特发性部分性癫癎的遗传学研究进展

<正>以往部分性癫癎常被认为是一种症状性癫癎,但随着1995年Ottman等[1]用连锁分析的方法确定了具有听觉特征的常染色体显性遗传部分性癫癎家系的致病位点,及随后更多部分性癫癎家系的致病位点被定位,改变了人们对部分性癫癎病因的认识。通过对部分性癫癎家系的遗传学研究及对相同症状散发病例的筛查,发现基因变异在某些部分性癫癎的发病过程中     

全面性癫（癎）伴热性惊厥附加症河南两家系临床分析

目的 探讨全面性癫（癎）苘伴热性惊厥附加症（GEFS＋）河南两家系的临床特征.方法 首先对2个GEFS＋家系的先证者进行详细的问诊及体格检查,建立完善的家系图谱和详细的临床资料,按照国际分类法对癫（癎）苘发作和癫痫综合征进行分类,最后进行临床分析.结果 2个家系共43名成员（2名已去世）,受累者共13例（1例去世）,其中男5例（1例去世）,女8例.发作起始年龄均在儿童期.受累者中表现为热性惊厥（FS）者7例,热性惊厥附加症（FS＋）者2例,FS＋伴失神发作1例,FS＋伴复杂部分发作1例,家系A中先证者没有热性惊厥病史,主要表现为失神发作及全身强直阵挛发作.结论 GEFS＋具有表型异质性和遗传异质性,常见表型为FS和FS＋.GEFS＋是儿童期常见的一种癫茼综合征,多呈现常染色体显性遗传.     

常染色体显性遗传成人癫癎、震颤伴共济失调临床及致病基因定位研究

目的探讨常染色体显性遗传成人癫癎、震颤伴共济失调的临床特征并排除已知的致病基因。方法对可追溯6代130人的一家系的30名成员（包括11例患者）进行详细的神经系统检查，通过查询人类孟德尔遗传病数据库（OMIM）及表型鉴别、突变筛查和连锁分析验证方法排除已知致病基因；采用模拟连锁分析软件对该家系进行评估。结果该家系患者临床表现为多种形式的癫癎发作、震颤、肌阵挛小脑协调障碍和锥体束征。通过3种方法排除了已知基因致病可能，模拟连锁分析显示重组率为零时LOD值为6．03。结论该家系可能为尚未报道的常染色体显性遗传癫癎、震颤伴共济失调综合征，模拟分析证实它可为连锁分析提供足够的遗传信息，为定位克隆奠定了基础。     

脑电图检查对癫(癎)病人致(癎)灶的定位价值

1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料 经临床、影像学及脑电图(EEG)检查,明确诊断为癫(癎)并接受手术者共计96例,其中男60例,女36例,年龄8～49岁,平均28.5岁.发作类型(按1985年中华医学会第一届全国癫(癎)会议确定的标准)为简单部分性发作6例,复杂部分性发作18例,复杂部分性发作伴精神症状6例,全身强直阵孪性发作66例.     

全身性癫癎伴热性惊厥附加症一个家系23例报告

目的 探讨全身性癫癎伴热性惊厥附加症(generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures pIus,GEFS)的临床和遗传特点。方法对一个家系23例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 男:女为1.56:1,患者起病年龄6个月至2.5岁。1例5岁和1例4岁的男孩现在仍有癫癎发作,有3例患者在20岁以后仍有发作,其余18例在10～12岁以后停止发作。发热时可出现癫癎发作,也有不发热时癫癎发作,发作形式多样,除外2例分别4岁和5岁男孩,其余21例患者不用抗癫癎药物能自行停止发作。家系分析显示本病呈常染色体显性遗传。结论 本组病例均于儿童时起病,病程持续时间长短不一,男性多于女性,遗传方式为常染色体显性遗传,21例患者已经自行停止发作,预后良好。     

选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗颞叶内侧型癫(癎)疗效分析

目的 探讨选择性杏仁核海马切除术对治疗颞叶内侧型癫(癎)的疗效.方法 选择颞叶脑电异常与海马硬化同侧病例10例,其中单纯部分性发作继发全身性发作2例,复杂部分性发作5例(3例继发全身性发作),全身强直-阵挛性发作3例.经颞底海马旁回入路切除杏仁核海马.结果 术后病人均恢复良好.所有病例均随访1 a以上,6例发作完全缓解(EngelⅠ、Ⅱ级,60%),2例缓解明显(Engel Ⅲ级,20%),1例轻度缓解(Engel Ⅳ级,10%),1例病人术后半年自行停药造成癫(癎)复发.结论 对伴同侧海马硬化的颞叶内侧型癫(癎)患者行选择性杏仁核海马切除术(经颞底海马旁回入路)疗效显著,可改善性发作情况.     

家族性发作性运动诱发性运动障碍三个家系的临床及遗传学特点

目的探讨家族性发作性运动诱发性运动障碍（paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia，PKD）的临床及遗传学特点，提高临床医师对该病的认识。方法总结分析3个汉族家族性PKD家系患者的临床资料，并进行详细的家系调查。结果3个家系共有患者25例，其中男性16例，女性9例。起病年龄1～10岁，发作由运动诱发，发作时意识清楚，发作持续时间在30s以内。查体未见异常，无明显智能障碍。发作次数10～50次／d，随年龄增长发作次数减少，卡马西平可完全缓解症状。家系遗传方式均符合常染色体显性遗传模式。家系中男性患者的临床表现比女性严重，未经治疗时，女性患者症状自然缓解的年龄比男性患者早。结论家族性PKD的主要遗传方式为常染色体显性遗传，在临床及遗传上可能存在异质性。男性患者临床表现比女性严重，可能与不同种族的遗传异质性有关。女性患者比男性症状轻，自然缓解年龄早，可能导致多数女性患者不完全外显，使得女性发病相对较少。     

常染色体显性遗传颞叶外侧癫癇

常染色体显性遗传颞叶外侧癫 (autosomaldominantlateraltemporalepilepsy ,ADLTE)又称合并听觉症状的常染色体显性遗传部分性癫 (autosomaldominantpartialepilepsywithauditoryfeatures ,ADPEAF) ,由Ottman等[1] 1995年首次报道。现已发现本病与染色体 10 q2 2 2 4相关。一般在儿童或成人早期发病 ,临床可见简单性、继发性全身性强直阵挛发作 ,多有典型听觉先兆和 (或 )颞叶外侧起源的其他先兆。病情较轻、癫发作次数稀少 ,无脑内器质性病变。随着年龄增长病情逐渐改善 ,治疗效果极佳 ,预后良好[2 15] 。一、临床表现本病表…     

家族性发作性运动诱发性运动障碍六个家系的临床及遗传特点分析

目的探讨发作性运动诱发性运动障碍（paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia，PKD）的临床特征及遗传特点。方法对6个中国汉族PKD家系共122名成员进行随访，包括患者26例，总结分析其临床表现、遗传特点、辅助检查及预后。结果本组6个家系共有患者26例，其中男性18例，女性8例（男：女=2．25：1）。患者发病年龄为4～30岁，均以突然运动诱发，表现为肢体的不能控制的肌张力障碍、舞蹈、投掷样动作等，每次发作约持续几秒到十几秒，持续时间最长不超过1min，平均每天发作数次，不伴意识障碍。神经系统检查、脑电图、头颅影像学检查等均无阳性发现。多数患者可自然缓解，抗癫痫药物治疗有效。6个家系中4个家系有连续2代以上发病，符合常染色体显性遗传；2个家系只有一代患者，且均为同胞兄弟／姐妹，符合常染色体隐性遗传。通过家系内比较，发现4个显性遗传家系均有子代较父代发病年龄提前、发作频率增加、病程延长等现象，提示存在遗传早现（anticipation）。结论PKD是一种神经系统的常染色体遗传病，既有显性遗传又有隐性遗传，具有遗传和临床异质性（heterogeneity）。中国汉族人群中显性遗传的PKD家系存在遗传早现现象。     

不同发作类型癫痫患儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平研究

目的探讨不同发作类型癫癎患儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平变化与脑损害之间的关系。方法按照1981年国际抗癫癎联盟制定的癫癎发作类型分类标准,共明确诊断190例癫癎患儿（强直-阵挛发作41例、强直性发作34例、阵挛性发作22例、肌阵挛发作12例、无张力性发作17例、失神发作22例、单纯部分性发作21例及复杂部分性发作21例）,于癫癎发作72 h内施行长程视频脑电图观察和血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶检测。结果不同发作类型癫癎患儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平均高于正常对照组（P=0.000）,其中以肌阵挛发作组[（32.42±6.62）ng/ml]水平最高,除与强直-阵挛发作组（P=0.062）外,与其他各发作类型之间差异均有统计学意义（P=0.000）;而其他各类型之间差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。秩相关分析显示,癫癎患儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平与长程视频脑电图异常程度呈正相关（r₁=0.613,P=0.000）。结论癫癎发作后血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平即升高,提示癫癎发作对患儿脑组织有一定损害;而且癫癎放电对神经元损害越严重、血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平升高越明显,不同发作类型中以肌阵挛发作、强直-阵挛发作患儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平最高,提示这两种发作类型对脑组织的损害高于其他类型。     

Familial temporal lobe epilepsy with febrile seizures

Described are the clinical, EEG, MR, and genetic characteristics of 106 members of a family with autosomal dominant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and febrile seizures (FS), with 22 affected individuals. Eleven patients had a history of FS, and 10 patients had TLE. EEG showed epileptic activity in five. None had hippocampal sclerosis. There was no evidence for linkage to 13 candidate loci. This large family with autosomal dominant TLE has a distinct phenotype and shows no linkage to known candidate regions for familial partial epilepsy and FS.     

LGI1 gene mutation screening in sporadic partial epilepsy with auditory features

Abstract Partial epilepsy with auditory features occasionally segregates in families as an autosomal dominant trait. In some families mutations in the leucine-rich glioma inactivated (LGI1) gene have been identified. Sporadic cases might harbour either denovo or low-penetrant LGI1 mutations, which will substantially alter the family risk for epilepsy.We selected sixteen sporadic patients with cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy and partial seizures with auditory features. We compared clinical features of these patients with those of published autosomal dominant family cases. We screened these patients for LGI1 mutations.Comparing the sporadic patients with the published familial cases no difference in either the primary auditory features or in the other associated epileptic manifestations was identified. Sequence analysis of the whole LGI1 gene coding regions in sporadic patients did not reveal changes in the LGI1 gene.The genetic analysis demonstrates that LGI1 is not a major gene for sporadic cases of partial epilepsy with auditory features at least in the Italian population. Screening of sporadic patients for LGI1 mutations appears not useful in genetic counselling of these patients.     

Familial temporal lobe epilepsy: A common disorder identified in twins

We describe a new syndrome of familial temporal lobe epilepsy in 38 individuals from 13 unrelated white families. The disorder was first identified in 5 concordant monozygotic twin pairs as part of a large-scale twin study of epilepsy. When idiopathic partial epilepsy syndromes were excluded, the 5 pairs accounted for 23% of monozygotic pairs with partial epilepsies, and 38% of monozygotic pairs with partial epilepsy and no known etiology. Seizure onset for twin and nontwin subjects usually occurred during adolescence or early adult life. Seizure types were simple partial seizures with psychic or autonomic symptoms, infrequent complex partial seizures, and rare secondarily generalized seizures. Electroencephalograms revealed sparse focal temporal interictal epileptiform discharges in 22% of subjects. Magnetic resonance images appeared normal. Nine affected family members (24%) had not been diagnosed prior to the study. Pedigree analysis suggested autosomal dominant inheritance with age-dependent penetrance. The estimated segregation ratio was 0.3, indicating an overall penetrance of 60% assuming autosomal dominant inheritance. The mild and often subtle nature of the symptoms in some family members may account for lack of prior recognition of this common familial partial epilepsy. This disorder has similarities to the El mouse, a genetic model of temporal lobe epilepsy with a major gene on mouse chromosome 9, which is homologous with a region on human chromosome 3.     

Evidence favoring genetic heterogeneity for febrile convulsions

PURPOSE: Two large Canadian kindreds appearing to segregate febrile convulsions as an autosomal dominant trait were evaluated for linkage to three known FC loci, as well as other epilepsy loci. METHODS: Members of the two families were genotyped with microsatellite markers linked to the previously identified febrile convulsion loci, FEB1, FEB2, and GEFS+, and we performed two-point linkage analyses by assuming an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. RESULTS: We report the exclusion of the FC trait in our families to FEB1 on 8q13-21 and to a second febrile convulsion locus on 19p13. Furthermore, we also excluded the GEFS+ locus on 19q13.1 as the cause of febrile convulsions in both kindreds. Microsatellite markers linked to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (EJM1), benign neonatal familial convulsions EBN1 and EBN2, autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE), idiopathic generalized epilepsy (EGI), progressive myoclonic epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg (EPM1), and partial epilepsy with auditory features (EPT), were also excluded as potential loci linked to the FC trait in our families. CONCLUSIONS: These findings favor considerable genetic heterogeneity for febrile convulsions.     

Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: the syndrome]

The identification of the autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) in 1994 was rapidly followed by that of other familial forms of non lesional partial epilepsies (familial temporal lobe epilepsy, autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with variable foci). Since then around forty families with ADNFLE have been described, most of them having only 3 or 4 affected individuals. The epilepsy usually begins during childhood (mean age at onset: 11 years). The seizures mainly consist of motor elements which can be dystonic, tonic or hyperkinetic (bipedal automatisms, pelvic thrashing movements...), often preceded by a non specific aura. They are brief and frequent, taking place at night, in clusters. Some patients also present some diurnal seizures. One third of the patients report the occurrence of rare secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. There is a large intra-familial variability as to age of onset, intensity of the manifestations and the course of the epilepsy. During the period of highest frequency of seizures, some patients may present moderate neuropsychological disturbances concordant with frontal dysfunctioning, or transitory behavioral disorders. The seizures often subside with age and may even disappear at adulthood. The most effective antiepileptic drug is carbamazepine, however pharmacoresistance is seen in 20 to 30 p. 100 of the cases. Interictal EEG shows non specific epileptiform anomalies with a frontal predominance, often seen solely on sleep recording, in more than half of all patients. Ictal EEG does not always give evidence of definite ictal discharges. The clinical heterogeneity of ADNFLE as it is especially observed in very variable types of auras which are non localizing, aside form the EEG's own limits, makes it difficult to localize the primary epileptic focus with certainty in the frontal lobe in all cases. In all, the clinical and electrical spectrum of ADNFLE is large, and the topographical identification of these familial frontal lobe epilepsies sets the same problems as for sporadic, classical cryptogenic frontal lobe epilepsies.     

Familial partial epilepsy with variable foci in a Dutch family: clinical characteristics and confirmation of linkage to chromosome 22q

PURPOSE: Three forms of idiopathic partial epilepsy with autosomal dominant inheritance have been described: (a) autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE); (b) autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) or partial epilepsy with auditory features (ADPEAF); and (c) familial partial epilepsy with variable foci (FPEVF). Here we describe linkage analysis in a Dutch four-generation family with epilepsy fulfilling criteria of both ADNFLE and FPEVF. METHODS: Clinical characteristics and results of EEG, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were evaluated in a family with autosomal dominantly inherited partial epilepsy with apparent incomplete penetrance. Linkage analysis was performed with markers of the ADNFLE (1p21, 15q24, 20q13.3) and FPEVF (2q, 22q11-q12) loci. RESULTS: Epilepsy was diagnosed in 10 relatives. Age at onset ranged from 3 months to 24 years. Seizures were mostly tonic, tonic-clonic, or hyperkinetic, with a wide variety in symptoms and severity. Most interictal EEGs showed no abnormalities, but some showed frontal, central, and/or temporal spikes and spike-wave complexes. From two patients, an ictal EEG was available, showing frontotemporal abnormalities in one and frontal and central abnormalities in the other. Linkage analysis with the known loci for ADNFLE and FPEVF revealed linkage to chromosome 22q in this family. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical characteristics of this family fulfilled criteria of both ADNFLE and FPEVF. The frequent occurrence of seizures during daytime and the observation of interictal EEG abnormalities originating from different cortical areas were more in agreement with FPEVF. The observed linkage to chromosome 22q supported the diagnosis of FPEVF and confirmed that this locus is responsible for this syndrome.     

DEPDC5 mutations are not a frequent cause of familial temporal lobe epilepsy

Mutations in the DEPDC5 (DEP domain–containing protein 5) gene are a major cause of familial focal epilepsy with variable foci (FFEVF) and are predicted to account for 12–37% of families with inherited focal epilepsies. To assess the clinical impact of DEPDC5 mutations in familial temporal lobe epilepsy, we screened a collection of Italian families with either autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) or familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (FMTLE). The probands of 28 families classified as ADLTE and 17 families as FMTLE were screened for DEPDC5 mutations by whole exome or targeted massive parallel sequencing. Putative mutations were validated by Sanger sequencing. We identified a DEPDC5 nonsense mutation (c.918C>G; p.Tyr306*) in a family with two affected members, clinically classified as FMTLE. The proband had temporal lobe seizures with prominent psychic symptoms (déjà vu, derealization, and forced thoughts); her mother had temporal lobe seizures, mainly featuring visceral epigastric auras and anxiety. In total, we found a single DEPDC5 mutation in one of (2.2%) 45 families with genetic temporal lobe epilepsy, a proportion much lower than that reported in other inherited focal epilepsies.     

Clinical and inheritance profiles of hyperekplexia in Jordan

Hyperekplexia is a rare nonepileptic disorder characterized by excessive startle response to acoustic, visual, or other stimuli. Patients with hyperekplexia are often misdiagnosed as having epilepsy. The presentation modalities, phenotypes, and the modes of inheritance among patients with hyperekplexia from 9 Jordanian families are described. All families were referred with the preliminary diagnosis of uncontrolled seizures with onset of the disease in the neonatal period and with variable and atypical presenting features. The inheritance profile in 4 families was compatible with autosomal recessive and in 1 family with autosomal dominant inheritance. Four families showed sporadic cases of hyperekplexia. This is the first report of a series of patients with hyperekplexia from Jordan. The clinical manifestations show atypical features that have not been previously reported, pointing to the probable broader clinical spectrum of this entity. Recognition of the syndrome allows for prompt proper management and provision of genetic counseling.     

A clinical and genetic study of familial Parkinson's disease

The clinical features of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) were investigated by examining the families of 20 British probands who were selected on the basis of having clinically typical PD and at least one affected relative. Forty-nine secondary cases were identified. These subjects were clinically indistinguishable from sporadic cases of idiopathic PD. If it is assumed that familial PD has a genetic basis, pedigree and segregation analysis suggested autosomal dominant inheritance of a gene or genes with reduced penetrance as the most likely explanation. The data did not support the possibilities of either mitochondrial or polygenic inheritance, although the latter cannot be excluded. The role of genetic factors in sporadic cases of PD remains unclear.