GSNO上调人血管内皮细胞系EA.hy926 PDK1和LDHA mRNA的表达

S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽(S-nitrosoglutathione,GSNO)是机体内源性S-硫醇,具有影响蛋白质活性、稳定性及核质分布的作用,参与血管性疾病发生[1]。在大鼠心肌缺血损伤模型中,GSNO可通过修饰三重基序蛋白TRIM72减轻缺血引起的心脏损伤和减少梗塞面积。     

Vascular endothelial growth factor protects motoneurons from serum deprivation–induced cell death through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective degeneration and death of motoneurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex which causes progressive muscle weakness and paralysis. Although the molecular mechanisms causing the disease remain unknown, excitotoxicity and loss of trophic support have been proposed as causes of degeneration.     

Effects of cigarette smoke extract on A549 cells and human lung fibroblasts treated with transforming growth factor-β1 in a coculture system

Smoking is a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but the mechanism of the association remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on A549 cells and human lung fibroblasts treated with transforming growth factor-β1. A transwell two-chamber coculture system was used to study the proliferation, differentiation, morphologic changes and soluble factors production of A549 cells and myofibroblasts. Low concentrations of CSE promoted myofibroblasts proliferation; however, high concentrations of CSE inhibited their proliferation. Low concentrations of CSE also markedly increased extracellular secretion of hydrogen peroxide, inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and produced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cocultured A549 cells. This cigarette smoke-induced A549 cells EMT may become a new pathophysiological concept in the development of IPF. CSE possibly takes part in the development and progress of IPF by increasing oxidative stress.     

Role of the spermatogenic–Sertoli cell interaction through cell adhesion molecule-1 (CADM1) in spermatogenesis

Endocrine and local secretory factors have long been known to be required for spermatogenesis. Evidence has been accumulating in recent years indicating that direct contact between spermatogenic and Sertoli cells is also required for spermatogenesis. Cell adhesion molecules of various types have been found in the mammalian testis that are expressed in spermatogenic and/or Sertoli cells and involved in homophilic and/or heterophilic binding. We have cloned a novel cell adhesion molecule, cell adhesion molecule-1 (CADM1), also known as immunoglobulin superfamily 4A or spermatogenic immunoglobulin superfamily, from the mouse testis. CADM1 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a transmembrane domain, and a short intracellular domain. In the seminiferous epithelium, CADM1 is expressed in intermediate spermatogonia through to early pachytene spermatocytes as well as in elongating spermatids—but not in round spermatids, mature spermatozoa, or Sertoli cells. One of the heterophilic binding partners of CADM1 has proven to be a poliovirus receptor, another member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed in Sertoli cells. Knockout mice for CADM1 develop male infertility due to defective spermatogenesis. These findings suggest that cell adhesion molecules between spermatogenic and Sertoli cells play essential roles in spermatogenesis.     

Val-glucagon-like peptide-1 protects against Aβ1–40-induced impairment of hippocampal late-phase long-term potentiation and spatial learning in rats

Amyloid β protein (Aβ) is considered to be partly responsible for the impairment of learning and memory in Alzheimer disease (AD). In addition, it has been found recently that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for developing AD. One promising treatment for AD is using analogues for the insulin-release facilitating gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that has been developed as a T2DM therapy. GLP-1 has been shown to have neuroprotective properties. However, if GLP-1 can protect the late phase-long term potentiation (L-LTP) and related cognitive function against Aβ-induced impairment it is still an open question. To further characterize the neuroprotective function of GLP-1 in the brain, we investigated the effects of i.c.v. injected Val⁸-GLP-1(7–36) on the Aβ fragment-induced impairment of in vivo hippocampal L-LTP and spatial learning and memory in rats. The results showed that (1) Aβ1–40 (5 nmol) injection did not affect the baseline field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), but significantly suppressed multiple high frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced L-LTP in hippocampal CA1 region; (2) Val⁸-GLP-1(7–36) (0.05 pmol) administration alone did not affect the baseline synaptic transmission and the maintenance of L-LTP; (3) pretreatment with Val⁸-GLP-1(7–36) (0.05 pmol) effectively prevented Aβ1–40-induced deficit of L-LTP; (4) i.c.v. injection of 5 nmol Aβ1–40 resulted in a significant decline learning a spatial Morris water maze (MWM) test; (5) Val⁸-GLP-1(7–36) (0.05 pmol) administration alone did not affect spatial learning in this task, while pretreatment with Val⁸-GLP-1(7–36) effectively reversed the impairment of spatial learning and memory induced by Aβ1–40. At the same time, the swim speeds and escape latencies of rats among all groups in the visible platform tests did not show any difference. These results suggest that increase of GLP-1 signalling in the brain may be a promising strategy to ameliorate the degenerative processes observed in AD.     

The regulatory mechanism of β-eudesmol is through the suppression of caspase-1 activation in mast cell–mediated inflammatory response

β-Eudesmol is sesquiterpenoid alcohol which contains the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea. Although it has multiple pharmacological effects, the anti-inflammatory effect of β-eudesmol and its molecular mechanisms are poorly elucidated. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of β-eudesmol on mast cell–mediated inflammatory response. The results indicated that β-eudesmol inhibited the production and expression of interleukin (IL)-6 on phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated human mast cell (HMC). In activated HMC-1 cells, β-eudesmol suppressed activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB. In addition, β-eudesmol suppressed the activation of caspase-1 and expression of receptor-interacting protein-2. These results provide new insights into the pharmacological actions of β-eudesmol as a potential molecule for use in therapy in mast cell–mediated inflammatory diseases.