American ginseng supplementation attenuates creatine kinase level induced by submaximal exercise in human beings

AIM: To investigate whether American ginseng (AG, Panax quinquefolium) supplementation was able to improve endurance exercise performance. METHODS: Thirteen physically active male college students were divided into two groups (AG or placebo) and received supplementation for 4 wk, before the exhaustive running exercise. Treadmill speed was increased to a pace equivalent to 80% VO_(2max) of the subject. A 4-wk washout period followed before the subjects crossed over and received the alternate supplement for the next 4 wk. They then completed a second exhaustive running exercise. The physiological variables that were examined included time to exhaustion and oxygen pulse. Moreover, the plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate were measured prior to the exercise, at 15 and 30 min during exercise, immediately after exercise, and 20, 40, 60, and 120 min after exercise. RESULTS: The major finding of this investigation was that the production plasma CK during the exercise significantly decreased for group AG than for group P. Secondary physiological finding was that 80% VO_(2max) running was not improved over a 4-wk AG supplementation regimen. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with AG for 4 wk prior to an exhaustive aerobic treadmill running reduced the leakage of CK during exercise, but did not enhance aerobic work capacity. The reduction of plasma CK may be due to the fact that AG is effective for the decrease of skeletal muscle cell membrane damage, induced by exercise during the high-intensity treadmill run.     

Impact of statin dosing intensity on transaminase and creatine kinase

Purpose

Higher intensity statin therapy reduces cardiovascular events more than lower intensity therapy, but the safety impact of higher intensity therapy is unknown. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing higher versus lower intensity therapy on liver and muscle safety.

Methods

A systematic literature search through January 2006 was conducted to identify randomized trials comparing higher versus lower intensity statin therapy meeting our criteria. Weighted averages were reported as relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (random-effects model). Statistical heterogeneity scores were assessed with the Q statistic and L’Abbe plots. Publication bias was assessed with the Egger weighted regression and funnel plots.

Results

Higher intensity statin therapy increased the incidence of transaminase elevations (RR 3.10 [95% Confidence Interval [CI], 0.88-7.85]) versus lower intensity statin therapy. When studies of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins were evaluated separately, higher intensity hydrophilic statin therapy increased the risk for transaminase elevations (RR 3.54 [95% CI, 1.83-6.85]), but higher intensity lipophilic therapy did not (RR 1.58 [95% CI, 0.81-3.08]). The risk of creatine kinase (CK) elevations showed a trend toward an increase (RR 2.63 [95% CI, 0.88-7.85]) with higher intensity therapy. No occurrences of CK elevations occurred in studies evaluating hydrophilic statins, whereas lipophilic statins showed an increased risk with higher intensity therapy (RR 6.09 [95% CI, 1.36-27.35]).

Conclusions

More aggressive statin therapy increases the incidence of transaminase elevations in clinical trials versus lower intensity therapy. Increases in transaminases may be more problematic when hydrophilic statins are used aggressively, whereas CK elevations are more problematic with higher intensity lipophilic statin therapy.     

Interleukin-6 − 174G/C gene polymorphism affects muscle damage response to acute eccentric resistance exercise in elderly obese women

The IL-6 gene polymorphism has been associated with disease prevalence and different physiological responses to exercise. Eccentric resistance exercise (ERE) is considered a nonpharmacological tool to prevent the chronic degenerative profile associated with aging and obesity. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of IL-6 − 174G/C polymorphism on acute interleukin-6 (IL-6) and creatine kinase (CK) temporal response to ERE in elderly obese women. Ninety women completed seven sets of ten repetitions (eccentric only) of an acute ERE session at 110% of the ten repetitions maximum (10RM). IL-6 genotypes displayed no difference at baseline. ERE induced changes in CK concentration over time occurred only in the GG group, F(2.619, 136.173) = 5.199, p = 0.003, with CK activity increased from 106.8 ± 6.9 U/l pre-intervention to 122.7 ± 11.2 U/l at 24 h and 131.9 ± 14.4 U/l at 48 h post-exercise. IL-6 concentration in the GG group was lower than the CC/CG group only at 0 h post-exercise (3.78 ± 0.58 pg/ml versus 6.51 ± 1.91 pg/ml, p = 0.030). Only the GG genotype group had higher CK activity 24–48 h following ERE and greater CK integral values, while IL-6 activity over 48 h was higher in the CC/CG genotype group. In conclusion, IL-6 genotype affects CK and IL-6 in response to ERE. It is of interest that the ERE protocol induced an elevation in CK, indicating possible muscle damage without exacerbating IL-6 and CK for the GG genotype.     

The comparative efficacy of ezetimibe added to atorvastatin 10 mg versus uptitration to atorvastatin 40 mg in subgroups of patients aged 65 to 74 years or greater than or equal to 75 years

Background Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk increases with age; yet lipid-lowering therapies are significantly under-utilized in patients > 65 years. The objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lipid-lowering therapies in older patients treated with atorvastatin 10 mg + ezetimibe 10 mg (EZ/Atorva) vs. increasing the atorvastatin dose to 40 mg. Methods Patients ≥ 65 years with atherosclerotic vascular disease (LDL-C ≥ 1.81 mmol/L) or at high risk for coronary heart disease (LDL-C ≥ 2.59 mmol/L) were randomized to EZ/Atorva for 12 wk vs. uptitration to atorvastatin 20 mg for 6 wk followed by atorvastatin 40 mg for 6 wk. The percent change in LDL-C and other lipid parameters and percent patients achieving prespecified LDL-C levels were assessed after 12 wk. Results EZ/Atorva produced greater reductions in most lipid parameters vs. uptitration of atorvastatin in patients ≥ 75 years (n = 228), generally consistent with patients 65–74 years (n = 812). More patients achieved LDL-C targets with combination therapy vs. monotherapy in both age groups at 6 wk and in patients ≥ 75 years at 12 wk. At 12 wk, more patients ≥ 75 years achieved LDL-C targets with monotherapy vs. combination therapy. EZ/Atorva produced more favorable improvements in most lipids vs. doubling or quadrupling the atorvastatin dose in patients ≥ 75 years, generally consistent with the findings in patients 65–74 years. Conclusions Our results extended previous findings demonstrating that ezetimibe added to a statin provided a generally well-tolerated therapeutic option for improving the lipid profile in patients 65 to 74 years and ≥ 75 years of age.     

Clinical values of creatine kinase and its isoenzymes in children and adolescents with vasovagal syncope

Background and aimVasovagal syncope (VVS) in children and adolescents is a common disorder. There may be an internal relationship between creatine kinase (CK) and its isoenzymes (CKMB) and syncope. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of CK and CKMB in children and adolescents with VVS.Methods and resultsThe VVS group included 218 patients (93 male and 125 female). The control group included 129 healthy children (78 male and 51 female). Serum CK and CKMB levels were estimated. We founded ①Serum CK and CK-MB levels decreased in VVS group than that in control group (P < 0.05). ②The CK levels of female were significantly lower than those of male in VVS group (P < 0.05). ③Serum level of CK-MB were in negative correlation with age, height, weight, BMI whereas in positively correlation with HR. ④CK was effected by CK-MB (β = 0.147, P = 0.037) while CK-MB was independently influenced by age (β = −0.203, P = 0.002) and DBP (β = 0.171, P = 0.011). ⑤Both CK and CK-MB significantly influenced on VVS occurrence after adjusting for the effects of gender, age, height, weight, BMI and HR.ConclusionThe serum CK and CKMB levels decrease in children and adolescents with VVS. CK and CK-MB are the independent protective factors with VVS.     

Weak diagnostic performance of troponin,creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB to diagnose or exclude myocardial infarction after successful resuscitation

Background

The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the cardiac injury markers troponin (TNT), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) to diagnose or exclude acute myocardial infarction after cardiac arrest.

Methods

226 patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography after sudden cardiac arrest were analyzed retrospectively. Levels of TNT, CK and CK-MB on admission and 6 h, 24 h and 36 h later were retrieved from the files and compared with the results of coronary angiography.

Results

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as well as non-AMI patients showed increasing levels of TNT and CK after resuscitation, although the AMI group showed significantly higher TNT and CK levels. Receiver operator curves were calculated to determine the diagnostic precision of TNT, CK and CK-MB to differentiate AMI and non-AMI patients. All analyzed markers yielded mediocre diagnostic precision with an area under the ROC curve of 0.7020, 0.6802 and 0.6508 for 6 h TNT, CK and CK-MB, respectively. Applying a modified cut-off of 1 μg/l the 6 h TNT measurement had a sensitivity of 70.9% and specificity of 61.2% to diagnose AMI after cardiac arrest. Using CK 800 U/l as cut-off level resulted in a sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 73.7%, CK-MB levels higher than 100 U/l yielded a sensitivity of 58.8% and specificity of 72.7%.

Conclusion

Cardiac injury markers cannot be used to reliably diagnose or rule out AMI after resuscitation. Consequently we propose that indication for coronary angiography should be extended to all patients without a certain alternative diagnosis explaining the occurrence of cardiac arrest.     

伴肌酸激酶升高、垂体增大的原发性甲状腺功能减退症的临诊应对

原发性甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)患者血中甲状腺激素水平降低,由于负反馈作用减弱使垂体增大,单纯影像学检查易与垂体瘤混淆;同时甲减合并肌酸激酶显著升高的病例也不少见,可能会被误诊为肌炎.本文介绍1例原发性甲减合并明显垂体增生、肌酸激酶升高患者的诊治过程,以引起对甲减非特异临床表现的重视,进行正确的治疗.     

The prognostic value of elevated creatine kinase to predict poor outcome in patients with COVID-19 - A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and aimsCreatine kinase (CK), a marker of muscle damage, is potentially associated with a more severe COVID-19. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to evaluate the association between the elevated CK and severity and mortality in COVID-19.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase up until January 26, 2020. The main outcome was poor outcome, a composite of mortality and severe COVID-19.ResultsThere are 2471 patients from 14 studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The incidence of elevated CK in this pooled analysis was 17% (11%, 22%) and the incidence of poor outcome in this pooled analysis was 27% (19%, 34%). Elevated CK was associated with poor outcome in patients with COVID-19 (OR 3.01 [2.21, 4.10], p < 0.001; I²: 10.2%). The effect estimate did not vary with age (p = 0.610), male (p = 0.449), hypertension (p = 0.490), and diabetes (p = 0.457). Elevated CK has a sensitivity of 0.24 (0.17, 0.32), specificity of 0.91 (0.86, 0.94), PLR of 2.6 (1.9, 3.7), NLR of 0.84 (0.78, 0.90), DOR of 3 (2, 5), and AUC of 0.62 (0.57, 0.66) for predicting poor outcome in patients with COVID-19. In this pooled analysis, elevated CK confers to a 49% probability for poor outcome and a non-elevated CK confers to a 24% probability. Subgroup analysis and univariate meta-regression indicates that the sensitivity and specificity does not vary with age, male, hypertension, and diabetes.ConclusionElevated CK was associated with increased mortality and severity in patients with COVID-19.PROSPEROCRD42021233435.     

Immunohistochemical localization of creatine kinase BB in primary breast cancer: correlation with estrogen receptor content

Summary The brain-type (BB) isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK) has recently been shown to be estrogenregulated in human breast cancer cells in vitro. In this study we have correlated the presence of CK-BB, evaluated by immunoperoxidase procedures, with the estrogen receptor (ER) content in 35 primary breast cancers. Of 35 tumors examined, 66% revealed moderate to strong CK-BB immunoreactivity. Staining was exclusively located in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells. A positive relationship was observed between CK-BB positivity and ER content with ER-rich tumors (>50 fmoles/mg protein) showing a more intense immunoreactivity than ER-poor ones. The results indicate that CK-BB is estrogen-regulated in human breast cancer and suggest that evaluation of this enzyme may be of potential value for the detection of hormone responsive tumors.     

替比夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者肌酸激酶增高现象分析

目的研究替比夫定(LdT)治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者的肌酸激酶(CK)增高情况、增高后的处理及危险因素,评估LdT使用的安全性。方法纳入LdT治疗CHB患者527例,其中联合阿德福韦酯(ADV)91例、LdT单独治疗436例。合并慢性肾脏病(CKD)19例,孕妇58例。观察CK动态变化,肌肉症状,基线及观察结束时病毒、免疫、生化学指标等。结果 321例患者出现CK升高,1~2级增高281例,3~4级增高40例,发生肌炎14例。CK3~4级增高后换药与不换药组CK下降差异无统计学意义(P=0.16)。男性是CK增高的危险因素(P0.01),妊娠与CKD为保护因素(P0.01;P=0.003)。结论 LdT抗病毒治疗过程中出现CK增高是普遍现象(孕妇及合并CKD患者除外),加强监测能提高LdT应用的安全性。     

缺血预处理对局灶性脑缺血-再灌注大鼠乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶的影响

目的探讨缺血预处理对缺血-再灌注大鼠血清及脑组织乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)的影响。方法SD大鼠63只,随机分为预处理组、模型组和假手术组,每组21只大鼠。阻塞大脑中动脉制备脑缺血模型,预处理组在脑缺血-再灌注前3 d接受15 m in的缺血预处理,缺血2 h再灌注22 h;模型组未做缺血预处理。分别比较各组的神经功能缺损评分,血清和脑匀浆中的LDH和CK值。结果①预处理组与模型组神经功能缺损评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);②预处理组、模型组及假手术组血清LDH分别为(8227±395)、(9019±370)、(6894±172)U/L;脑匀浆LDH值为(9151±701)、(8762±140)、(10498±434)U/g(蛋白),预处理组与模型组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组血清CK分别为(1240±1250)、(2140±610)、(790±763)U/L;脑匀浆CK为(603±86)、(699±220)、(764±235)U/g(蛋白),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。血清LDH与脑匀浆LDH呈负相关(r=-0.786,Y=15688.052-0.793X,P<0.05;X为血清LDH值);血清CK与脑匀浆CK无相关性。结论缺血预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠神经细胞具有保护作用。     

A promoter polymorphism in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase interacts with apolipoprotein E genotype in the LDL-lowering response to atorvastatin

Bile-acid biosynthesis is a key determinant of intracellular cholesterol and, in turn, cholesterol synthesis rate in hepatocytes. This suggests that variation in the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1), a key enzyme in bile-acid biosynthesis, may influence the statin response. To test this hypothesis, a promoter polymorphism (A-204C) in CYP7A1 was examined in 324 hypercholesterolemic patients treated with atorvastatin 10mg. The variant C allele was significantly and independently associated with poor LDL cholesterol reductions; -39% in wild type allele homozygotes, -37% in variant allele heterozygotes, and -34% in variant allele homozygotes (p<0.0001 for trend). Differences were more striking in men, and were enhanced by the coexistence of common variants of apolipoprotein E gene (APOE), epsilon2 or epsilon4. In subjects having wild type alleles at both loci, the mean reduction in LDL cholesterol was -40%, while the value in subjects having two CYP7A1 variant alleles and at least one variant APOE allele was -31% (p<0.0001). Combination analysis of these two loci more accurately predicted the achievement of goal LDL cholesterol, than did both single locus analysis. We concluded that the CYP7A1 A-204C promoter variant was associated with poor response to atorvastatin, which were additively enhanced by common variants in another locus, APOE.     

Efficacy and tolerability of ezetimibe 10 mg/day coadministered with statins in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia who do not achieve target LDL-C while on statin monotherapy: A Canadian, multicentre, prospective study--the Ezetrol Add-On Study

BACKGROUND: For patients who have above-target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels while on statin monotherapy, coadministration of a cholesterol absorption inhibitor with the statin may decrease serum LDL-C levels and improve overall lipid profiles. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of ezetimibe 10 mg/day coadministered with a statin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia who have higher than recommended LDL-C levels while on statin monotherapy. METHODS: A six-week, prospective, multicentre study of eligible patients who had above-target LDL-C levels while on monotherapy with any statin, regardless of dose, for a minimum of four weeks. All patients were treated for six weeks with 10 mg ezetimibe daily coadministered with their current statins. RESULTS: A total of 1141 patients were screened, 953 (83.5%) fulfilled the study inclusion criteria and 837 (87.8%) completed the study. Reasons for withdrawal included: lost to follow-up (50 patients [5.2%]); protocol violations (45 patients [4.7%]); adverse events (19 patients [2.0%]); and withdrawal of consent (two patients [0.2%]). After six weeks of treatment, statistically significant (P = 0.001) mean reductions were observed in LDL-C (30.05%), total cholesterol (20.84%), triglycerides (10.16%), apolipoprotein B (19.84%) and the total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (19.88%). At six weeks, 674 patients (80.5%) achieved target LDL-C levels. Fifty predominantly mild, nonserious adverse events related to ezetimibe were reported by 32 patients (3.4%). Frequently reported adverse events included constipation (n = 7 [0.7% of patients]), diarrhea (n = 4 [0.4%]) and dizziness (n = 4 [0.4%]). CONCLUSION: Ezetimibe coadministered with statins is effective in reducing LDL-C in patients who do not attain target LDL-C levels while on statin monotherapy.     

射频消融术前后心肌损害标志物的变化

目的　探讨血清肌酸激酶同工酶 (CK- MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白 I(c Tn I)、肌红蛋白 (Mb)检测 ,对射频消融术 (RF-CA)所致心肌损伤的诊断价值。方法　选择 30例室上性心动过速患者 ,分别于 RFCA前、电生理检查后、术后即刻、术后 1d、2 d采外周静脉血 ,采用美国德普公司自动免疫化学发光分析仪分别测定血清 CK- MB、 c Tn I、Mb。结果　 CK- MB术后 1d较术前增高 (P<0 .0 1) ;c Tn I与术前相比术后 1d、2 d明显增高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;与术前相比术后即刻 Mb明显增高 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　 RFCA所造成心肌损伤属微小心肌损伤 ,可使血清心肌损害标志物有不同程度的升高 ,CK- MB、c Tn I、Mb可用于 RFCA对心肌损伤的监测。     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒及(或)高渗状态横纹肌溶解症6例回顾分析

目的 了解糖尿病急症酮症酸中毒及(或)高渗状态横纹肌溶解症发生情况.方法 回顾分析52例糖尿病急症病例. 结果 横纹肌溶解症6例 (11.54%).横纹肌溶解症与非横纹肌溶解症血清肌酸磷酸激酶、肌红蛋白、葡萄糖、钠、有效血浆渗透压、钾水平分别是(3886±2817)μ/L vs (99±85)μ/L,( 4131±625)μg/L vs (84±58)μg/L, (59±24)mmol/L vs (28±14)mmol/L, (154±7)mmol/L vs (140±8)mmol/L, (375±31)mmol/L vs (310±21)mmol/L, (3.8±0.5)mmol/L vs (4.4±0.6)mmol/L; 肾功能衰竭100% vs 30.8%; 差异均有统计学意义 (P＜0.01). 结论 糖尿病酮症酸中毒及(或)高渗状态可能诱发横纹肌溶解症,宜重视肌酶检查.     

The cardiac response to exercise in cirrhosis

BACKGROUND: Impaired exercise capacity and oxygen consumption are common in cirrhosis. AIM: To explore the relationship between possible myocardial dysfunction and exercise tolerance in cirrhosis. METHODS: Cardiac responses to exercise, using radionuclide angiography and graded upright cycle ergometry with oxygen consumption, were assessed before and after exercise in 39 cirrhotics patients and compared with 12 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. Baseline cardiac chamber dimensions and wall thickness, ejection fraction, and diastolic function were measured using two dimensional echocardiography is all subjects. RESULTS: Baseline diastolic dysfunction with prolonged isovolumic relaxation times (p=0.02), left atrial enlargement, and left ventricular wall thickening were present in all cirrhotics (p=0.02), despite increased mean ejection fraction. With graded exercise, cirrhotics achieved 71 (4)% (p=0.03) (pre-ascitics) and 46 (3)% (p<0.001) (ascitics) of predicted work loads, respectively, without significant increases in ejection fraction. The smaller absolute and percentage increases in cardiac output (p=0.003) in the cirrhotics were associated with significantly reduced oxygen consumption (p=0.003) and anaerobic threshold (p<0.001), and correlated significantly with work and metabolic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired exercise capacity in cirrhosis is associated with myocardial thickening and ventricular stiffness leading to decreased diastolic function, inotropic and chronotropic incompetence under conditions of stress, with metabolic consequences. This picture is compatible with the condition now known as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.     

Effects of ramipril on the neurohormonal response to exercise in patients with mild or moderate congestive heart failure

Static measurements of plasma neurohormones at rest may notbe adequate to detect alterations in cardiovascular controlmechanisms in congestive heart failure (CHF). Therefore, itis of interest to study neurohormonal activation during differentphysiological conditions. Plasnw neurohormones were measuredin 54 patients on diuretic therapy for mild or moderate CHF.Samples were taken at rest and immediately after maximal bicycleexercise, before and after 12 weeks of treatment with ramiprilor placebo. There was a strong correlation between the plasmalevels of each hormone before and after exercise. An inversecorrelation existed at baseline between exercise duration andangiotensin II levels after maximal exercise (r= – 0·30,P=0·03), but not at rest. Plasma levels of angiotensinII, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and noradrenalinewere increased after maximal exercise compared to rest. Plasmaangiotensin converting enzyme activity and ANP were reducedby ramipril compared to placebo, both at rest and after exercise,but levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone and nordrenaline werenot significantly affected Thus, exercise consistently activatesneurohormonal systems in patients with CHF. Patients with thelowest exercise duration had the highest angiotensin II levelsafter exercise. Measurements of plasma neurohormones after maximalexercise provide limited additional value to measurements atrest.