医院消毒供应室工作人员的职业防护

消毒供应室是医院内各种无菌器材、敷料的供应和回收科室,又是医院预防交叉感染的重点科室.供应室工作人员要回收、清洗、消毒、灭菌大量被污染的医疗用品,被感染的机会多,劳动强度大,工作环境差,所以供应室又往往成为医院感染的高发科室,因此供应室工作人员需要严格有效的自我防护,这样不仅可以避免自身免遭疾病的侵袭,还可避免院内交叉感染.现就供应室工作环境中常见的有害因素及其防护措施作一探讨,以强化供应室工作人员的自身防护意识,避免职业伤害的出现.     

供应室工作人员职业危害因素分析及防护对策

日常工作中，加强消毒供应室工作人员的自身防护尤为重要。医院应仔细分析供应室各种危害健康的因素，采取相应措施，以确保工作人员的身心健康。     

消毒供应室工作人员面临的职业危害因素及防护对策

消毒供应室工作人员所面对的工作环境众所周知,工作环境较为恶劣,其特殊而工作性质决定了要经常接触已污染的回收物,长时间在这样的工作环境中极易因为操作失误而使自身处于感染的危险中,另外消毒供应室也是一个高温、潮湿的环境,长年累月的处在这样的环境中,也易诱发各种疾病,因此,对本科室的相关工作人员所面对的职业危害进行分析,找出防护对策,具有极为重要的现实意义.     

供应室工作人员的自我防护

供应室工作人员要对医院内大量被污染的医疗用品进行回收、清洗、消毒、灭菌,传染机会多,工作强度大,工作环境嘈杂、潮湿.这些潜在因素往往被忽视,可对工作人员的健康造成威胁.作为供应室工作人员应该强化自我保护意识.笔者就在供应室观察到的工作人员容易忽略的自身防护问题进行小结,并提出几点防护措施,供参考.     

供应室人员的职业防护

职业防护,是供应室工作人员必须重视的重要问题。由于供应室是医院内各种无菌器材、敷料的供应\回收科室,又是医院预防交叉感染的中心科室。供应室工作人员经常接触被污染的物品及各种有毒有害因子,这些均对供应室工作人员健康构成了极为严重的威胁。因此,加强供应室工作人员的自我防护意识就显得尤为重要。要做到人人均具备良好的自我防护意识,除为供应室工作人员提供必要的防护用具以及良好的工作环境外,还要不断的学习新的防护知识,更新观念,严格执行各项操作规程。     

供应室工作人员的职业危害及防护措施

目的：探讨供应室工作环境对工作人员的职业危害及防护措施。方法：通过临床观察分析认识到供应室工作人员长期受各种物理、化学、生物因素等危害的环境中,采用一系列可行性的防护措施。结果：供应室的工作中存在着许多职业危害因素,工作人员工作环境及职业防护意识有待改善和提高。结论：减少或消除造成职业危害的各种因素,是防护措施的关键。     

供应室护士的职业危害与防护措施

目的分析探讨供应室护士的职业危害因素与防护措施。方法对供应室护士工作中经常遇到的职业危害因素进行总结并提出可行的防护措施。结果加强对物理、化学、生物、运动功能危害因素的预防以及医院对供应室加大投入,护士按程序操作,可减少职业危害。结论医院重视供应室工作,工作人员严格遵守制度与操作规程,认真做好防护,可有效的降低职业危害。     

消毒供应室工作人员职业危害因素及其防护

日常工作中,加强消毒供应室工作人员的自身防护尤为重要。医院应根据消毒供应室各种危害健康的潜在因素,采取相应措施,以确保工作人员的身心健康。1常见的危害因素1·1生物性因素:回收的医疗用品中沾有患者的血液、体液,在回收及清洗过程中,病原微生物容易经破损的皮肤进入医务     

浅谈供应室护理人员的职业防护

供应室护理人员由于其从事工作的特殊性，每天要进行下收下送、清洗、消毒、灭菌等工作。供应室也是污染物品集中的场所，污染机会较多，工作强度较大，工作环境嘈杂、潮湿、高温、利器损伤等危险因素，这些潜在的危险因素对护理人员的健康造成威胁，因此必须强化供应室护理人员的自我防护意识，完善管理制度，规范操作规程，改善工作条件，完善锐利器伤报告制度，配备必须劳动保护用品，明确认识有害因素是客观存在的，但是是可以防护的，从预防人手，安全操作，做好日常工作的职业防护，定期卫生检测，有利于供应室护理人员的身心健康。     

供应室工作人员的职业危害因素及自身防护

供应室工作人员的自身防护，对防止医院感染的发生至关重要。由于消毒灭茵工作的特殊性，存在的职业危险因素。包括有机械因素、化学因素、生物因素、物理因素等，这些危害因素时时威胁着工作人员的身心健康。正确认识这些危害因素，将它们予以科学分类，制定相应的防护措施，以保护供应室工作人员的健康。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.