烧伤创面愈合的理论探索与临床实践

The basic and clinical research in wound healing have made great progress in China in the past 50 years. The method of " intermingle skin transplantation" which was first advocated by surgeons of Ruijin Hospital in 1966 greatly reduced the amount of autologous donor skin, thus making the coverage of an extensive burn wound possible. This method is al so known as " Chinese therapy". In 1986,doctors of Jishuitan Hospital reported successful coverage of an extensive burn wound with mieroautografts and allogeneic skin. The basic research of wound healing has been carried out since 1992,a series of studies showed the characteristics of biological behaviours of cells in concern, extracellular matrix and growth factor, the mechanism underlying progressive injury in deep second burn wound, the effect of " skin island" and the local immune tolerance induced by it (which are the key factors of intermingle transplantation).The induction of local immune tolerance has now become the re search hot subject of skin transplantation immunology. Stem cell research in the field of wound healing has been extensively car ried out. The theory of " dermal template defection" has been proposed as one of the mechanisms of scar formation. On the other hand, great progress has been achieved in the treatment of bums on the basis of clinical researches. Doctors of PLA 304 hospital found that excision of eschar on patients with extensive deep burn injury at early shock stage greatly decreased the occurrence of complications and mortality. Doctors of Ruijin Hospital reported that healing of deep second burn wound could be improved by tangential excision of burn eschar within 24 hours after burn injury. Doctors of Xiang ya Hospital reported patients suffering from deep bums of the hands got satisfied functional restoration when treated with tangential excision of eschar while degraded dermal tissue could be retained with transplantation of autoskin grafts.     

Early Tangential Excision and Immediate Mesh Autografting of Deep Dermal Hand Burns

Thermal injuries to the hand constitute not only one of the most common burns, but one of the most difficult for the burn surgeon to treat. Early wound closure is mandatory if maximum functional return is to be attained and scarring minimized. Over the last three and one-half years, 60 patients with deep dermal dorsal hand and finger burns were treated by tangential excision and immediate mesh autografting. All patients were admitted to the hospital within 24 hours of injury and excision was performed between the third to the tenth post burn day. Operative technique consisted of sequential eschar excision using the Humby knife or Goulian-Weck dermatome until viable dermis was visible. Mesh autograft, ratio 1 to 1(1/2) without expansion, was applied. There was 100% graft take in all but four hands. Hand function with full range of motion returned by the tenth postoperative day. Complications were minor. Patient follow-up ranged from six months to three and one-half years. No patient has required subsequent surgery for scar revision or contracture release. Range of motion in all patients has been excellent and all patients have continued to maintain normal hand function. The cosmetic appearance has been good except for the early "mesh" appearance of the graft which has become less apparent with time. In summary, early tangential excision and immediate mesh autografting of deep dermal dorsal hand burns has fulfilled the following burn principles-preservation of tissue, prevention of wound infection, maintenance of function and early wound closure.     

Methods of burn treatment. Part II: Technical aspects]

The best treatment for burns and scalds depends on the depth of the skin necrosis. Epidermal and superficial dermal burn injuries (IIa) can heal spontaneously with conservative treatment without scar development, but deep dermal or full-thickness burns constitute an absolute indication for surgery. Full-thickness or split-thickness skin grafts are used for wound closure. In the case of extensive burn injuries allografts are used for temporary wound closure. In certain licensed laboratories autologous keratinocytes can be cultured for transplantation. In circumferential burn injuries affecting the extremities or the trunk the rigid eschar has to be incised to relieve the pressure behind it. Following a debridement conservative treatment of superficial dermal burns involving wound coverage with biosynthetic dressings or nanocristalline silver gauze dressings or use of special disinfecting ointments can be implemented.     

Behandlungskonzepte bei Verbrennungen

The best treatment for burns and scalds depends on the depth of the skin necrosis. Epidermal and superficial dermal burn injuries (IIa) can heal spontaneously with conservative treatment without scar development, but deep dermal or full-thickness burns constitute an absolute indication for surgery. Full-thickness or split-thickness skin grafts are used for wound closure. In the case of extensive burn injuries allografts are used for temporary wound closure. In certain licensed laboratories autologous keratinocytes can be cultured for transplantation. In circumferential burn injuries affecting the extremities or the trunk the rigid eschar has to be incised to relieve the pressure behind it. Following a debridement conservative treatment of superficial dermal burns involving wound coverage with biosynthetic dressings or nanocristalline silver gauze dressings or use of special disinfecting ointments can be implemented.     

早期保守去痂延期植皮治疗颜面深度烧伤

目的：探讨颜面部深度烧伤后,预防局部瘢痕增生和畸形的最好治疗方法。方法：颜面部深度烧伤早期,采用保守削痂,延期植皮和双眼睑早期减张,扩张创面立即植皮的处置方式,结果：本组12例患于伤后3周内创面全部愈合。随诊未发现明显瘢痕增生和畸形,面部表情自然,情绪表达充分。结论：应用早期保守去痂延期植皮的方法,可促进全颜面创面尽快修复,减少瘢痕增生和颜面畸形的发生。     

A hypothesis of the healing of deep dermal burns and the significance for treatment

Deep dermal burns heal by a combination of new connective tissue formation (granulation) and epithelialization. In deep dermal wounds, which are unhealed after 14 days of conservative treatment, epithelialization can be enhanced by abrasion either alone or combined with provision of a skin graft. Some 42 burn wounds in 25 patients treated by this method have healed quickly and with good results. This method represents a move away from the current trend of early tangential excision and grafting of burn wounds and raises the possibility of developing a regime with the advantages but not the disadvantages of early tangential excision and grafting.     

Efficacy of hydrosurgical excision combined with skin grafting in the treatment of deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns: A two-year retrospective study

IntroductionDeep partial-thickness and full-thickness burn wounds often undergo tangential excision or escharectomy to expose healthy tissue, combined with skin grafting to promote wound healing. However, conventional tangential excision with the humby knife leads to inevitable damage to the dermis while excising burn tissue due to the lack of precision. Indeed, the preservation of dermal tissue is a key factor in determining wound healing and scar quality. The precision and tissue selectivity of the Versajet Hydrosurgical System has been established for excising burn tissue while preserving dermal tissue. In this study, we retrospectively compared the efficacy of "Hydrosurgical excision combined with skin grafting" and "Conventional tangential excision combined with skin grafting" in treating deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burn wounds to demonstrate that hydrosurgery improved the treatment of deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns.MethodsA total of 86 patients with deep partial-thickness and/or full-thickness burns with a total burn surface area (TBSA) ≤ 25% from July 2018 to July 2020 were included in this study and were divided into experimental (hydrosurgical excision combined with skin grafting, n = 43) and control (conventional tangential excision combined with skin grafting, n = 43) groups. Parameters were analyzed, including the intraoperative blood loss volume per unit area of grafted skin, surgery duration, wound healing time, skin graft survival, and the treatment costs per unit of burned area. Scar assessment was performed at 1 year with the modified Vancouver Scar Scale linked with TBSA (mVSS-TBSA).ResultNo significant difference was found in male to female ratio, age, weight, TBSA, burn depth, skin grafting area (SKA), skin grafting methods, cases treated with carbon dioxide fractional laser or incidence of inhalation injury, and the incidence of hypovolemic shock between two groups(p > 0.05). Compared with the control group, patients treated with hydrosurgical excision combined with skin grafting experienced less intraoperative blood loss volume per unit area of grafted skin (p < 0.05). The mVSS-TBSA of patients that underwent hydrosurgical excision combined with skin grafting was significantly improved in comparison to the control group (p < 0.01). No significant difference was found in surgery duration, wound healing time, skin graft survival and treatment costs per unit of burned area between the two groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionHydrosurgical excision combined with skin grafting reduced intraoperative blood loss volume per unit area of grafted skin, improved scarring 1-year after injury, and did not increase the treatment costs per unit of burned area. This technique provides a novel alternative for managing deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burn wounds.     

Cryopreserved cadaveric allografts for treatment of unexcised partial thickness flame burns: clinical experience with 12 patients

Partial thickness burns (PTB) usually heal within 3 weeks. Prevention of infection and desiccation of the wounds are crucial for optimal healing. Early tangential excision of the burn eschar and allografting prevent deepening of the burns, and are therefore advocated for treatment with the best functional and aesthetic results. For superficial partial thickness burns (SPTB) conservative use of topical antimicrobial agents with frequent dressing changes are implemented. We compared the conservarive treatment for PTBs and SPTBs to grafting cryopreserved cadaveric allografts with no prior excision.

Twelve patients with flame PTB areas were allografted after mechanical debridement without excision of the burn wounds. The allografts were cadaveric skin cryopreserved by programmed freezing and stored at −180°C for 30–48 months. Matching burns for depth and area were treated with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) one to two times daily until healing or debridement and grafting were required.

It was found that 80 per cent of the cryopreserved allografts adhered well and 76 per cent of the treated areas healed within 21 days, whereas only 40 per cent of the SSD-treated burns healed within 21 days.

Partial thickness burns can be treated successfully with viable human allografts (cryopreserved cadaveric skin) with no prior surgical excision. The burn wounds heal well within 3 weeks. For deep partial thickness burns (DPTB) treatment with allografts has no advantage if they have not been previously excised.     

Recent advances in the management of severely burned patients]

With recent advances in the systemic care of burns, patients with burns covering 80% of their body surface can frequently survive. The percentage of total body surface area burn for an expected 50% mortality rate has improved to 98% for children and 72% for adults in one burn center in the USA. From the results of 11 burn units in Tokyo, the mortality rate of burn patients with a prognostic burn index of 90-100 was 51.4%. The improvement is attributable to advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of severe burns as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Improved cardiopulmonary management of extensive burns and respiratory tract burns has also played a part in reducing the mortality rate. Individualized fluid resuscitation programs based on hemodynamic monitoring have reduced the incidence of burn shock and acute renal failure. Early eschar excision and wound closure by immediate grafting have further reduced the mortality rate from extensive full-thickness burns. The use of bilayer artificial skin has improved the survival and cosmetic results of early eschar excision in patients with massive full-thickness burns. Cultured autologous epidermal sheets hold promise if used on an appropriate dermal bed.     

Clinicopathologic observations on tangential eschar excision in deep burns

Clinicopathologic observations on 11 patients with third degree and mainly deep second degree burns treated by appropriately early proper depth tangential eschar excision with adequate coverage by autografts, homografts or vaseline gauze saturated with antibiotics before releasing the tourniquet are presented. The clinical value of the procedure is discussed in the light of the pathohistologic analyses providing pointers for further study of the method and its clinical application.     

Enzymatic debridement of burn wound with collagenase in children with partial-thickness burns

Seventy-eight pediatric burn patients treated by enzymatic debridement with collagenase clostridiopeptidase A (CCA), were compared to 41 patients those burn wounds were excised surgically. Patients whose burn wounds were initially assessed as partial-thickness at admission were enrolled in the study. Total removal of eschar was achieved in 49 of 78 (62.8%) patients by CCA only (group D). In 29 patients (37.2%), therapy with CCA was ceased because of the development of burn wound infection or a manifest need for grafting of the wound, therefore, these patients underwent tangential wound excision (group DS). The records of 41 patients, treated by early tangential excision, having similar burn wounds by extent and depth with groups D and DS were used as controls (group S).

There was no significant difference between the time to achieve a clean wound bed in groups D, DS and S (mean 7.8, 8, and 7 days, respectively, P>0.05). In group D, none of the patients required blood transfusion, except one. Patients in group DS were found to have fewer excisions (mean 1.1) when compared to those in group S (mean 1.5, P<0.05). The shortest hospital stay was found in group D (12.5 days, P<0.01). In conclusion, the use of CCA, provided a short hospital stay, reduced the overall need for surgery and blood transfusions in patients with partial-thickness burns. Thus, CCA should be considered as an initial treatment of choice for removal of eschar in children, having a partial-thickness burn wound without infection.     

几种深Ⅱ度烧伤创面处理方法的回顾及改善创面微循环的初步实验研究

目的回顾性分析几种深Ⅱ度烧伤创面的修复方法,探讨改善创面微循环对创面愈合的意义. 方法 (1)对于笔者单位烧伤患者的深Ⅱ度创面,应用削痂疗法治疗614例、磨痂疗法治疗32例、清创后异体皮覆盖86例、外用磺胺嘧啶银后创面暴露1 836例、外用中药京万红烫伤膏包扎治疗408例.统计、分析各种疗法的治疗效果.(2)制作大鼠深Ⅱ度烫伤模型.伤后5 min内分别由其尾静脉注入等渗盐水(对照组,10只)、巴曲酶(治疗组,10只),创面均外用磺胺嘧啶银.测定两组大鼠伤前及伤后0.5-72.0 h的创面皮肤血流灌注单位,计算其伤后14、18 d的创面愈合率、收缩率及创面愈合时间.用组织学方法观察两组大鼠创面愈合后的皮肤毛囊数. 结果 (1)削痂疗法术后2-3周创面愈合,其中烧伤总面积50%～79%TBSA的患者治愈率94.8%,总面积80%～98%TBSA者治愈率93.4%.磨痂疗法磨痂+异体皮覆盖术后(13.8±2.1)d创面愈合,无瘢痕形成.清创后异体皮覆盖其中82例患者术后(18.0±2.3)d创面愈合.外用磺胺嘧啶银后暴露其中1 658例患者用药后(26.0±3.2)d痂下愈合.外用京万红烫伤膏后包扎患者多有细菌感染,其中下肢创面愈合时间为(26.0±2.8)d.(2)治疗组大鼠伤后2.0-72.0 h创面局部血流灌注单位均明显高于对照组(P<0.01).伤后14、18 d,治疗组创面愈合率明显高于对照组(P<0.01),但两组创面收缩率接近(P>0.05).治疗组创面愈合时间短于对照组(P<0.01).伤后30 d,对照组大鼠真皮层中残存少量毛囊,数量明显少于治疗组(P<0.01). 结论深Ⅱ度烧伤后早期采用削痂、磨痂或清创后覆盖异体皮的方法处理创面,可减轻感染、缩短疗程、提高治愈率和愈合质量.使用巴曲酶可改善深Ⅱ度烧伤创面微循环,加快愈合速度.     

全颜面部深度烧伤的临床治疗

目的探讨提高患者全颜面部深度烧伤创面修复质量的处理方式。方法将54例全颜面部深度烧伤患者分为延期植皮组(48例)和早期切痂组(6例)。伤后3周对延期植皮组患者实施剥、削痂或手术刀柄刮除新生肉芽组织至基底层,在全颜面部分区进行自体中厚皮片移植术;早期切痂组患者于伤后1周行切痂术,其他处理同延期植皮组。观察两组患者首次手术时间、面部手术时间、手术总次数、手术前后血红蛋白(Hb)浓度、术中输血量及出血量,随访观察患者治愈后的情况。结果两组患者的首次手术时间、手术总次数、手术前后Hb浓度及术中输血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。延期植皮组患者面部手术时间为(21．9±3．2)d,较早期切痂组(12．6±1．3)d晚 (P<0．05);延期植皮组术中出血量(98±52)ml/100 cm2,明显少于早期切痂组(331±121)ml/100 cm2(P<0．01)。延期植皮组患者创面愈合后较早期切痂组面部外观丰满,皮肤弹性好,表情丰富。术后两组患者均出现不同程度小口畸形、双眉缺失,80％的患者出现睑外翻,皮片缝接处遗有增生性瘢痕等,经多次整形手术予以矫正。结论全颜面部深度烧伤患者行自体中厚皮片分区移植,创面无论采用早期切痂,还是延期剥、削痂或完全清除新生肉芽组织至基底层,均可取得较为满意的治疗效果;与前者相比,后者术中出血少,术后外观、功能恢复好;同时术后有效的物理治疗和有计划地进行后遗畸形整形手术,也是保障其治疗效果的重要因素。     

Efficacy of laser debridement with autologous split-thickness skin grafting in promoting improved healing of deep cutaneous sulfur mustard burns

The consequences of receiving a cutaneous sulfur mustard (SM) burn are prolonged wound healing and secondary infection. This study was undertaken to find a treatment that promotes quick healing with few complications and minimal disfigurement. Multiple deep SM burns (4 cm diameter) were generated on the ventrum of weanling pigs and treated at 48 h. Four treatments were compared: (1) full-thickness CO₂ laser debridement followed by skin grafting; (2) full-thickness sharp surgical tangential excision followed by skin grafting, the “Gold Standard” used in deep thermal burns management; (3) partial-thickness laser ablation with no grafting; and (4) partial-thickness sharp excision with no grafting. A computer controlled, raster scanned, high-powered continuous wave (cw) CO₂ laser was utilized. Ulceration, wound geometry, and wound contraction were evaluated during a 36-day healing period. Histopathological evaluations were conducted at the end of the healing period. Engraftment rates were similar between both methods of debridement. Laser debridement followed by skin grafting was as efficacious in improving the wound healing of deep SM burns as the “Gold Standard.” Full-thickness laser debridement of these small total body surface area (TBSA) burns was time efficient and provided adequate beds for split-thickness skin grafting. Laser debridement offered additional benefits that included hemostatic control during surgery and minimal debridement of normal perilesional skin. Mid-dermal debridement by sharp excision or laser ablation without grafting produced less desirable results but was better than no treatment.     

Bacteriological effect of cerium-flamazine cream in major burns

A controlled trial of the use of either 0.05 per cent chlorhexidine for bathing burn wounds or the topical application of a cream containing cerium nitrate and silver sulphadiazine showed that the cerium-flamazine cream significantly reduced the degree of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination of the burn wounds of patients with burns covering more than 15 per cent of the body surface area. The adherent eschar produced by treatment with cerium-flamazine provided a satisfactory wound cover until tangential excision could be carried out.     

更进一步提高深度烧伤创面修复质量

This article summarizes methods of repair of massive and deep wounds, elucidates how to improve wound healing quality and avoid scar deformity after deep hum. A part of denatured dermis (non-necrotic)in deep partial-thickness burn, "mixed degree" burn, even in full-thickness burn wounds before forming eschar can be preserved and covered with autolo-gous skin, thereby to avoid secondary damage to the structure of subcutaneous tissue and the junction of dermis-adipose, thus to result in good functions, appearance, and survival rate. After skin grafting, wound healing quality and appearance are im-proved, joint function and elasticity of skin are enhanced, the degree of scar contracture is relieved due to preservation of nor-mal adipose tissue after escharectomy. The study of composite artifical skin will be actively developed in the future. Tissue-en-gineering skin and stem cells can be successfully used in pa-tients with deep burns for starless healing with restoration of physiological functions in a short period.     

Occult brain tumour presenting with burns

An elderly male patient sustained mixed depth burns of 5% total body surface area. The incident was associated with inappropriate behaviour and subsequent clinical examination confirmed the presence of confusion and a hemiparesis. A CT scan revealed an intracranial tumour. Despite early suspicions that tumour excision would be delayed, wound healing was achieved quickly following tangential burn wound excision and skin grafting, and prompt transfer to a neurosurgical unit was expedited. Cases of burns and concomitant intracranial tumours with deteriorating neurological signs may present clinicians with a dilemma in deciding whether or not to await burn wound healing before carrying out tumour excision.     

Immunosuppression and temporary skin transplantation in the treatment of massive third degree burns.

A method of burn treatment (immunosuppression and temporary skin transplantation) for patients suffering from massive third degree burns is evaluated. The method is based on the prompt excision of all dead tissue (burn eschar) and immediate closure of the wound by skin grafts. Total wound closure is achieved before bacterial infection or organ failure takes place by carrying out all initial excision and grafting procedures within the first ten days post burn and supplementing the limited amount of autograft with allograft. Continuous wound closure is maintained for up to 50 days through immunosuppression. Both azathioprine and ATG have been used but ATG is preferred. During the period of immunosuppression, allograft is stepwise excised and replaced with autograft donor sites regenerate for recropping. Bacterial complications are minimized by housing the patient in the protected environment of the Bacteria Controlled Nursing Unit. Intensive protein and calorie alimentation are provided, and 0.5% aqueous AgNO3 dressings are used. A swinging febrile illness has been associated with large areas of allograft rejection. Eleven children have been treated and seven have been returned to normal, productive schooling.     

Burn wound: How it differs from other wounds?

Management of burn injury has always been the domain of burn specialists. Since ancient time, local and systemic remedies have been advised for burn wound dressing and burn scar prevention. Management of burn wound inflicted by the different physical and chemical agents require different regimes which are poles apart from the regimes used for any of the other traumatic wounds. In extensive burn, because of increased capillary permeability, there is extensive loss of plasma leading to shock while whole blood loss is the cause of shock in other acute wounds. Even though the burn wounds are sterile in the beginning in comparison to most of other wounds, yet, the death in extensive burns is mainly because of wound infection and septicemia, because of the immunocompromised status of the burn patients. Eschar and blister are specific for burn wounds requiring a specific treatment protocol. Antimicrobial creams and other dressing agents used for traumatic wounds are ineffective in deep burns with eschar. The subeschar plane harbours the micro-organisms and many of these agents are not able to penetrate the eschar. Even after complete epithelisation of burn wound, remodelling phase is prolonged. It may take years for scar maturation in burns. This article emphasizes on how the pathophysiology, healing and management of a burn wound is different from that of other wounds.KEY WORDS: Burn injury, burn wound infection, pathophysiology     

Surgical management of the burned scalp

Alopecia from scalp burns can present psychological problems. Reconstructive surgery with rotating hair-bearing skin flaps has been useful in the rehabilitation of these patients. In many patients, one flap shift can establish an acceptable hair line. In extensive cases, multiple operations are necessary, including fractional excision of small burns that have been skin-grafted or fractional excision of the donor site when large hair flaps were rotated. It is remarkable how the occipital flap can reach the forehead by a series of transfers without delay, using a rotation of 90 to 180 degrees. Worthen presented an interesting case of revascularization of the skull in a victim of an electrical burn. In conclusion, scalding hot liquids accidentally spilled on the young child's scalp will produce a deep burn with loss of hair. Small areas of alopecia that are skin-grafted can be handled by staged fractional excision. The hair line can be reestablished in larger areas of alopecia by a series of operative procedures that require years to accomplish. When the periosteum of the skull is affected, resection of the outer table of bone and skin grafting will expedite wound healing.