经皮经肝肝内门体分流术的多层CT影像研究

目的 探讨严重肝硬化患者肝实质、门静脉与肝静脉或肝后段下腔静脉在影像上的特征,评估经皮经肝肝内门 体分流术(PTIPS)的可行性及安全性,为该技术的临床应用提供解剖依据。方法 50例经临床及影像证实的严重肝硬化患者,在多层螺旋CT(MDCT)上模拟PTIPS,选右侧腋中线第8或第9肋间为经皮穿刺点A点,门静脉右支主十远端为门静脉穿刺点B点,肝右静脉汇入下腔静脉处为肝静脉或下腔静脉穿刺点C点,门静脉主干起始处为D点。A、B、C 三点连线为经皮经肝穿刺道,C、B、D 三点连线即门体分流道。所有患者肝脏CT增强扫描后行MPR后处理,测量数据用x±s表示,并计算总体均数的95％可信区间。同时分析门静脉右支与肝后段下腔静脉、肝动脉及胆管的解剖关系。结果 模拟穿刺针体内部分的长度（A-B-C长度）为(145.7±14.8) mm;穿刺针的弯度（A-B径线与B-C径线夹角）为(145.0±9.9)°;肝实质段分流道的长度（B-C长度）为(42.7±7.2) mm;当门静脉主干闭塞时,分流道长度（C-B-D长度）为(117.7 ±11.6) mm;分流道的角度（B-C径线与B-D径线夹角）为(108.5±5.9)°。50例患者中肝后段下腔静脉位于门静脉右支背侧者24例,位于同一平面者26例;肝右动脉及右肝管均位于门静脉右支腹侧。经门静脉右支穿刺肝右静脉或肝后段下腔静脉的路径中无大的动脉、胆管等重要结构。结论 从解剖学角度分析,PTIPS具有可行性及安全性,通过量化穿刺针的长度、角度及分流道长度、角度,可为该技术的临床应用提供解剖依据。     

经颈内静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术治疗BuddChiari综合征

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术(TIPS)治疗Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)的疗效。方法本组14例患者经影像学检查确诊为BCS,因进行性肝功能损害,或严重门脉高压并发症(顽固性腹水,食管胃底静脉曲张上消化道出血),或广泛肝静脉闭塞而行TIPS术治疗。其中混合型8例,肝静脉型5例,肝静脉广泛闭塞型1例。TIPS术中对于下腔静脉、肝静脉的不同情况,灵活选择肝静脉或下腔静脉穿刺点进行穿刺,7例从肝静脉开口处行门静脉穿刺,建立门-腔静脉分流道,4例从下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支,3例经皮穿刺开通肝右静脉后再经肝右静脉穿刺门静脉。术后对分流道支架开通情况进行长期随访。结果14例手术均获成功,门静脉压力由术前平均(4.9±1.4)kPa,降至术后(3.2±1.5)kPa,术后随访5～64个月,2例因支架狭窄分别于术后13、24个月再发上消化道出血,行分流道球囊扩张治疗,术后恢复良好。结论TIPS适用BCS合并有进行性肝功能损害或门静脉高压引起的上消化道出血、顽固性腹水的治疗。对于已行下腔静脉或肝静脉成形术后再发或加重的门静脉高压患者亦为适应证,但手术难度增加。     

经肝段下腔静脉人路经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的适应证及解剖基础

目的　探讨肝硬化门静脉高压患者肝静脉与门静脉间存在解剖异常时 ,行经肝段下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支 ,完成经颈静脉肝内门体分流术 (TIPS)的适应证及相关解剖基础 ,评估其安全性和可行性。方法　 6 5例肝硬化门静脉高压患者行经肝段下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉完成TIPS分流术。静脉曲张出血 5 2例 ,难治性腹水 12例 ,等待肝移植 1例。结果　 6 5例经肝段下腔静脉TIPS分流术均获成功 ,技术成功率 10 0 % ,未出现术中技术相关并发症 ,1年内初步开通率明显高于常规TIPS。结论　经肝段下腔静脉入路TIPS技术用于肝静脉与门静脉间解剖异常病例是安全可行的 ,结果提示由于肝内分流道曲度较小 ,1年内支架初步开通率明显提高。     

肝硬化640层CT肝灌注容积扫描肝血管成像的临床应用研究

目的:探讨利用640层CT肝灌注容积数据对肝硬化患者进行肝血管成像的可行性及其临床应用价值.方法:25例肝功正常(A组)和50例肝硬化患者(B组:Child-Pugh A级25例;C组:Child-Pugh B级25例)行640层CT肝灌注检查,绘制时间-密度曲线(TDC),测量主动脉和门静脉的达峰值时间(TTP)、峰值(PV)及门静脉与肝脏密度差的最大值(P-L).选取主动脉峰值期的容积数据进行肝动脉血管成像;采用P-L值最大的1期及3期容积数据对门静脉进行单期和多期融合成像,并对比两种成像方法的图像质量.结果:三组间主动脉TTP和PV的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).肝硬化组门静脉的TTP较对照组长,PV及P-L值下降,3组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);进一步两两比较,除A与B组间门脉TTP值的差异无统计学意义外,其余各组间3个参数的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).3组均可显示肝动脉3级分支.门脉多期融合成像质量优于单期成像(P＜0.05),A组可显示3～4级门静脉分支,B和C组可显示1～3级门静脉分支.结论:利用640层CT全肝灌注成像容积数据进行血管成像,能清晰显示肝动脉和门静脉,有助于肝硬化患者临床治疗方案的制订.     

经皮经肝门腔静脉分流术

目的 评价经皮经肝途径建立门腔静脉分流术的可行性及探讨其临床意义。方法 19例门静脉高压患者行经皮经肝途径门腔静脉分流术(PTPS)。静脉曲张出血16例，难治性腹水2例，肝肺综合征1例；Child’S B级4例、C级15例。经皮经肝穿刺门静脉左支再穿刺肝段下腔静脉，经肝植入PTFE覆膜支架于门静脉左支与腔静脉之间。结果 19例经肝段下腔静脉TIPS分流术均获成功，技术成功率100％，未出现术中与操作技术相关并发症，术后门腔压力梯度平均下降13cmH2O，平均随访216d，所有患者未发生再出血，难治性腹水得到有效地控制。一年内初步开通率94．8％，明显高于传统TIPS。结论经皮经肝途径建立门腔静脉分流是安全可行的，结果 提示由于PTPS肝内具有顺直的分流道的优势，一年内支架初步开通率明显高于传统TIPS。     

TIPS术后短期总胆红素显著升高的相关因素分析及其对生存预后的影响

目的：探讨经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术（TIPS）后短期总胆红素显著升高的相关因素,观察术后短期总胆红素显著升高对患者长期生存预后的影响。 方法：选取2009年1月—2015年12月我院收治的因肝硬化门静脉高压失代偿接受TIPS治疗的患者202例。根据术后短期内是否出现总胆红素显著升高分为两组：A组为总胆红素未显著升高组106例,B组为总胆红素显著升高组96例。采用单因素分析及多元非条件Logistic回归模型分析TIPS术后短期总胆红素显著升高的相关影响因素,并通过长期随访对比分析两组患者术后的生存预后。 结果：202例患者均成功建立肝内门腔支架分流道。门静脉压力从术前的（24.2±5.1）mmHg降至（14.6±4.3）mmHg,差异有统计学意义（t=17.33,P<0.01）。TIPS术前总胆红素为（23.27±18.67）μmol/L,术后2周升至（36.52±28.17）μmol/L,差异有统计学意义（t=6.461,P <0.01）。单因素分析显示B组患者的年龄、术前总胆红素、术前Child-Pugh评分、肝内支架分流道长度均高于A组（P<0.05）;两组的门静脉高压病因、门静脉穿刺位置、术后门静脉分支显影情况以及分流道支架类型比较差异也均有统计学意义。多元非条件Logistics回归分析显示术前总胆红素、术前Child-Pugh评分、肝内支架分流道长度及术后门静脉分支显影情况与术后短期内总胆红素显著升高有关。Kaplan-Meier分析显示TIPS术后A组的生存率高于B组,有统计学差异（χ²=4.528,P=0.033）,术后两组的分流道累积通畅率及HE发生率无统计学差异。 结论：术前总胆红素水平高、术前Child-Pugh评分高、肝内支架分流道长度长是TIPS术后短期总胆红素显著升高的危险因素,术后门静脉分支显影支数多是TIPS术后短期总胆红素显著升高的保护因素。术后短期总胆红素显著升高比未显著升高患者的长期累积生存率低。     

经皮经肝门腔静脉分流术血流动力学与支架构型关系的临床研究

目的介绍一种全新肝内分流预应力支架的结构和在经皮经肝肝内门腔静脉分流术（PTPS）中应用的临床结果。分析应用该支架建立的门腔静脉分流道与经典TIPS所用支架血流动力学之间的区别,探讨其潜在的临床意义。方法38例门静脉高压患者采用预应力支架行经皮经肝途径门腔静脉分流术（PTPS）。静脉曲张出血36例,难治性腹水1例及肝肺综合征1例;Child＇s B级27例、C级11例。经皮经肝穿刺进入门静脉右支,再经门静脉左支矢状部穿刺肝段下腔静脉,经皮经肝植入预应力支架于门静脉左支与肝段下腔静脉之间。结果38例采用预应力支架行PTPS均获成功,技术成功率100％,未出现术中与技术相关并发症,术后门腔压力梯度平均下降14cmH2O,平均随访493d,所有患者未发生再出血,难治性腹水得到有效地控制。初步开通率98．9%,明显高于经典直管形裸支架TIPS。结论采用预应力支架经皮经肝途径建立门腔静脉分流是安全可行的,其血流动力学结果提示：预应力支架形状及与相关血管壁间“吻合”严密,符合正常肝内门静脉血流动力学分布,既起到门静脉部分性降压作用,亦保障了门静脉右支血流的肝内灌注,对预防术后分流道再狭窄及降低肝性脑病发生率具有明显的临床意义。     

直接腔静脉途径建立肝内门腔分流的适应证与临床结果

目的评估在肝静脉与门静脉间解剖异常时，经肝段下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支完成肝内门腔静脉分流术(TIPS)操作的可行性和安全性，探讨其临床意义。资料与方法65例肝硬化门静脉高压患者行经肝段下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉完成TIPS。结果65例经肝段下腔静脉TIPS均获成功，技术成功率100％，未出现与术中技术相关并发症，1年内再狭窄率明显低于常规TIPS，3例肝性脑病需限流支架置入得以控制。结论经肝段下腔静脉TIPS技术用于肝静脉与门静脉间解剖异常病例是安全、有效的，同时由于肝内分流道曲度较小，1年内支架开通率明显提高。     

3.0 T磁共振相位对比法定量肝硬化门静脉血流动力学与肝功能状况的相关性研究

目的 运用磁共振相位对比法(PC-MRI)对门静脉系统血流参数进行测量,探讨PC-MRI在乙肝肝硬化肝功能状况评价中的应用价值及意义.方法 40例乙肝肝硬化患者,男32例,女8例,年龄29～70岁,平均52.3岁,其中Child-PughA级15例,B级13例,C级12例;10例对照组患者,男6例,女4例,年龄40 ～ 60岁,平均42岁.通过PC-MRI测量门静脉、肠系膜上静脉及脾静脉的截面积(S,mm2)、平均血流量(Q,ml/s)和平均流速(V,cm/s).结果 对照组门静脉截面积(SPV)明显小于肝硬化各组(P＜0.05);随着肝硬化程度的加重,门静脉平均血流量(QPV)和平均流速(VPV)逐渐减小(P＜0.05),Child-Pugh C级的VPV明显低于Child-Pugh A、B级(P＜0.05);肝硬化各组肠系膜上静脉截面积(SSMV)明显高于正常组(P＜0.05),Child-Pugh B级低于Child-Pugh A、C级(P＜0.05);Child-Pugh B、C级SSV较正常组明显增大,且差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).QPV、VPV、脾静脉平均血流量(QSV)和脾静脉平均流速(VSV)与MELD评分呈负相关(P＜0.05),相关系数分别为-0.396、-0.464、-0.453、-0.549.结论 PC-MRI可有效评价乙肝肝硬化不同肝储备功能状态的门静脉系统血流状态,是评价肝硬化严重程度及肝脏储备功能的重要影像学手段.     

经皮经肝门腔静脉分流术

目的介绍一种经皮治疗门静脉高压症的新方法,评价其安全性和可行性,探讨其潜在的临床意义。方法19例门静脉高压患者行经皮经肝门腔静脉分流术(PTPS)。其中食管胃底静脉曲张出血16例,难治性腹水2例,肝肺综合征1例;Child’sB级4例、C级15例。经皮经肝穿刺门静脉左支再穿刺肝段下腔静脉,经皮经肝方向植入PTFE覆膜支架于门静脉左支与腔静脉之间。结果19例经肝段下腔静脉PTPS分流术均获成功,技术成功率100%,未出现术中技术相关并发症,术后门腔静脉压力梯度平均下降13cmH2O,平均随访216d,所有患者未发生再出血,难治性腹水得到有效控制。1年内初步开通率94.8%,明显高于传统TIPS。结论经皮经肝途径建立门腔静脉分流是安全可行的,1年内支架初步开通率明显高于传统TIPS。     

经肝段下腔静脉建立TIPS分流道的初步临床结果

目的 评估经肝段下腔静脉TIPS分流术在肝静脉与门静脉间解剖异常时操作的可行性，讨论其临床意义。方法 65例肝硬变门静脉高压患者行经肝段下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉完成TIPS分流术。结果 65经肝段下腔静脉TIPS分流术均获成功，技术成功率100％，未出现术中技术相关并发症，一年内再狭窄率明显低于常规TIPS，3例肝性脑病经限流支架置入得以控制。结论 经肝段下腔静脉TIPS分流术技术用于肝静脉与门静脉间解剖异常病例是安全有效的，同时提示由于肝内分流道曲度较小，一年内支架开通率明显提高。     

Transcaval Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: Preliminary Clinical Results

Objective

To determine the feasibility of transcaval transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation in patients with unusual anatomy between the hepatic veins and portal bifurcation, and inaccessible or inadequate hepatic veins.

Materials and Methods

Transcaval TIPS, performed in six patients, was indicated by active variceal bleeding (n=2), recurrent variceal bleeding (n=2), intractable ascites (n=1), and as a bridge to liver transplantation (n=1). The main reasons for transcaval rather than classic TIPS were the presence of an unusually acute angle between the hepatic veins and the level of the portal bifurcation (n=3), hepatic venous occlusion (n=2), and inadequate small hepatic veins (n=1).

Results

Technical and functional success was achieved in all patients. The entry site into liver parenchyma from the inferior vena cava was within 2 cm of the atriocaval junction. Procedure-related complications included the death of one patient due to hemoperitoneum despite the absence of contrast media spillage at tractography, and another suffered reversible hepatic encephalopathy.

Conclusion

In patients with unusual anatomy between the hepatic veins and portal bifurcation, and inaccessible or inadequate hepatic veins, transcaval TIPS creation is feasible.     

Successful transfemoral creation of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with use of the Viatorr device

Although the large majority of cases are anatomically favorable and therefore technically feasible, congenital or acquired conditions may complicate or even preclude successful creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). The present report describes the use of the inferior right hepatic vein from a femoral vein access to obtain portal access and place a covered stent, reconstruct a partially occluded portal vein, and embolize large gastric varices in a patient with a persistent left superior vena cava (SVC) and absent right SVC.     

1999 Gary J. Becker Young Investigator Award. MR-guided transjugular portosystemic shunt placement in a swine model.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of portal venous puncture with use of magnetic resonance (MR) guidance, and to place a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in a swine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study of 12 swine was performed to evaluate the ability of interventional MR imaging to guide portal vein puncture and TIPS placement. Six swine had catheters placed in the right hepatic vein under C-arm fluoroscopy. A nitinol guide wire was left in the vein and the animals were then moved into an open configuration MR imaging unit. A TIPS needle set was used to puncture the portal vein using MR fluoroscopy. The animals were transferred to the C-arm, and venography confirmed portal vein puncture. A follow-up study was performed in six additional swine to place a TIPS using only MR imaging guidance. MR tracking was used to advance a catheter from the right atrium into the inferior vena cava. Puncture of the portal vein was performed and a nitinol stent was placed, bridging the hepatic parenchyma. MR venogram confirmed placement. RESULTS: Successful portal vein puncture was achieved in all animals. The number of punctures required decreased from 12 in the first animal to a single puncture in the last eight swine. A stent was successfully placed across the hepatic tract in all six swine. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time MR imaging proved to be a feasible method to guide portal vein puncture and TIPS placement in pigs.     

TIPS联合胃冠状静脉栓塞治疗肝硬化门静脉高压伴上消化道出血

目的 对比单纯TIPS和TIPS联合胃冠状静脉栓塞术(GCVE)治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症(PHT)伴上消化道出血(UGH),分析TIPS和GCVE联合应用的必要性、可行性及临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2010年4月至2012年5月收治的38例PHT伴UGH患者临床资料,其中接受单纯TIPS治疗15例(A组),TIPS联合GCVE治疗23例(B组),观察分析手术前后血液指标、门静脉及脾脏血流动力学、脾脏形态学、消化道静脉曲张程度变化.随访术后并发症发生情况.结果 两组术后门静脉压降低、流速加快、脾静脉淤血指数降低均较术前明显(P＜0.05),B组均优于A组(P＜0.05).术后两组食管胃底静脉曲张(EGV)均明显好转(P＜0.05),B组和A组EGV好转率分别为94.7％、66.6％,急诊止血率分别为100％、75％,再出血率分别为4.3％、28.5％,B组均明显优于A组(P＜0.05).手术前后肝功能指标组内、组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组术后肝性脑病(HE)发生率、支架原发通畅率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组再介入通畅率均为100％,支架远端位于门静脉左支者HE发生率显著低于位于右支者(P＜0.05).结论 TIPS联合GCVE治疗肝硬化PHT伴UGH疗效确切,优于单纯TIPS.     

Early sonographic evaluation of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate duplex and color Doppler findings in patients before and within 24 h after transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunts (TIPS). Conventional duplex and color Doppler were used in the assessment of 19 patients who underwent TIPS as part of a prospective protocol. Patients were examined within 24 h before and after the procedure. Before TIPS, patency, flow direction, and peak flow velocity in the main portal vein and hepatic artery were studied, as well as patency and flow direction in hepatic veins, splenic vein, and inferior vena cava (IVC). Immediately after the procedure, sonographic identification of stent position, shunt patency, and flow dynamics were evaluated and patency and flow direction of hepatic veins, splenic vein, and IVC were determined. The portogram performed at the end of the procedure was compared with the 24-h sonographic studies after TIPS to determined sonographic/angiographic correlation. No intraparenchymal abnormalities or perihepatic fluid collections were detected after the procedure. The metallic stent was clearly seen in all patients. Mean peak shunt flow velocities were 139±50 cm/sec within 24 h after TIPS. Absence of flow through the shunt was correctly identified in one case and confirmed angiographically. Mean peak flow velocity in the portal vein before TIPS was 22±13.6 cm/sec and increased to 43.6±9.1 cm/sec after TIPS (p<0.05). The hepatic artery peak systolic velocity increased from 77±51 cm/sec before TIPS to 119±53 cm/sec after the procedure (p=0.029). Conventional duplex and color Doppler ultrasound proved to be a useful non-invasive diagnostic method to assess patients who have undergone TIPS. We propose its use as the primary diagnostic modality in these patients.     

Transcaval TIPS in Patients with Failed Revision of Occluded Previous TIPS

Objective

To determine the feasibility of transcaval transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in patients with occluded previous TIPS.

Materials and Methods

Between February 1996 and December 2000 we performed five transcaval TIPS procedures in four patients with recurrent gastric cardiac variceal bleeding. All four had occluded TIPS, which was between the hepatic and portal vein. The interval between initial TIPS placement and revisional procedures with transcaval TIPS varied between three and 31 months; one patient underwent transcaval TIPS twice, with a 31-month interval. After revision of the occluded shunt failed, direct cavoportal puncture at the retrohepatic segment of the IVC was attempted.

Results

Transcaval TIPS placement was technically successful in all cases. In three, tractography revealed slight leakage of contrast materials into hepatic subcapsular or subdiaphragmatic pericaval space. There was no evidence of propagation of extravasated contrast materials through the retroperitoneal space or spillage into the peritoneal space. After the tract was dilated by a bare stent, no patient experienced trans-stent bleeding and no serious procedure-related complications occurred. After successful shunt creation, variceal bleeding ceased in all patients.

Conclusion

Transcaval TIPS placement is an effective and safe alternative treatment in patients with occluded previous TIPS and no hepatic veins suitable for new TIPS.