非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术中转体外循环后的临床转归

目的：总结非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCABG）中转为体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植手术（ONCABG）对临床转归的影响,为合理选择术式,改善外科疗效提供依据.方法：自2010年4月至2013年5月,93例患者在我院接受OPCABG手术治疗过程中未能顺利实施,而中转为ONCABG手术.其中80例为紧急中转,13例为选择性中转.回顾分析中转手术病死率、严重并发症发生率、循环辅助手段应用情况、住院时间等指标,判断中转手术方式对疗效的影响.结果：与选择性中转对比,OP-CABG紧急中转为ONCABG,延长了呼吸机治疗时间[18（13.5,33.5） vs.40.5（19,120.3）h,P＜0.05]、呼吸机通气＞48 h患者的比例明显升高（7.7％ vs.46.3％,P＜0.05）,监护室时间增加[48 （21.5,49）vs.76（27,142.3）h,P＜0.05],住院时间延长[18（14.5,21.5） vs.8（11,23.8）d,P＜0.05],围术期心肌梗死发生率高（7.7％ vs.38.8％,P＜0.05）,增加了主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）（15.4％ vs.87.5％,P＜0.01）及体外人工肺支持系统（ECMO）使用率（零vs.26.3％,P＜0.05）,手术病死率增高显著（零vs.37.5％,P＜0.01）.结论：OPCABG术中紧急中转术式对临床转归有不良影响,应采取综合措施预防和避免.     

180例高危病例的冠状动脉搭桥术——停跳与不停跳手术的比较

目的比较体外循环冠状动脉搭桥手术(on-pumpcoronaryarteryby-passgrafting,(CABG)与不停跳冠状动脉搭桥手术(off-pumpcoronaryarterybypassgrafting,OPCAB)对高危手术病人术后死亡率、并发症发生率等的影响。方法从2002年1月至2003年11月,新加坡国立心脏中心共为180例高危冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病病人(欧洲心脏手术危险性评估系统Euroscore≥6分)行冠状动脉搭桥术,包括121例CABG(占67.2%)和59例OPCAB(占32.8%)。将两组病人术前、术中情况以及术后住院期间的死亡率、并发症发生率等分别进行比较。结果术后在血制品的应用、呼吸机辅助时间、呼吸功能不全的发生率、ICU滞留天数以及住院天数等方面,OPCAB均明显优于CABG。结论OPCAB对高危冠心病病例具有良好的可行性,与CABG相比,具有明显的优越性。     

Mid-term outcomes of off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate survival and readmissions to hospital for cardiac events or coronary revascularization (REVASC) in patients having off-pump (OPCAB) versus conventional on-pump (CCAB) coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).

METHODS:

Of 11,368 consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG between 1996 and 2002, 514 had OPCAB surgery. Using propensity scores, 503 CCAB patients were randomly matched to 503 OPCAB patients.

RESULTS:

There were no clinical or statistical differences between the two groups for any prognostic variable. However, OPCAB patients received significantly fewer distal anastomoses than the CCAB group (2.6±1.0 versus 3.1±1.0; P<0.001). There was no difference in operative mortality (OPCAB 1.0%, CCAB 1.4%; P=0.6), but the OPCAB group had significantly fewer operative strokes (0.2% versus 1.8%; P=0.01). Follow-up was 99.7% complete at 2.2±1.2 years (range 0 to 6 years). Twice as many OPCAB patients (n=24) required REVASC compared with the CCAB (n=11) group. The following five-year actuarial outcomes are presented for CCAB and OPCAB, respectively: survival: 77±6%, 76±8%, P=0.8; freedom from REVASC: 95±3%, 92±2%, P=0.02; and cardiac event-free survival: 76±5%, 62±8%; P=0.05. Cox regression revealed that OPCAB was a significant independent predictor of poorer freedom from REVASC (RR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0 to 4.6; P=0.04) and cardiac event-free survival (RR 1.6, 95%CI 1.1 to 2.2; P=0.02).

CONCLUSIONS:

The use of OPCAB remains controversial. These results, from this early experience, suggest that despite improved hospital outcomes, the lesser degree of REVASC raises concerns about the need for repeat revascularization in the OPCAB group.     

Partially anaortic clampless off-pump coronary artery bypass prevents neurologic injury compared to on-pump coronary surgery: a propensity score-matched study on 286 patients

Anaortic coronary artery bypass proved to prevent early neurologic injury compared to on-pump CABG. The Cardica PAS-Port^® is a fully automated device that might be able to perform proximal aorto-venous anastomoses without an increased embolic risk. We evaluated early post-operative neurologic outcome in a matched population following clampless OPCAB (CCAB: either “all-arterial” or with automatically anastomosed venous grafts) or on-pump CABG. 366 consecutive patients were submitted to isolated coronary bypass by a single surgeon experienced in both off and on-pump procedures between January 2009 and December 2013. Of these patients, 223 underwent a clampless off-pump revascularization. After propensity score matching, 143 pairs were selected, who received either off-pump or on-pump surgery. In the off-pump group, CCAB was performed with an all-arterial approach (n = 33) or with automated proximal anastomosis of the venous graft(s) by means of the Cardica PAS-Port^® connector (n = 110). Neurologic injury was defined as non-reversible (NRNI: lethal coma or stroke) or reversible (RNI: TIA or delirium). Operative mortality was 2.4 % (CCAB 1.4 %; CABG 3.5 %; p = 0.14). The global rate of early neurologic injury was 5.6 % (CCAB 2.1 vs. CABG 9.1 %; p = 0.006). Incidence was 1.4 % for NRNI (CCAB 0 vs. CABG 2.8 %; p = 0.04) and 4.2 % for RNI (CCAB 2.1 vs. CABG 6.3 %; p = 0.06). No differences were found among other major perioperative outcomes. CCAB prevents both early post-operative RNI and NRNI. This result can be achieved with a totally anaortic strategy and also with the aid of a fully automated device for proximal aorto-venous anastomoses.     

The real-world outcomes of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in a public health care system

BACKGROUND: The population-based results of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB) in a public health care system have not been reported. OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to compare the one-year outcomes of OPCAB with those of the standard on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (ONCAB) in the province of Ontario. METHODS: The present study was a retrospective, population-based study (n=15,172, with 1660 OPCAB patients) undertaken in fiscal years 2000 and 2001 using clinical and administrative data. Multivariate regression modelling for risk adjustment and propensity matching were used to compare OPCAB with ONCAB for one-year outcomes, including death, repeat revascularization and cardiac readmission. RESULTS: The rate of OPCAB was 11%, with institutional rates ranging from 3% to 51%. OPCAB patients were more likely to be female and older than 79 years of age, with peripheral vascular disease and higher socioeconomic status. OPCAB patients were less likely to have surgically significant coronary disease, poor left ventricular function, an urgent status, congestive heart failure and diabetes. The risk-adjusted one-year composite outcome was higher for OPCAB (11.8%, 95% CI 10.40% to 13.29%) than ONCAB (10.8%, 95% CI 10.23% to 11.27%); however, this difference was eliminated with propensity matching. OPCAB patients had shorter hospital lengths of stay and lower blood product transfusion rates than ONCAB patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the minimal use of OPCAB in Canada's public health care system, outcome rates are similar to those of ONCAB. The benefits of OPCAB observed in randomized trials, including shorter hospital lengths of stay and lower transfusion rates, remained true in the investigators' real-world experience. The results OPCAB were at least equivalent to those of ONCAB.     

非体外循环和体外循环高龄冠状动脉旁路移植术临床分析比较

目的:比较75岁以上老年患者行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(Off-pump CABG)与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(On-pump CABG)的临床效果。方法:59例75岁以上老年患者,Off-pump CABG组(10例);On-pump CABG组(49例)。结果:Off-pump组手术时间、引流量600mL、呼吸机辅助时间20h、正性肌力药物使用时间36h指标均少于或低于On-pump组(P0.05,或P0.01)。On-pump组死亡2例,死于多脏器功能衰竭和恶性心律失常。Off-pump组无死亡。结论:对75岁以上的老年冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术是安全可行的。2组比较,Off-pump组手术有时间短、引流量少、呼吸机辅助时间短及正性肌力药物使用时间短等优点。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术的临床体会

目的总结非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术的经验。方法1999年8月2日～2001年12月31日,共行非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术80例,男65例,女15例,年龄为43～73岁,平均为65.1岁。其中稳定型心绞痛23例,不稳定型心绞痛57例,血管病变程度均大于70%。IVD(I支血管病变)3例(3.8%),IIVD(II支血管病变)11例(13.8%),IIIVD(III支血管病变)66例(82.5%),合并左主干病变27例(33.8%),血管狭窄程度为50%～90%。心脏射血分数为40.3%～62.6%,平均为47.3%,合并有糖尿病31例(38.6%)、高血压27例(33.8)、多发性脑梗塞2例、肾功能中度损害2例(2.5%)、颈内动脉狭窄大于60%8例(10%)、术前有陈旧性心肌梗死36例(45%)。术中发现主动脉钙化斑块2例(2.5%),术中改成体外循环手术2例(2.5%)。结果用LIMA-左前降支76例,左桡动脉桥5例,其余联合应用大隐静脉搭桥,应用单支桥或序贯式搭桥或Y型桥的方法I支血管病变搭桥4根,II支血管病变搭桥25根,III支血管病变搭桥205根,全组人均搭桥2.9根(1～5根)。围术期心梗1例,死亡1例,脑卒中发生1例。出院时患者均无心绞痛主诉。结论OPCABG避免了CPB的并发症及缺血再灌注损伤,特别是对体外循环高危病人更有益。病人恢复快,住院时间短。但因手术难度较大,需对病人有一定选择,远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

Revascularization options for ischemic cardiomyopathy: on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and markedly reduced left ventricular (LV) function should be evaluated for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) before other surgical options are considered. The success of surgery depends on the presence of viable myocardium and target coronary arteries of acceptable quality. Long-term survival in this setting may be comparable to that with cardiac transplantation. Off-pump CABG can be safely and reproducibly performed in patients with diminished LV function. Off-pump beating heart surgery may provide additional benefits to these patients by reducing some of the complications that are associated with cardiopulmonary bypass.     

老年冠心病患者非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术25例

目的 总结25例老年（≥70岁）冠心病患者非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术（OPCABG）的临床体会.方法 回顾性分析我院2007年7月至2013年11月经OPCABG治疗的25例老年冠心病患者的临床资料.结果 全组手术均获成功.无手术死亡,无中转体外循环完成手术者,围手术期死亡率0,无围手术期心肌梗死及神经系统并发症.全组应用左乳内动脉（IMA）和大隐静脉（SVG）搭桥77支,平均（3.1±1.0）支,行左乳内动脉与前降支吻合20例（80％）,大隐静脉搭桥24例（96％）,共57支,包括左乳内动脉（IMA）和大隐静脉（SVG）搭桥19例（79％）41支,完全静脉桥5例（20％）16支,其中序贯静脉桥14例（56％）18支.术后低心排综合征3例,应用IABP 1例,术后出现肺部并发症5例,呼吸衰竭2例,开胸止血1例,伤口感染1例.不稳定型心绞痛者,除2例术后无缓解,后经PTCA治疗有所缓解外,大部分手术后完全缓解.心功能不全者术后逐渐得到纠正,心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.术后随访3～60个月,随访期间除1例死于心肌再梗死,1例死于肝癌外,大部分患者生活质量明显改善.结论 老年冠心病患者行OPCABG是一种安全、有效的方法,特别是对一些左主干病变、三支病变、合并心功能及其他重要脏器功能不全患者是一种更具优势的方法.     

Technology insight: randomized trials of off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

Coronary artery bypass grafting has proven a remarkably effective treatment for occlusive coronary artery disease, with demonstrable impact on both symptoms and survival. As conducted traditionally, cardiopulmonary bypass is required, and a global myocardial ischemic insult imposed with aortic occlusion under the protection of cardioplegic arrest. Despite the remarkable success of this approach, concerns over the systemic effects of bypass, including neurologic sequelae as well as ischemic myocardial injury, have stimulated development of techniques and technology to perform coronary bypass 'off-pump'. This technique obviates the need for the bypass machine and imposes only brief regional ischemia during construction of each individual anastomosis. Despite enthusiastic support by a devoted cohort of surgeons, and a host of nonrandomized retrospective studies demonstrating an apparent benefit to the off-pump technique, the technique has not been universally adopted. How can there be such controversy over what appears to be a superior approach? In part, many surgeons are concerned that the greater technical difficulty of the technique will impact long-term results adversely. There is also uncertainty with regard to the actual advantage of off-pump coronary artery bypass over the tried-and-true methods. Surgeons recognize that the results of any surgical series are particularly subject to the influence of subtle selection biases. Accordingly, prospective randomized studies add particular value to the debate. It is the aim of this review to examine the evidence for off-pump coronary artery bypass critically, from a surgeon's perspective, with particular emphasis on knowledge derived from a representative selection of published prospective randomized studies.     

186例老年冠心病患者是、否体外循环下冠脉旁路移植术的比较

目的:比较老年冠心病患者体外循环与非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的疗效。方法:A组选择87例65岁以上的老年患者在体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CCABG);B组选择79例65岁以上的老年患者在非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)。结果:B组死亡率低于A组(P<0.05),术后胸腔引流量明显少于A组(P<0.05)。结论:老年冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术是安全的。     

Readmission and mortality in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery with fast-track recovery protocol

The development of less invasive methods for myocardial revascularization such as “off-pump” cardiac surgery, and new methods of anesthesia and postoperative care protocols such as “fast-track recovery” (FTRC), have contributed to a significant reduction in postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay after cardiac surgical procedures. The objectives of this study were to identify perioperative risk factors of prolonged hospital stay, hospital mortality, and readmission rates in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) patients undergoing the FTRC protocol. Eighty consecutive patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery with FTRC protocol were included in the study. For the first purpose of this protocol, early extubation is defined as removal of the endotracheal tube within 6 h of arrival at the surgical ICU. The second purpose was to obtain a minimal length of stay in the ICU (<24 h) and hospital discharge within 5 days. We analyzed the influence of the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables on prolonged hospital stay, hospital mortality, and hospital readmission. Three patients died during hospitalization, giving a hospital mortality rate of 3.75%. The causes of hospital death were massive stroke and sepsis. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, hypertension (P = 0.0185), postoperative stroke (P = 0.0001), and sternal infection (P = 0.0007) were identified as independent predictors of hospital mortality. Mean hospital length of stay was 4.23 ± 0.75 days. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that postoperative blood use (P = 0.0095) was the major independent predictor of prolonged hospital stay. During the 30-day observation period, seven patients were readmitted. One of these patients died on postoperative day 45 from mediastinitis and sepsis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age (P = 0.0033) and hypertension (P = 0.045) as independent predictors of hospital readmission. FTRC protocols can be performed safely in patients with off-pump CABG, and the mortality and readmission rates following this protocol were found to be within acceptable ranges.     

非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉搭桥418例临床分析

目的总结418例非体外循环下冠脉搭桥术的临床经验。方法在非体外循环下行冠脉搭桥术418例,其中经正中切口414例,左外侧小切口4例。患者搭桥数目1￣5(3.1±0.9)根,应用左侧乳内动脉274根,桡动脉21根。结果术后气管插管时间为2￣6h,平均胸腔引流量为(365.0±23.0)ml,输库血146例(34.9%),二次开胸12例(2.9%),早期心肌梗死4例(0.9%),心绞痛6例(1.4%),心功能不全8例(1.9%),心律失常30例(7.2%),早期死亡4例(0.9%)。结论非体外循环下冠脉搭桥术创伤小,并发症少。