肝移植术后胆道并发症介入治疗疗效分析

目的评价肝移植(LT)术后胆道并发症(BC)的介入治疗疗效,为临床提供参考。资料与方法回顾分析1999年7月至2009年11月北京朝阳医院介入放射科收治的41例LT术后BC患者的临床及随访资料;BC根据临床表现、实验室检查和影像学表现综合诊断,部分患者行肝穿刺活检;疗效根据患者治疗前、后临床表现及黄疸相关指标综合评判,采用SPSS 18.0软件对黄疸指标进行统计分析,P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。结果 41例患者BC包括弥漫性肝内胆管狭窄(32/41)、局限性胆管狭窄(16/41)、胆漏、胆汁瘤(3/41)、胆泥淤积(2/41)、胆管结石(1/41)、肝外胆管迂曲延长(2/41)。全部患者术后近期(1个月内)黄疸明显缓解,黄疸指标显著下降(P<0.05);多数患者中远期黄疸复发,但予以介入干预后均再获缓解。结论胆管狭窄是LT术后最常见的BC,经皮穿刺胆汁引流适用于各型BC,球囊扩张成形对局限性胆管狭窄效果良好。早期诊断并及时采取适当的介入治疗有助于患者顺利渡过LT危险期,随后适时的介入治疗对延长患者生存期、提高生活质量亦是不可或缺的治疗方法。     

肝移植术后血管胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的:评价介入治疗对肝移植后胆道、血管并发症的价值。材料和方法:18例肝移植患者接受了介入治疗。其中肝动脉狭窄8例,行肝动脉造影及溶栓治疗;下腔静脉及肝静脉狭窄2例,行内支架置入术;胆瘘及胆道狭窄8例,行PTCD治疗。结果:胆道并发症8例,PTCD治疗后症状消失;肝动脉狭窄8例,溶栓后肝动脉完全开放6例,1例血流部分开放,1例肝动脉血流未恢复再次肝移植治疗;下腔静脉及肝静脉狭窄2例内支架置入术后下腔静脉梗阻及肝肿大症状消失。结论:介入治疗是治疗肝移植后胆道血管并发症的有效方法。     

肝移植术后胆管并发症的介入治疗

目的:评价介入方法治疗肝移植术后胆管并发症的价值。方法:对1999年10月~2005年6月53例肝移植患者术后发生胆道并发症的相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果:9例患者术后出现胆管并发症,使用经皮肝穿胆道引流(PTCD)治疗4例次,经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)治疗5例次。手术均取得成功。患者的临床症状均有所好转。结论:介入方法治疗肝移植术后胆管并发症可获得较好的近期疗效,其远期结果有待于进一步观察。     

肝移植术后胆系并发症的T管造影表现

目的 探讨肝移植术后胆系并发症的T管造影表现及其意义。资料与方法 搜集52例肝移植术后T管造影病例中发生胆系并发症的患者24例,其中男20例,女4例,年龄21～64岁。所有病例均行T管造影,并将X线表现与肝穿刺病理所见对照。结果并发症发生率为46．1％(24／52)。T管造影表现：(1)9例早期胆汁淤积症,T管造影无胆管梗阻,但肝内胆树稀疏,分支细,有时呈“垂柳状”外观;(2)10例胆总管吻合口胆瘘,表现为吻合口对比剂外漏,形成不规则状阴影;(3)5例胆管吻合口狭窄,表现为胆总管吻合口的不规则形充盈缺损,对比剂经吻合口排人远段胆管困难;(4)5例胆管内结石／胆泥形成,表现为胆管内充盈缺损;(5)6例胆管炎,肝内胆管细小,走行僵硬,胆管炎严重者可表现为胆管近肝门段狭窄、远段扩张的独特外观;(6)3例肝外胆管吻合后过长,长度超过13cm。肝移植术后胆管并发症的患者T管造影表现可同时出现上述征象1～4种。结论 T管造影可以明确肝移植术后的胆管并发症,对肝移植术后胆系的评价具有重要的价值,是肝移植术后常规检查手段之一。     

二维超声对肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断价值

目的:探讨二维超声对肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析48例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的二维超声图像,并与其它影像学检查结果相对比.结果:超声检出胆漏13例,胆管扩张36例,胆汁淤积16例,胆泥形成10例,结石形成13例.术后1个月内发生者37.8%,3个月内发生者68.9%.7例患者出现极其相似的病程,表现为胆管扩张,后扩张胆管内出现胆汁淤积,继而胆泥形成,最后发展至胆管结石.结论:超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断中有重要应用价值,是首选检查方法.     

肝动脉阻力指数与肝移植术后胆道并发症的相关性分析

目的:通过彩色多普勒超声检测肝动脉阻力指数变化,评价其对肝移植术后胆道并发症的预测价值.方法:用彩色多普勒超声观察107例肝移植患者术后肝脏血流变化,将肝动脉阻力指数进行分类分析.结果:肝移植术后,发生胆道并发症者33例.出现低阻力指数者共44例,包括首次检查RI≤0.50、随访2次以上发现RI≤0.50及RI较首次检查降低>0.30者,其中30例术后发生胆道并发症.低阻力指数者胆道并发症发生率明显增高(P<0.01),阻力指数正常者胆道并发症发生率明显减低(P<0.01),高阻力指数者胆道并发症发生率与整体发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:肝动脉低阻力指数与胆道并发症有明显的相关性,超声可预测肝移植术后肝动脉供血不足导致的胆道并发症.     

Interventional Radiology in Liver Transplantation

Radiology is a key specialty within a liver transplant program. Interventional techniques not only contribute to graft and recipient survival but also allow appropriate patient selection and ensure that recipients with severe liver decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma or portal hypertension are transplanted with the best chance of prolonged survival. Equally inappropriate selection for these techniques may adversely affect survival. Liver transplantation is a dynamic field of innovative surgical techniques with a requirement for interventional radiology to parallel these developments. This paper reviews the current practice within a major European center for adult and pediatric transplantation.     

Alternative Techniques for Cannulation of Biliary Strictures Resistant to the 0.035" System Following Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Objective

To assess the clinical efficacy of alternative techniques for biliary stricture cannulation in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), after cannulation failure with a conventional (0.035-inch guidewire) technique.

Subjects and Methods

Of 293 patients with biliary strictures after LDLT, 19 (6%) patients, 11 men and 8 women of mean age 48.5 years, had the failed cannulation of the stricture by conventional techniques. Recannulation was attempted by using two alternative methods, namely a micro-catheter set via percutaneous access and a snare (rendezvous) technique using percutaneous and endoscopic approaches.

Results

Strictures were successfully cannulated in 16 (84%) of the 19 patients. A microcatheter set was used in 12 and a snare technique in four patients. Stricture cannulation failed in the remaining three patients, who finally underwent surgical revision.

Conclusion

Most technical failures using a conventional technique for biliary stricture cannulation after LDLT can be overcome by using a microcatheter set or a snare (rendezvous) technique.     

Causes of Arterial Bleeding After Living Donor Liver Transplantation and the Results of Transcatheter Arterial Embolization

Objective

To analyze the causes of arterial bleeding after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and to evaluate the efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE).

Materials and Methods

Forty-two sessions of conventional arteriography were performed in 32 of the 195 patients who underwent LDLT during the past 2 years. This was done in search of bleeding foci of arterial origin. TAE was performed with microcoils or gelatin sponge particles. The causes of arterial bleeding, the technical and clinical success rates of TAE and the complications were retrospectively evaluated.

Results

Forty-two bleeding foci of arterial origin were identified on 30 sessions of arteriography in 21 patients. The most common cause of bleeding was percutaneous procedures in 40% of the patients (17 of the 42 bleeding foci) followed by surgical procedures in 36% (15/42). The overall technical and clinical success rates of TAE were 21 (70%) and 20 (67%) of the 30 sessions, respectively. The overall technical success rate of TAE for the treatment of bleeding from the hepatic resection margin, hepatic artery anastomotic site and hepaticojejunostomy was only 18% (2/11), whereas for the treatment of bleeding in the other locations the technical and clinical success rates of TAE were 100% and 95%, respectively. No procedure-related major complications occurred.

Conclusion

In the case of arterial bleeding after LDLT, percutaneous procedure-related hemorrhages were as common as surgery-related hemorrhages. There were technical difficulties in using TAE for the treatment of hepatic arterial bleeding. However, in the other locations, TAE seems to be safe and effective for the control of arterial bleeding in LDLT recipients.     

肝移植后MR征象的探讨

目的:探讨原位肝移植术后MR征象形成及临床意义。方法:13例原位肝移植术后患者均用SE序列及FSE序列常规扫T1WI及脂肪抑制T2WI,部分选用磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)、钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)动态增强3D MRA检查,分析各序列图像特点。结果:13例患者均在脂肪抑制T2WI上出现门静脉周围间隙增宽,并伴有长T1、长T2信号;1例出现肝内胆管的弥漫性囊柱状扩张;10例出现移植肝周围及叶间裂少量积液,部分患者合并胸腔积液;10例MRCP示胆道明显或稍狭窄,其中5例为吻合口狭窄,2例为肝门部淋巴结压迫所致,3例ERCP结果与之相符;5例见可疑胆湖。2例ERCP发现吻合口胆漏而MRCP表现为阴性;4例追踪发现肝内肿瘤复发或出现远处转移灶;1例诊断为局灶性肝坏死。结论:通过对肝移植术后门周间隙增宽,弥漫性胆管扩张及胆汁瘤等征象进行探讨,为临床评价移植物功能,诊断胆漏提供了一定的信息。     

Percutaneous Management of Biliary Strictures After Pediatric Liver Transplantation

We analyze our experience with the management of biliary strictures (BSs) in 27 pediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation with the diagnosis of BS. Mean recipient age was 38 months (range, 2.5–182 months). In all patients percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, biliary catheter placement, and bilioplasty were performed. In 20 patients the stenoses were judged resolved by percutaneous balloon dilatation and the catheters removed. Mean number of balloon dilatations performed was 4.1 (range, 3–6). No major complications occurred. All 20 patients are symptom-free with respect to BS at a mean follow-up of 13 months (range, 2–46 months). In 15 of 20 patients (75%) one course of percutaneous stenting and bilioplasty was performed, with no evidence of recurrence of BS at a mean follow-up of 15 months (range, 2–46 months). In 4 of 20 patients (20%) two courses of percutaneous stenting and bilioplasty were performed; the mean time to recurrence was 9.8 months (range, 2.4–24 months). There was no evidence of recurrence of BS at a mean follow-up of 12 months (range, 2–16 months). In 1 of 20 patients (5%) three courses of percutaneous stenting and bilioplasty were performed; there was no evidence of recurrence of BS at a mean follow-up of 10 months. In conclusion, BS is a major problem following pediatric liver transplantation. Radiological percutaneous treatment is safe and effective, avoiding, in most cases, surgical revision of the anastomosis.     

超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊治中的应用

目的:探讨超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊治中的价值.材料和方法: 6例实施肝移植术后临床拟诊胆道并发症的患者,以二维超声检查移植肝及肝周情况,以彩色多普勒超声评估肝动脉、下腔静脉血流,并与其他影像学检查相对比.结果: 胆系梗阻3例(2例合并肝内多发胆汁肿)、胆管内胆泥形成1例、胆漏2例(在超声引导下置管引流).肝动脉血栓2例.肝流出道狭窄合并血栓1例.结论: 超声在肝移植术道并发症的诊治中有着重要的应用价值.     

原位肝移植后血管并发症的血管腔内介入治疗

目的 分析总结血管腔内介入治疗在原位肝移植后血管并发症中的作用和意义. 资料与方法 回顾性分析31例原位肝移植术后血管并发症患者的血管腔内介入治疗资料与随访结果. 结果 31例患者中单纯肝动脉并发症11例,门静脉并发症11例,腔静脉并发症6例,合并肝动脉与门静脉并发症1例,合并腔静脉、肝静脉、门静脉复杂并发症1例,脾动脉窃血综合征1例.均成功进行了血管腔内介入治疗.共置入肝动脉支架13枚,静脉支架21枚,进行肝动脉栓塞1例,部分性脾动脉栓塞2例,单纯腔静脉球囊扩张1例,1例患者肝动脉局部灌注溶栓后置入肝动脉支架,1例患者先后置入腔静脉、肝静脉与门静脉支架各1枚,1例患者同时置入门静脉和肠系膜上静脉支架.所有血管腔内介入操作成功有效,技术成功率100%,手术相关并发症发生率12.9%,并且并发症经处理无后继影响.随访中除1例肝动脉于支架置入后19天发生再狭窄外,其余血管至随访结束未出现明确再狭窄. 结论 肝移植术后血管并发症的血管腔内介入治疗安全有效,技术成功率高而并发症发生率低,是一种理想的微创治疗选择.     

The Application of Interventional Radiology in Living-Donor Liver Transplantation

Owing to improvements in surgical techniques and medical care, living-donor liver transplantation has become an established treatment modality in patients with end-stage liver disease. However, various vascular or non-vascular complications may occur during or after transplantation. Herein, we review how interventional radiologic techniques can be used to treat these complications.     

原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的介入治疗

目的:探讨经T型管及其窦道和经皮肝穿刺胆道引流治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的可行性及其疗效.方法:对252例原位肝移植术后出现胆道狭窄的26例患者分别行胆道气囊扩张术、胆道引流术和胆道支架置入术.结果:3例胆道狭窄合并胆瘘患者和3例单纯吻合口狭窄患者,经气囊扩张术和胆道引流后痊愈.6例肝内外胆管多发狭窄患者,气囊反复扩张胆道狭窄段后,5例狭窄纠正而获得痊愈;1例气囊扩张治疗后出现肝内血肿,再次行肝移植.12例肝内外胆管多发狭窄合并胆泥的患者,经反复球囊导管扩张后,10例狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解;1例置入胆道支架,后因支架管阻塞而再次肝移植;1例治疗后狭窄仍存在,黄疸无缓解而再次肝移植.2例T型管引流口段狭窄行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后,狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解.结论:经T型管及其窦道和经皮肝穿刺胆道引流是治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的良好方法.     

综合影像方法在肝移植后动脉并发症诊断的应用初探

目的探讨采用超声和CT灌注成像联合诊断肝移植后动脉并发症的应用价值. 资料与方法对130例肝移植术后病例先行超声监测,筛选出疑诊肝动脉并发症病例24例,对其中16例行CT灌注成像检查,最后经血管造影和临床追踪确诊或排除疑诊.分别对彩色多普勒检查（CDI）和CT灌注成像（CTP）的特异性和敏感性,以及联合使用多种方法作为系列检查的特异性和敏感性进行计算和比较. 结果以单纯CDI的阻力指数（RI）＜0.5为指标进行监测,其对肝动脉并发症诊断的敏感性、特异性以及阳性预测值分别为100%、89.83%、50%.如果结合CDI-RI和CTP作为系列检查,其诊断的敏感性、特异性以及阳性预测值分别为100%、99.1%、83.3%.经检验两者在特异性和阳性预测值方面均存在明显差异. 结论采用超声和CT灌注成像联合诊断肝移植后动脉并发症将明显提高诊断的特异性和阳性预测值,明显缩短临床观察时间,提高诊断及时性,为肝移植后动脉并发症的及时治疗提供帮助.     

肝移植术后血管与胆管并发症介入治疗初探

目的：评价血管造影和胆管造影诊治肝移植术后血管及胆管并发症的价值。方法：46例原位肝移植术后B超提示血流速度不畅或频谱异常，下肢水肿或黄疸的患者16例，进行腹腔动脉造影10例次，下腔静脉造影并球囊扩张或支架置入6例次，经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影并支架置入2例次，经皮肝穿刺胆管造影并引流4例次。结果：肝动脉血栓形成2例，1例经溶栓治疗后部分开通；肝动脉狭窄4例，1例球囊扩张后狭窄减轻；所有下腔静脉和门静脉阻塞或狭窄行球囊扩张及置放支撑架后临床症状好转，4例胆管狭窄和吻合口瘘者行经皮肝穿刺胆管造影引流（PTCD）治疗后黄疸减轻。结论；对肝移植术后出现的血管和胆管并发症，血管造影和胆管造影不仅可明确诊断，而且能同时工取得较好的近期疗效。     

肝移植术后并发症的CT和MRI诊断

目的:分析肝移植术后各种并发症的CT、MRI表现,评价CT、MRI在肝移植术后并发症中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析24例肝移植术后发生并发症的患者的CT、MRI资料,全部病例并发症均经手术、肝组织活检或血管、胆道造影证实。结果:24例患者CT、MRI诊断门脉主干吻合口狭窄4例;肝动脉狭窄3例;下腔静脉吻合口狭窄1例;胆管吻合口狭窄4例;肝门水平非吻合口狭窄5例;移植排异反应4例,肝癌复发7例。结论:CT、MRI能发现大部分肝移植术后并发症,是诊断肝移植术后并发症的有效方法。     

活体肝移植术前CT测量供体肝右叶体积和重量的校正公式

目的：为能通过活体肝移植（LDLT）术前CT测得的肝右叶体积（RLV）精确预测其实际体积和重量而建立公式。方法：78例供体在右半肝移植术前进行增强CT扫描,利用CT测量RLV,术中再分别测量实际切下的RLV和肝右叶重量（RLW）。用统计学方法对CT测得值和术中测得值之间关系进行分析,计算直线回归方程,利用该方程校正CT预测值,比较校正前后预测值的准确性。结果：术前CT测得的肝右叶体积（RLV-CT）为（777.3±108.8）ml,术中测得的肝右叶体积（RLV-Intraop）为（689.1±97.7）ml,两者呈正相关（r=0.882,P〈0.001）,术中测得的肝右叶重量（RLW-Intraop）为（741.6±98.0）g,亦与RLV-CT亦呈正相关（r=0.909,P〈0.001）,可分别用公式RLV-Intraop（ml）=0.792×RLV-CT（ml）＋73.771和RLW-Intraop（g）=0.819×RLV-CT（ml）＋104.885来表示。CT测得的未经上述公式校正的RLV或移植肝体积和受体标准肝体积之比、RLW或移植肝重量和受体体重之比的准确率分别为11.5%和48.7%,明显低于校正后的50%和71.8%（P值均〈0.05）。结论：LDLT术前运用上述公式校正RLV-CT后,可以更准确地预测潜在右叶供肝的体积和重量。