Optic nerve sheath diameter measurement for predicting raised intracranial pressure in adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the diagnostic feasibility of measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), via brain computed tomography (CT) and ocular ultrasonography (US) for prediction of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients.MethodsThe PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of brain CT or ocular US for predicting raised ICP. Bivariate and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic modeling were performed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic feasibility of measuring the ONSD in adult patients with severe TBI according to modality (ocular US vs. brain CT).ResultsFive studies (four with ocular US and one with brain CT) were included. The ONSD had a pooled sensitivity of 0.91, pooled specificity of 0.77, and area under the HSROC curve of 0.92 for predicting raised ICP. More importantly, studies using ocular US found an almost equal sensitivity (0.91 vs. 0.90; p = .35) and higher specificity (0.82 vs. 0.58; p = .01) than those using brain CT.ConclusionsMeasurement of the ONSD may be a useful method for predicting raised ICP in adult patients with severe TBI.     

Estimation of optic nerve sheath diameter on an initial brain computed tomography scan can contribute prognostic information in traumatic brain injury patients

Introduction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measured on the initial brain computed tomography (CT) scan for intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients.

Methods

A prospective observational study of all severe TBI patients admitted to a neurosurgical ICU (over a 10-month period). Demographic and clinical data and brain CT scan results were recorded. ONSD for each eye was measured on the initial CT scan. The group of ICU survivors was compared to non-survivors. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was evaluated six months after ICU discharge.

Results

Seventy-seven patients were included (age: 43 ± 18; 81% males; mean Injury Severity Score: 35 ± 15; ICU mortality: 28.5% (n = 22)). Mean ONSD on the initial brain CT scan was 7.8 ± 0.1 mm in non-survivors vs. 6.8 ± 0.1 mm in survivors (P < 0.001). The operative value of ONSD was a good predictor of mortality (area under the curve: 0.805). An ONSD cutoff ≥ 7.3 had a sensitivity of 86.4% and a specificity of 74.6% and was independently associated with mortality in this population (adjusted odds ratio 95% confidence interval: 22.7 (3.2 to 159.6), P = 0.002). There was a relationship between initial ONSD values and six-month GOS (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

ONSD measured on the initial brain CT scan is independently associated with ICU mortality rate (when ≥ 7.3 mm) in severe TBI patients.     

超声测量视神经鞘直径与眼球横径比值在重症颅脑损伤患者颅内压监测中的应用

目的研究重症颅脑损伤(TBI)患者颅内压监测中超声测量视神经鞘直径(ONSD)与眼球横径(ETD)比值的应用价值。方法回顾性选取2020年1月至2021年1月保定市第二中心医院收治入院的98例重症TBI患者为研究对象。所有患者均于入院24 h内接受开颅手术治疗,采用腰椎穿刺术测定颅内压,手术完成后24 h内选取索诺声超声M-Turbo与6-13 MHz线阵超声探头测定ETD、ONSD,选取颅内压监护仪记录颅内压值。参考颅内压值分为研究组(n=58,颅内压≤20 mmHg)与对照组(n=40,颅内压>20 mmHg)。分析并比较两组入院后同期监测指标水平及与ONSD/ETD比值相关性;分析两组超声测量ONSD/ETD比值、ONSD与颅内压相关性;超声测量ONSD/ETD比值、ONSD预测颅内压水平上升的准确性经受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价,并比较金标准脑室内测压与超声测量ONSD/ETD比值、ONSD诊断一致性。结果研究组较对照组GSC评分、颅内温度、ETD更高,颅内压、ONSD、ONSD/ETD比值更低,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。两组患者GCS与ONSD/E...     

脑外伤急性期床旁超声ONSD监测颅内压变化研究

脑外伤患者急性期的颅内压(ICP)升高和严重残疾及死亡等预后不良相关[1-2],脑室内颅内压监测被认为是ICP监测的金标准,但存在本身手术有创,可能继发感染和颅内出血等风险[3-4].床旁超声技术具有动态、实时、可重复操作的优势[5].近年国内外利用床旁超声监测视神经鞘直径(optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD)评估升高的颅内压,相关临床研究已有大量报道[6-8].但是对于ICP超过20mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)时视神经鞘直径的临界值仍存在争议.尤其Wang等[9]最近报道的国人颅内压升高超过20 mmHg时ONSD的临界值为0.41 cm,与国外报道0.48～0.52 cm水平差异较大.该临界值的确定对于降颅压治疗具有指导意义,因此有进一步研究价值.     

Optic nerve sheath diameter and lumbar puncture opening pressure in nontrauma patients suspected of elevated intracranial pressure

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine if patients with nontraumatic causes of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) could be identified by ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). It was hypothesized that an ONSD greater than or equal to 5 mm would identify patients with elevated ICP.MethodThis was a prospective observational trial comparing ONSD with ICP measured by opening pressure manometry on lumbar puncture (LP). The cohort consisted of a convenience sample of adult patients presenting to the emergency department, requiring LP. The ONSD measurement was performed before computed tomography and LP. The physician performing the LP was blinded to the result of the ONSD measurement. An opening pressure on manometry of greater than or equal to 20 cm H₂O and an ONSD greater than or equal to 5 mm were considered elevated.ResultsFifty-one patients were included in our study, 24 (47%) with ICP greater than or equal to 20 cm H₂O and 27 (53%) with ICP less than 20 cm H₂O. The sensitivity of ONSD greater than or equal to 5 for identifying elevated ICP was 75% (95% confidence interval, 53%-90%) with specificity of 44% (25%-65%). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.69 (0.54-0.84), suggesting a relationship between ONSD and ICP.ConclusionAn ONSD greater than or equal to 5 mm was associated with elevated ICP in nontraumatic causes of elevated ICP. Although a relationship exists, a sensitivity of 75% does not make ONSD measurement an adequate screening examination for elevated ICP in this patient population.     

Dynamic optic nerve sheath diameter changes upon moderate hyperventilation in patients with traumatic brain injury

BackgroundSonographic assessment of optical nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) has the potential for non-invasive monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP). Hyperventilation (HV) -induced hypocapnia is used in the management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to reduce ICP. This study investigates, whether sonography is a reliable tool to detect dynamic changes in ONSD.MethodsThis prospective single center trial included patients with TBI and neuromonitoring within 36 h after injury. Data collection and ONSD measurements were performed at baseline and during moderate HV for 50 min. Patients not suffering from TBI were recruited as control group.ResultsTen patients with TBI (70% males, mean age 35 ± 14 years) with a median of first GCS of 5.9 and ten control patients (40% males, mean age 45 ± 16 years) without presumed intracranial hypertension were included. During HV, ICP decreased significantly (p < .0001) in the TBI group. An ONSD response was found for HV (p = .05).ConclusionWe observed a dynamic decrease of ONSD during moderate HV. This suggests a potential use of serial ONSD measurements when applying HV in cases of suspected intracranial hypertension.     

Optic nerve sheath diameter on initial brain CT,raised intracranial pressure and mortality after severe TBI: an interesting link needing confirmation

Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) enlargement on initial computed tomography (CT) scan has been found to be associated with increased mortality after severe traumatic brain injury. This could offer the possibility to detect patients with raised intracranial pressure requiring urgent therapeutic interventions and/or invasive intracranial monitoring to guide the treatment. The method to measure ONSD using CT scan, however, needs further confirmation. Moreover, the link between ONSD enlargement on initial CT scan and raised intracranial pressure also needs to be confirmed by further studies.In a very interesting study performed on 77 severe traumatic brain injury patients, Legrand and colleagues found that the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measured on the initial brain computed tomography(CT) scan (performed within the first 3 hours of injury) was a very good predictor of ICU mortality [1]. In the multivariate analysis, ONSD >7.3 mm was independently associated with ICU mortality, and performed better than age >32 years, anisocoria at admission, and basal cistern compression on initial CT scan.The optic nerve is surrounded by a dural sheath that can inflate in cases of raised pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid. An enlarged ONSD, measured using ocular sonography, has been found in patients with raised intracranial pressure (ICP) [2]. Even if in Legrand and colleagues'' study the ICP was measured in only 9% of the patients, we can assume that the strong association between ONSD enlargement of initial CT and mortality was related to raised ICP occurring very early after trauma, as suggested by the fact that ONSD enlargement was also associated with other signs of raised ICP in the first CT scan as basal cistern effacement and midline shift. This is probably the major interest of this study: ONSD measurement on initial CT scan could offer the possibility to detect patients with raised ICP needing urgent therapeutic interventions and/or invasive intracranial monitoring to guide the treatment.Our enthusiasm must be tempered, however, as the method to measure ONSD using CT scan needs clarification and confirmation. ONSD has been measured 3 mm behind the globe - where the dural sheath is distensible, as has previously been determined using sonography [2-4] and magnetic resonance imaging [5]. In Legrand and colleagues'' study, ONSD has been measured on a millimetric slice brain CT scan but only in one plane. As suggested by Unsold and colleagues [6], since the optic nerve has a sinuous course in the horizontal and the vertical plane, a section of the nerve in a single plane can conduce one to overestimate ONSD. Actually, the values of ONSD in Legrand and colleagues'' study are larger than values obtained with ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging or even with CT [7]. Moreover, the precise limits of the sheath and the orbital fat surrounding the sheath can be very difficult to determine. This study probably needs further confirmation of the reliability of the ONSD measurement, after realignment in the optic nerve plane and measurement in several axes.     

Changes in intracranial pressure and cerebral autoregulation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

BACKGROUND: Impaired cerebral autoregulation is frequent after severe traumatic head injury. This could result in intracranial pressure fluctuating passively with the mean arterial pressure. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the influence of autoregulation on the amplitude and direction of changes in intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injuries during the management of cerebral perfusion pressure. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Neurosurgical intensive care unit PATIENTS: A total of 42 patients with severe head injuries. INTERVENTIONS: Continuous recording of cerebral blood flow velocity, intracranial pressure, and mean arterial pressure during the start or change of continuous norepinephrine infusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cerebrovascular resistance was calculated from the cerebral perfusion pressure and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity. The strength of autoregulation index was calculated as the ratio of the percentage of change in cerebrovascular resistance by the percentage of change in cerebral perfusion pressure before and after 121 changes in mean arterial pressure at constant ventilation between day 1 and day 18 after trauma. The strength of autoregulation index varied widely, indicating either preserved or severely perturbed autoregulation during hypotensive or hypertensive challenge in patients with or without intracranial hypertension at the basal state (strength of autoregulation index, 0.51 +/- 0.32 to 0.71 +/- 0.25). The change in intracranial pressure varied linearly with the strength of autoregulation index. There was a clinically significant change in intracranial pressure (> or =5 mm Hg) in the same direction as the change in mean arterial pressure in five tracings of three patients. This was caused by the mean arterial pressure dropping below the identified lower limit of autoregulation in three tracings for two patients. It seemed to be caused by a loss of cerebral autoregulation in the remaining two tracings for one patient. CONCLUSION: Cerebral perfusion pressure-oriented therapy can be a safe way to reduce intracranial pressure, whatever the status of autoregulation, in almost all patients with severe head injuries.     

体位对颅脑损伤患者颅内压、脑灌注压的影响

颅内压（ICP）增高是一个复杂的病理生理过程,是重型颅脑损伤的主要并发症。颅内高压如不能及早发现并解除,可引起脑代谢障碍、脑灌注压下降和脑疝形成等严重后果,难以控制的颅内高压病死率达到92％～100％［1-2］。目前脑室内放置 ICP 监测管是临床上常用的方法,被称为ICP 监测的“金标准”［3-4］。颅脑损伤后脑水肿早期,通过实时监测患者的颅内压（ICP）及脑灌注压（CPP）等重要指标,可保证脑组织有足够的血液供应,从而确保脑组织的氧供和糖分需要［5］。研究认为临床护理可影响这些指标的变化,其中患者的体位维持尤为重要［6］。本组选择了复旦大学附属华山医院神经外科急救中心2015年5月至12月期间收治的51例重型颅脑损伤行脑室内 ICP 监测的患者,分别观察其头轴位平卧、头偏位平卧、头轴位床头抬高30°、头偏位床头抬高30°对患者 ICP、CPP 的影响。现报道如下。     

视神经鞘直径预测重症脑损伤患者死亡风险的价值

目的:探讨超声测量视神经鞘直径（optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD）对重症脑损伤患者死亡风险的预测价值。方法:本研究为前瞻性观察研究,分析2020年1月至2020年9月就诊安徽医科大学第二附属医院重症医学科的重症脑损伤患者84例。根据患者最终生存状态将其分为存活组和死亡组,比较两组患者术后...     

Monitoring of intracranial pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: an Austrian prospective multicenter study

OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to elucidate reasons why patients did or did not receive intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and to describe factors influencing hospital mortality after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Prospective multicenter cohort study. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: 88,274 patients consecutively admitted to 32 medical, surgical and mixed Austrian ICUs between 1998 and 2004. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: 1,856 patients (2.1% of all ICU admissions) exhibited severe TBI (GCS < 9); of these, 1,031 (56%) had ICP monitoring. The "worst" and the "best" cases were both less likely to receive ICP monitoring. Younger patients, female patients, and patients with isolated TBI were more likely to receive ICP monitoring. Compared with large centers ICP was monitored more frequently [odds ratio (OR) 3.09, CI 2.42-3.94] in medium-sized centers. The 20% of patients with the highest likelihood to receive ICP monitoring were monitored in 91% of cases, and had the lowest hospital mortality (31%, OR 0.78, CI 0.37-1.64). Multivariate analysis revealed that severity of illness, TBI severity, isolated TBI, and the number of cases treated per year were associated with hospital outcome. Compared with the large centers, ORs for hospital mortality were 1.85 (CI 1.42-2.40) for patients from medium-sized centers and 1.91 (CI 1.24-2.93) for patients from small centers. CONCLUSIONS: ICP monitoring may possibly have some beneficial effects, but this needs further evaluation. Patients with severe TBI should be admitted to experienced centers with high patient volumes since this might improve hospital mortality rates.     

Ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath may be useful for detecting raised intracranial pressure after severe brain injury

Objective To assess at admission to the ICU the relationship between optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and intracranial pressure (ICP) and to investigate whether increased ONSD at patient admission is associated with raised ICP in the first 48 h after trauma. Design and setting Prospective, blind, observational study in a surgical critical care unit, level 1 trauma center. Patients and participants 31 adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI; Glasgow coma scale ≤ 8) requiring sedation and ICP monitoring, and 31 control patients without brain injury requiring sedation. Measurements and results ONSD was measured with a 7.5-MHz linear ultrasound probe. Two TBI groups were defined on the basis of ICP profile. If ICP exceeded 20 mmHg for more than 30 min in the first 48 h (before any specific treatment), patients were considered to have high ICP; if not, they had normal ICP. The largest ONSD value (the highest value for the right and left eye) was significantly higher in high ICP patients (6.3 ± 0.6 vs. 5.1 ± 0.7 mm in normal ICP patients and 4.9 ± 0.3 mm in control patients). There was a significant relationship between the largest ONSD and ICP at admission (r = 0.68). The largest ONSD was a suitable predictor of high ICP (area under ROC curve 0.96). When ONSD was under 5.7 mm, the sensitivity and negative predictive values for high ICP were 100%. Conclusions In the early posttraumatic period, ocular ultrasound scans may be useful for detecting high ICP after severe TBI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This article is discussed in the editorial available at: .     

持续颅内压监护在重型颅脑损伤中的应用

目的 探讨颅内压持续动态监护在重型颅脑损伤救治中的指导意义.方法 将我院2004年8月至2011年2月收治的124例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为颅内压监护组(62例)和常规治疗组(62例).颅内压监护组根据颅内压的变化随时调整治疗方案,常规治疗组凭经验进行常规的神经外科治疗.结果 颅内压监护组并发急性肾功能衰竭7例,电解质紊乱11例;常规治疗组并发急性肾功能衰竭15例,电解质紊乱25例.颅内压监护组并发症发生率低(x2值为分别为3.54,7.67,P均<0.01).颅内压监护组及常规治疗组甘露醇使用时间分别为(6±2)、(15±3)d,使用剂量分别为(749±125)、(1545±250)g;恢复良好和轻残分别为28、16例,13、9例;重残、植物生存及死亡分别为9、17例,4、7例,8、13例;颅内压监护组较常规治疗组甘露醇使用时间短、剂量小(t值分别为8.32,7.41,P均<0.01),恢复良好和轻残比例高(x2值分别为5.07,3.55,P均<0.01),而重残、植物生存及死亡比例低(x2值分别为0.84,0.89,1.43,P均<0.01).结论 持续颅内压监护有利于早期指导和及时调整治疗措施,降低并发症,改善预后.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the meaning of continuous intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in patients with severe traumatic craniocerebral injury. Methods One hundred and twenty four patients with severe craniocerebral injury treated from August 2004 to February 2011 in our hospital, were enrolled and divided randomly into ICP monitoring group (n = 62) and routine treatment group (n = 62). The patients of ICP monitoring group had adjusted treatment plan according to the changes of ICP at any time, whereas the patients in routine treatment group underwent routine neurosurgical treatment according to the doctors' experience. Results There were 7 cases of acute kidney function failure,and 11 cases of electrolyte disturbances in the ICP group.There were 15 cases of acute kidney function failure, and 25 cases of electrolyte disturbances in the routine group. The complication rate in the ICP group was lower than that in the routine group (x2 =3. 54 and 7.67 for acute kidney function failure and electrolyte disturbances respectively, Ps <0. 01). The days of mannite using were (6±2)dand (15 ±3)d, respectively; the dosage of mannite using were (749 ± 125) g and (1545 ±250) g,respectively. The good recovery and slight disability were 28 and 16 cases in the ICP group, and 13 and 9 cases in the routine group,respectively. The severe disability,vegetative state and death were 9,4 and 8 cases in the ICP group,and 17,7 and 13 cases in the routine group. The days and dosage of mannite using in the ICP group were much less than those in the routine group (t = 8. 32 and 7.41, Ps < 0. 01). The proportion of good recovery and slight disability in the ICP group were higher than those in the routine group(x2 =5. 07 and 3. 55,Ps <0.01). However, the proportion of severe disability, vegetative state and death in the ICP group were lower than those in the routine group (x2 =0.84,0.89 and 1.43, Ps < 0. 01) . Conclusion Continuous ICP monitoring in severe craniocerebral injury shows benefits in directing treatment plan adjustment, reducing complications and improving the prognosis.     

超声测量视神经鞘直径联合闪光视觉诱发电位监测颅脑损伤患者颅内压的临床价值

目的 应用超声测量颅脑损伤患者视神经鞘直径（ONSD），探讨其联合闪光视觉诱发电位（FVEP）在颅脑损伤患者颅内压监测中的临床价值。方法 选取我院重症医学科收治的100例颅脑损伤患者，其中仅采用FVEP指导临床治疗者43例（对照组），FVEP联合ONSD指导临床治疗者57例（联合组），比较两组中颅内压升高者ONSD、颅内压的差异；分析ONSD、颅内压与颅内压升高的相关性。比较两组甘露醇使用时间及总量、急性肾损伤例数、住院费用、抗菌药物使用强度、住院时间、机械通气时间。结果 对照组与联合组中出现颅内压升高者分别为29例和22例，两组颅内压升高者颅内压比较差异无统计学意义；联合组和对照组中颅内压升高者ONSD均显著高于颅内压正常者，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。相关性分析显示，联合组ONSD、颅内压与颅内压升高均呈正相关（r=0.739、0.981，均P<0.05）；且ONSD与颅内压呈正相关（r=0.752,P<0.05）。联合组甘露醇使用时间、住院时间、机械通气时间均短于对照组，甘露醇使用总量、急性肾损伤占比、住院费用、抗菌药物使用强度均少于对照组，差异均有统...     

颅内压监测在颅脑损伤患者中的应用与护理

目的探讨经颅内引流管行颅内压（ICP）监测对颅脑损伤疾病治疗的应用价值与护理。方法对2009年2月至2011年1月入住ICU的因颅脑损伤已行颅内引流术的患者,在常规监护、治疗基础上,在颅内引流管外侧端接三通管,行ICP监测。对ICP〉2.0 kPa者予加强脱水,ICP〈0.5 kPa者提高引流袋水平,减少脱水剂用量及使用时间。结果共53例患者行ICP监测,死亡6例,死亡率11.32%;较同期未行ICP监测病例死亡率26.53%明显下降。监测结果及表现图谱与病程发展相符。结论颅脑损伤术后患者经颅内引流管行ICP监测操作简便,达到ICP监测技术要求,具有明显的临床意义。     

局部亚低温干预对重型颅脑损伤病人颅内压及s-Fas的影响

[目的]探讨局部亚低温治疗对重型颅脑损伤病人颅内压(ICP)及可溶性Fas(s - Fas)的影响.[方法]将40例重型颅脑损伤病人随机分为局部亚低温治疗组(HT组)和常温对照组(NT组),各20例,NT组在常温36.5℃～37.5℃状态下给予常规治疗,HT组在直肠温度33.0℃～34.0℃状态下给予常规治疗,治疗时间为1d～5d.[结果]两组治疗过程中ICP及s- Fas比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]应用局部亚低温治疗可改善重型颅脑损伤病人的预后,降低ICP和S- Fas水平.