新生儿接种基因重组乙型肝炎疫苗效果观察

目的评价不同种类、不同剂量的基因重组乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗对新生儿免疫后6年的免疫效果。方法连续对2003-2004年出生、母亲乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阴性、接受过0月、1月、6个月程序基因重组乙肝疫苗免疫的218名新生儿进行追踪观察6 a,采用血清流行病学方法,对接种重组乙肝疫苗【中国仓鼠卵细胞(CHO细胞)】和不同剂量的重组乙肝疫苗(酵母)的3组儿童进行免疫效果比较。结果重组乙肝疫苗(CHO细胞)的乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs)阳转率总体趋势优于重组乙肝疫苗(酵母)。结论两种不同种类的基因重组乙肝疫苗对新生儿免疫后效果良好,母亲HBsAg阴性新生儿完成基因重组乙肝疫苗全程接种后,在6 a的随访期间,不同疫苗组间抗体阳转率和抗体浓度下降趋势一致。     

重组乙型肝炎疫苗(中国仓鼠卵巢细胞)临床效果综述

中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO细胞)系是真核表达系统,其制备重组乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗的发展前景较之原核的酵母细胞系更好。该文综述了国产重组乙肝疫苗(CHO细胞)的临床效果,认为重组乙肝疫苗(CHO细胞)具有良好的安全性;无论是新生儿、儿童或是成人易感者接种3剂重组乙肝疫苗(CHO细胞)后,乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)阳转率都可达到90%以上,抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)约为200毫国际单位/毫升(mIU/ml);以20μg/ml剂量为乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)和乙肝病毒e抗原(HBeAg)双阳性母亲的新生儿做母婴阻断,阻断率可达90%以上;将重组乙肝疫苗(CHO细胞)用于人群乙肝免疫预防,可将新一代人的HBsAg阳性率降到1%以下。这些研究结果提示,重组乙肝疫苗(CHO细胞)的效果与重组乙肝疫苗(酵母)相当,可用于中国的乙肝预防。     

一种新型重组(汉逊酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗人体安全性和免疫效果考核

为了观察一种新型重组 (汉逊酵母 )乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗的人体安全性、抗体应答和母婴传播阻断效果 ,在开封市筛选 6～ 9岁乙肝病毒 (HBV)感染指标 [乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)与抗体 (抗 HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体 (抗 HBc) ]均阴性的健康儿童 2 0名 ,按 0、1、6个月程序接种 1批重组 (汉逊酵母 )乙肝疫苗 ,观察不良反应。完成 3针免疫观察未见严重不良反应后 ,选择 348名 6～ 9岁HBV感染指标阴性儿童 ,随机分为 3组 ,每组接种 1批重组 (汉逊酵母 )乙肝疫苗 ,进一步观察不良反应和抗体应答。筛选 4 5名怀孕期间HBsAg、乙肝病毒e抗原 (HBeAg)双阳性母亲所生的新生儿作为研究对象 ,并以 4 1名怀孕期间HBsAg阴性母亲所生的新生儿和 5名母亲HBsAg阳性、HBeAg阴性的新生儿作为对照 ,按 0、1、6个月免疫程序接种该乙肝疫苗。结果显示 :所有接种的儿童和新生儿 ,免疫后无 1人发现有严重不良反应。 348名接种乙肝疫苗的儿童中 ,除 5人次发热反应在 38 1℃～ 38 5℃外 ,体温升高均≤ 38℃。所有发热反应者和个别头痛者均在 1d内恢复正常。儿童接种 3批疫苗 ,第 1针免疫后 7个月时抗体阳转率分别为 98 2 5 % ( 112 / 114 )、10 0 0 0 % ( 10 7/ 10 7)、99 2 1% ( 12 6 / 12 7) ;抗体几何平均滴度 (GMT)分别为35 1     

国产重组(CHO细胞)乙型肝炎疫苗抗体反应和母婴传播阻断效果研究

为观察多批次国产重组中国仓鼠卵巢细胞 (CHO细胞 )乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗的抗体反应和母婴传播阻断效果 ,1992～ 1999年应用 6批国产重组 (CHO细胞 )乙肝疫苗 ,按 0、1、6个月程序免疫 4 5 1名 6～ 12岁儿童。观察疫苗的安全性和接种后 1年内的抗体反应 ,并分别随访观察了 2～ 6年。同时应用 4批重组 (CHO细胞 )乙肝疫苗 ,免疫乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)、乙肝病毒e抗原 (HBeAg)双阳性母亲的新生儿 12 2名 ,观察免疫后 1年内的母婴传播阻断保护效果。结果显示 :所有接种者未见严重副反应发生。完成全程免疫后 1个月 (T7)时 ,接种各疫苗组儿童的抗体阳转率均 >93% ,各组间差异无显著的统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,无或低应答率均值为 2 13% ,抗体滴度为2 11 74～ 347 2 7mIU/ml。 2～ 6年随访期间 ,不同疫苗组间抗体阳转率和抗体滴度有相同的下降趋势。 12 2名高危新生儿中 2 9人在免疫后 1年HBsAg持续阳性 ,母婴传播阻断保护率为 74 6 4 % (6 6 4 1%～ 85 19% )。表明国产重组 (CHO细胞 )乙肝疫苗安全性好 ,效果稳定 ,母婴传播阻断效果显著优于血源乙肝疫苗。     

重组乙型肝炎疫苗母婴传播阻断效果的研究

目的 比较不同种类乙肝疫勒的免疫效果。方法 1994-1999年间,应用7批国产重组酵母乙肝疫苗,4批国产重组CHO乙肝疫苗,以及美国MSD公司（Recombivax-HB),Amgen公司和比利时Smith Kine Beecham公司（EngerisB)生产的重组酵母乙肝疫苗各一批,按0、1和6个月免疫程序免疫614名新生儿,其中416名新生儿母亲为HBsAg,HBeAg双阳性,81名新生儿母亲为HBsAg阳性HBeAg阴性,117名新生儿母亲HBV感染的指标阴性。结果 在1年的观察期间中,178名免疫国产重组酵母乙肝疫苗的新生儿有22名HBsAg持续阳性,母婴传播阻断率在80.56%-92.59%之间,显高于国产重组CHO乙肝疫苗（75.43%);3批国外酵母疫苗的阻断率分别为90.33%、86.59%和92.59%。未见抗体GMT和母婴传播阻断率间有相关关系。酵母疫苗高的传播阻断率可能与其诱导细胞免疫较早有关。结论 国产酵母乙肝疫苗的母婴传播阻断保护率达到国外同类疫苗水平。     

重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗血清学免疫效果的观察

目的：探讨国产重组酵母乙型肝炎（乙肝）疫苗不同剂量，不同间隔时间免疫后4年的血清学免疫效果。方法：对乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg)阳性母亲和阴性母亲的新生儿，按第1针分别接种10μg或5μg乙肝疫苗，4年后观察免疫效果，同时对HBsAg阴性母亲的新生儿选择第3针与第1针的不同间隔时间进行接种，全程免疫后4年观察免疫效果。结果：乙肝疫苗全程免疫4年后，HBsAg阳性母亲的新生儿第1针接种10μg组抗－HBs阳性率高于5μg组，差别有显著性，对HB－sAg阴性母亲的新生儿进行免疫时，乙肝疫苗第3针与第1针间隔5，6，8个月，其抗－HBs阳性率及抗体水平，差别均无显著性，所有接种对象，全程免疫4年后抗－HBs阳性率及抗体水平均较低。结论：HBsAg阳性母亲的新生儿国产重组酵母乙肝疫苗第1针10μg组全程免疫效果优于5μg组，HBsAg阴性母亲的新生儿乙肝疫苗第3针与第1针间隔5，6，8个月都是可行的，4周岁儿童乙肝疫苗加强接种是必要的。     

象山半岛接种不同剂量乙肝疫苗阻断乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播的研究

目的了解不同剂量重组乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗阻断乙肝病毒(HBV)母婴传播的效果。方法用5、10μg/ml重组乙肝疫苗(酵母)和20μg/ml重组乙肝疫苗(CHO细胞)免疫乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性的母亲所生新生儿523例,采用01、、6免疫程序,用电化学发光法(德国罗氏试剂)检测儿童的乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc),同时进行儿童抗-HBs的定量检测。结果接种5μg重组乙肝疫苗的儿童HBsAg阳性率为10.75%,抗-HBc阳性率为9.68%,接种10μg重组乙肝疫苗的儿童HBsAg阳性率为2.22%,抗-HBc阳性率为2.78%,接种20μg重组乙肝疫苗的儿童HBsAg阳性率为1.91%,抗-HBc阳性率为2.54%。5μg组儿童的HBsAg阳性率高于10、20μg组儿童HBsAg阳性率(P均0.01)。5μg组儿童的抗-HBc阳性率高于10、20μg组儿童抗-HBc阳性率(P均0.01)。10、20μg组儿童的保护率分别为97.39%、97.75%,高于5μg组儿童的保护率(87.35%)(P均0.001)。结论对于母亲HBsAg阳性的儿童,主动免疫时接种10或20μg乙肝疫苗效果更好。     

重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗免疫后5年随访结果

目的 探讨新生儿接种国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗后的免疫效果,并与血源乙肝疫苗效果比较.方法 对1997年出生并接种重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗的新生儿隔年随访一次,采血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg),乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc),1998年以后对乙肝免疫人群开展急性乙肝发病监测....     

新生儿接种乙肝疫苗后无(低)应答率及再免效果分析

目的了解新生儿接种乙肝疫苗后无(低)应答率,评价无(低)应答儿童再接种乙肝疫苗后免疫效果。方法在深圳市南山区、东莞市预防接种门诊按0、1、6月龄免疫程序接种5μg重组酵母乙肝疫苗后1～6个月的婴儿中,随机选择1913名作为研究对象,问卷调查儿童性别、出生体重、是否早产、母亲乙肝感染状况、乙肝疫苗接种史等,并采集其血清,用放射免疫法检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)。选择以上研究对象中无(低)应答的109名儿童分别用10μg汉逊酵母乙肝疫苗和10μg CHO重组乙肝疫苗按0、1、6月程序再免疫,接种3针后1个月再检测抗-HBs。结果1913名新生儿接种乙肝疫苗后无(低)应答率为31.42%,其中无应答率为3.24%,低应答率为28.18%。母亲HBsAg阳性或HBeAg阳性的新生儿无应答率为7.47%、18.37%,分别高于母亲阴性的新生儿(3.04%、3.05%)(均P<0.01),低体重儿的无应答率(8.06%)高于非低体重儿(3.12%)(P<0.05),母亲HBeAg阳性的新生儿抗-HBs滴度明显低于母亲阴性的新生儿(P<0.05)。无(低...     

国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果观察

为研究和比较国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗与血源乙肝疫苗的免疫效果,采用单纯随机方法,于免疫后1年对重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗接种的新生儿进行随访观察,采血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc).HBsAg阳性母亲所生的儿童其HBsAg阳性率为5.2%(4/77),抗-HBs阳性率为83.3%(65/78),疫苗保护效果为91.3%;HBsAg阴性母亲所生的儿童其HBsAg阳性率为0.9%(1/114),抗-HBs阳性率为97.4%(111/114),疫苗保护效果为79.5%.重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗有较好的近期保护效果和免疫原性,与以前使用的血源乙肝疫苗相当.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.