昏迷是VAP发生的主要危险原因.除碳青酶烯类的亚胺培南外,鲍曼不动杆菌对第三、第四代头孢菌素、β-内酰胺类、氨基糖甙类、喹诺酮类等抗生素都显示很强的耐药性.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.