马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素治疗肠易激综合征临床观察

目的探讨马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素治疗肠易激综合征(IBS)的疗效。方法 63例IBS患者随机分为两组,对照组(29例)给予马来酸曲美布汀200mg口服,3次/d;治疗组(34例)在对照组基础上加服谷维素100mg,3次/d。均以4周为1个疗程。结果马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素治疗组总有效率达94.12%,明显高于对照组65.52%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素治疗IBS疗效好,不良反应小。     

马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素治疗肠易激综合征的效果观察

目的：观察马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素治疗肠易激综合征的临床效果。方法将66例肠易激综合征患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各33例。对照组患者采用马来酸曲美布汀治疗,治疗组患者采用马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素治疗,对2组患者的治疗效果进行观察对比。结果治疗组患者的治疗总有效率显著高于对照组,不良反应发生率明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论对肠易激综合征患者采用马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素进行治疗,能有效提高临床疗效,降低不良反应发生率,值得临床推广。     

马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素应用于肠易激综合征中的效果观察

目的 研究分析马来酸曲美布汀与谷维素联合用药治疗肠易激综合征患者的临床效果.方法 选取我院于2011年3月至2012年1月收治的77例肠易激综合征患者的临床资料,将其按照住院号尾号的奇偶分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组37例患者采用药物联合治疗,即马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素治疗.对照组40例患者采用马来酸曲美布汀单独用药,两组患者均治疗一个月,对比两组患者治疗效果.结果 两组患者治疗有效率对比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患者治疗后各临床症状改善,治疗组优于对照组,有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组不良反应率对比,P ＞0.05为差异无统计学意义.结论 肠易激综合征采用马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素联合治疗,可以改善患者的临床症状,安全有效,值得推广.     

马来酸曲美布汀片治疗肠易激综合征疗效观察

目的观察马来酸曲美布汀片治疗肠易激综合征（IBS）患者的疗效。方法194例ISB患者给予马来酸曲美布汀片治疗,对比分析治疗前后患者的症状评分,计算各种症状的改善率。结果治疗后患者症状等级与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,症状改善总有效率为：腹痛88.4%,腹胀94.7%,腹泻90.2%,便秘85.4%。结论马来酸曲美布汀片治疗IBS安全有效。     

三联活菌制剂联合马来酸曲美布汀治疗肠易激综合征的疗效观察

目的探讨三联活菌制剂联合马来酸曲美布汀治疗肠易激综合征（IBS）的临床效果。方法将IBS患者102例随机分为治疗组与对照组,各51例。对照组给予马来酸曲美布汀口服;治疗组在对照组治疗基础上给予三联活菌制剂,疗程均为4周。治疗结束后,观察2组的临床疗效,并作分析。结果治疗组总有效率为94.1%高于对照组的74.5%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;2组均无明显药物不良反应出现。结论三联活菌制剂联合马来酸曲美布汀用于改善IBS的临床症状效果显著,值得临床借鉴。     

马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素治疗肠易激综合征39例疗效观察

目的 探讨肠易激综合征患者使用马来酸曲美布汀与谷维素共同治疗的临床效果.方法 选取我院2012年1月至12月期间收治肠易激综合征患者78例,将其随机分为两组,每组患者各39例,对照组采用马来酸曲美布汀进行治疗,治疗组采用马来酸曲美布汀与谷维素治疗,均以4周为1个疗程,经1个疗程治疗后,对两组患者的临床治疗效果进行对比分析.结果 治疗组患者的有效率为92.30％,对照组患者的有效率为71.79％,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),观察组出现2例不良反应,对照组出现3例不良反应,两组不良反应比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 肠易激综合征采用马来酸曲美布汀联合谷维素联合治疗,临床效果显著,不良反应小,具有一定的安全性,值得临床进一步推广.     

马来酸曲美布汀联合复方谷氨酰胺治疗肠易激综合征效果观察

目的：观察马来酸曲美布汀联合复方谷氨酰胺治疗肠易激综合征（IBS）的疗效。方法将66例IBS 患者按治疗方法不同分为治疗组及对照组,对照组32例口服复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊0.5g,3次/d,治疗组34例在其基础上加用马来酸曲美布汀0.1g,3次/d,治疗1个月后观察比较两组疗效。结果治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义;两组患者治疗后临床症状均有所改善,治疗组临床症状的改善情况明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义。结论马来酸曲美布汀联合复方谷氨酰胺胶囊能有效治疗IBS,疗效优于单用复方谷氨酰胺胶囊,且不良反应未增加,值得进一步研究。     

黛力新联合马来酸曲美布汀对功能性消化不良患者的疗效及生活质量的影响

目的研究黛力新联合马来酸曲美布汀对功能性消化不良患者的疗效及生活质量的影响。方法 90例诊断为功能性消化不良的患者,分为两组：实验组45例：黛力新及马来酸曲美布汀治疗;对照组45例：谷维素及维生素B6治疗。两组患者疗程均为4周,每周复诊1次,观察询问病情变化,并采用SF-36健康量表评价患者生活质量。结果试验组患者4周后临床效果总有效率为96.5%,与对照组（33.3%）比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。试验组治疗后评分均比对照组高,同时也比治疗前高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。对照组治疗前后评分比较无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论对于功能性消化不良患者,黛力新联合马来酸曲美布汀疗效佳,能改善其生活质量,是值得推荐的治疗方案。     

马来酸曲美布汀对肠易激综合征患者血浆生长抑素、P物质和神经肽Y水平的影响

目的 探讨马来酸曲美布汀对肠易激综合征（IBS）患者血浆P物质（SP）、生长抑素（SS）和神经肽Y（NPY）水平的影响.方法 选择IBS患者62例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组31例.对照组给予常规治疗,观察组口服马来酸曲美布汀片200 mg/次,3次/d,连用6周.观察并比较两组患者治疗前后SP、SS和NPY水平的变化,评定临床疗效并观察两组的不良反应.结果 治疗6周后,两组患者SP、SS较治疗前明显下降（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,NPY水平较治疗前明显升高,且观察组SP、SS的下降幅度和NPY增高幅度与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;同时,观察组患者的临床总有效率明显高于对照组（X2=4.29,P＜0.05）.两组患者治疗期间均未出现明显的药物不良反应.结论 马来酸曲美布汀治疗IBS安全有效,作用机制可能与其抑制IBS患者血浆SP和SS的释放、促进NYP释放,调节脑肠肽分泌平衡密切相关.     

马来酸曲美布汀治疗便秘型肠易激综合征的疗效观察

目的观察马来酸曲美布汀治疗便秘型肠易激综合征（IBS）的疗效。方法选择2010年2月—2011年2月来我院治疗的53例IBS患者,给予马来酸曲美布汀进行治疗,观察治疗前后患者临床症状积分及疗效。结果 53例IBS患者经过治疗后,治愈有18例,显效22例,有效11例,无效2例。53例患者治疗前临床症状总积分为398分,平均积分为（7.51±2.4）分;治疗后患者的临床症状总积分为128分,平均积分为（2.42±0.13）分,治疗前后临床症状评分比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论马来酸曲美布汀对于IBS患者的治疗效果较好,能够改善患者的临床症状,降低症状积分,具有很好的应用价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.