吴起县学生群体性发热疫情的快速检测诊断

目的 搞清2006年吴起县学生群体性发热疫情的病原。方法采集了20例发热学生的鼻咽拭子和血液标本，使用美国QUICKVUE流感A＋B快检试剂进行现场检测；在国家级流感监测网络实验室（陕西省疾病预防控制中心），使用美国DHI公司呼吸道病毒抗原七项（甲、乙型流感病毒，副流感病毒1、2、3型，腺病毒，呼吸道合胞病毒）荧光检测试剂盒进行直接荧光抗原检测，用RT—PCR方法进行乙型流感病毒核酸检测。结果对13份鼻拭子标本进行了现场快速抗原检测，其中7份小学生标本显示乙型流感病毒抗原阳性，阳性率为53．85％；对12份鼻咽拭子进行了免疫荧光抗原检测，其中3份呈乙型流感病毒抗原阳性，阳性率为25．00％；对17份鼻咽拭子标本进行了RT—PCR检测，12份显示乙型流感病毒核酸阳性，阳性率为70．59％。结论根据以上实验室快速检测结果，引起此次学生群体发热的病原为乙型流感病毒。     

某中学一起流感暴发疫情实验室检测分析

目的分析安阳市北关区暴发流感病例不同标本中流感病毒检测结果,为流感常规检测方案的制定提供依据。方法将我区胜利路中学2017年12月疑似流感疫情暴发中的25名症状严重、体温≥38℃,伴有咳嗽或咽痛之一的学生作为研究对象,同时采集咽拭子、鼻拭子标本,分别以实时荧光定量(RT-PCR)法进行流感病毒核酸检测。一周内,以MDCK细胞培养分离病毒进行分型鉴定。比较RT-PCR法核酸检测中,咽拭子、鼻拭子标本流感病毒阳性检出率。结果RT-PCR法核酸检测中,咽拭子标本流感病毒阳性率72%高于鼻拭子标本56%(P0.05);咽拭子H1Ct平均值为32.02±5.52,小于鼻拭子H1Ct平均值35.34±6.37(P0.05)。MDCK细胞培养病毒样本分离鉴定结果显示,咽拭子标本流感病毒真阳性率100%高于鼻拭子标本真阳性率77%(P0.05)。结论在甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测中,鼻拭子检测准确性不及咽拭子,在流感病毒常规检测中,应进行鼻、咽拭子双采样,以确保检测准确性,无法同时采样时,应依据当季流行的主要流感病毒亚型选择采样拭子。     

邵阳市2009年流感流行病毒核酸检测结果分析

目的对疑似流感疫情标本进行核酸检测、明确感染因子,为邵阳市流感的防控提供科学依据。方法采用RT-PCR法及Real-Time RT-PCR法对可疑咽拭子标本进行流感病毒核酸分型检测。结果 958份可疑咽拭子标本中有483份流感病毒核酸阳性,阳性率50.42%,其中季节性甲型（甲1亚型/甲3亚型）流感核酸阳性107份,占11.17%;乙型流感核酸阳性13份,占1.36%;甲型H1N1核酸阳性363份,占37.89%.7-24岁年龄段H1N1检测阳性率为73.83%。60岁以上年龄段阳性率仅为1.38%。结论 2009年邵阳市检出的流感流行病毒株以甲型H1N1流感病毒为主。Real-Time RT-PCR技术是流感疫情临床病例诊断可靠的快速诊断方法。     

2006年无锡地区春季暴发流感疫情监测分析

目的了解无锡市流感流行动态,探索暴发和流行规律,为流感防治提供科学依据。方法开展流感监测和疫情流行病学调查,网络实验室用MDCK细胞进行流感病毒分离,用血凝抑制实验对病毒株进行分型鉴定。结果2006年春季本市共报告局部暴发流感疫情11起,流感样病例193例,对7起疫情采集鼻咽拭子标本43份,分离流感病毒26份,分离阳性率为60.47%(26/43),均为乙型流感病毒株(Victoria系)。结论无锡市2006年春季流感暴发主要发生在中小学校,暴发时间集中在2006年的2月中旬至4月中旬,引起流感暴发的毒株为Victoria系乙型流感病毒。     

2009年崇左市流感实验室检测结果分析

目的对崇左市2009年流感实验室检测结果进行分析,了解2009年崇左市流感病原学特征,为流感的实验室诊断提供参考。方法收集2009年9—12月崇左市国家流感监测哨点医院及各地送检的流感样病例咽拭子标本561份,应用Real-time RT-PCR技术检测样本中的A M、B NS、H1HA、H3HA、SWH1 NP、SWH1 HA基因。结果 561份标本中,检测到乙型流感病毒核酸阳性27份,季节性流感病毒H1亚型核酸阳性5份,季节性流感病毒H3亚型阳性36份,甲型H1N1病毒特异性基因片段阳性169份,季节性H1和季节性H3流感病毒核酸同时阳性1份。甲型H1N1的检出率较高为30.12%（169/561）,乙型流感病毒核酸阳性率为4.81%（27/561）,季节性H1流感病毒阳性率为0.89%（5/561）,季节性H3流感病毒阳性率为6.42%（36/561）,季节性H1和季节性H3流感病毒核酸同时阳性率为0.18%（1/561）。结论甲型H1N1是2009年崇左市流感的主要毒株类型。     

RT-PCR对青岛市小学生乙型流感病毒Victoria系暴发的检测

目的分析青岛地区乙型流感暴发的流行病学特征,探讨RT-PCR方法对乙型流感病毒暴发的诊断价值,并对疫情控制措施做出评价。方法采集暴发性疫情流感样病例的咽拭子,采用QIAGEN试剂盒提取病毒RNA,RT-PCR方法分别扩增甲型和乙型流感病毒核酸的特异片段,然后,对核酸检测阳性标本采用狗肾传代细胞(MDCK)细胞培养,红细胞凝集抑制试验对培养的病毒进行鉴定和分型。结果采集的18份咽拭子中15份乙型流感病毒核酸检测呈阳性,但甲型流感病毒未检出;15份乙型流感病毒核酸阳性标本经MDCK细胞培养,9份标本发生细胞病变,经鉴定和分型,毒株均属于乙型流感病毒Victoria系。结论 RT-PCR方法对乙型流感病毒暴发的检测具有快速、敏感和高度特异性的特点,WHO推荐的2008-2009年流感疫苗成分中乙型流感病毒株(B/Florida/4/2006)为Yamagata系,而青岛地区暴发的流感为乙型流感病毒Victoria系,提示在今后决定我国疫苗成分时是否应考虑地区流行的特点。     

2013-2014年北京市门头沟区流感病原学监测

目的通过对2013-2014年北京市门头沟区流感流行季病原学监测分析,明确门头沟区2013-2014年流感流行株、毒株变异情况以及流感病原学的特征,为流感疫情防控提供科学依据。方法将流感样病例(ILI)的咽拭子标本进行流感病毒核酸检测,并利用狗肾细胞(MDCK)进行病毒分离检测,病毒分离后采用血凝试验方法(HA)判断是否有病毒存在,并利用实时荧光定量PCR法进行流感病毒型别的鉴定。结果 2013年10月-2014年4月共检测流感样病例(ILI)咽拭子标本452份,核酸阳性的标本为109例(核酸阳性率为24.11%),其中新甲型H1N1共31株、H3N2型34株、乙型BY44株。细胞分离到流感病毒83株(阳性率18.36%),其中新甲型H1N1共26株、H3N2型28株、乙型BY29株。结论门头沟区流感病毒在2013-2014年新型H1N1、H3N2、乙型BY型别均有流行。     

胶体金法与病毒分离鉴定在流感诊断中的比较

[目的]比较流感病毒胶体金法快速诊断试剂盒与病毒分离鉴定方法在临床诊断应用中的优劣。[方法]采集临床流感样病人(ILI)鼻拭子标本,分别使用流感病毒胶体金法快速诊断试剂盒及病毒分离鉴定方法予以检测。[结果]2006年1月—2007年3月对851份样本进行现场快速检测,流感抗原阳性标本189份,阳性率为22.21%,其中A型为164份,B型为25份。在851份鼻拭子标本中分离到133株流感病毒株,其中125份为流感快速检测阳性标本。流感胶体金法快速检测试剂的灵敏度为93.98%,特异度为91.09%。[结论]采用胶体金法流感快速诊断试剂对早期流感样病人进行检测,能及时区别流感与其他上呼吸道感染,在临床诊治和流感爆发疫情处理上具有重要意义。     

流感样病例暴发流行的病原学研究与方法比较

目的 对 2007 年 5 月下旬至 6 月上旬深圳市龙岗区某鞋厂流感暴发流行情况进行病原学研究.方法 采集发热患者的鼻咽拭子 27 份,急性期患者血清标本 17 份和恢复期患者血清标本 12 份.27 份鼻咽拭子标本,采用荧光定量 RT-PCR 方法 、胶体金法、MDCK 细胞培养、鸡胚分离培养方法 进行病原学检测;血清标本采用血清学和血凝抑制试验检测.结果 27 份鼻咽拭子标本中荧光定量 RT-PCR 检测阳性 17 份,阳性率为 62.96%(17/27);胶体金法检测阳性 12 份,阳性率 44.44%(12/27);MDCK 细胞分离培养,其中 2 份鼻咽拭子标本中分离出 2 株 H3N2 亚型流感病毒,阳性率 7.41%(2/27);鸡胚分离培养未分离出流感病毒.6 例病人的双份血清学检测结果 显示:恢复期抗体比较急性期抗体有 4 倍或以上增长. 结论 该起流感样病例暴发流行由 H3N2 亚型流感病毒引起.荧光定量 PCR 法的特异性高、灵敏度好,可用于流感病毒的快速检测.     

三明市2012年流感监测及流行特点

目的分析三明市流感监测结果,了解其流行特征,为防控工作提供依据。方法对哨点医院2012年采集的流感样病例咽拭子标本进行病毒核酸检测,对监测数据进行统计分析。结果 644份咽拭子标本中检出流感病毒核酸阳性80例（12.4%）,以季节性H3流感病毒47例（58.8%）和乙型流感病毒（37.5%）为主。5-14岁年龄组流感病毒核酸阳性率最高（22.2%）,男女类似,上半年的阳性数占全年98.8%（79/80）。结论 2012年三明市流感流行以季节性H3病毒为主,集中在上半年,5-14岁为高发人群。应进一步采取预防流感措施,加强监测。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.