经椎间孔内镜下椎间盘摘除术初步体会

目的 评价经椎间孔内镜下椎间盘摘除术治疗椎间孔内或极外侧椎间盘突出症疗效.方法 选取2005年1月到2006年12月间32例连续接受经椎间孔内镜下椎间盘摘除术治疗患者,年龄18岁至46岁(平均28.3岁).通过临床量表和问卷的形式以VAS评分和Macnab标准比较手术前后腰腿痛的缓解程度.结果 所有患者均为单节段病损.其中5例为腰3-4、其余27例为腰4-5椎间盘突出.两例术后出现短暂小腿及足外侧感觉减退,另一例由于手术减压不完全,3d后行切开减压.平均随访20.8月(15～27月),平均VAS评分由术前的7.8降到术后的3.4.根据Macnab标准,优良率为93.7%.结论 经椎间孔内镜下椎间盘摘除术是治疗椎间孔内或极外侧椎间盘突出症的理想方法.     

经椎间孔胸腰段脊髓减压及椎间植骨术

目的介绍一种由后路经椎间孔解除胸腰段脊髓侧前方压迫的术式。方法掌握椎问孔应用解剖，经椎间孔行胸腰段脊髓侧前方减压及椎间植骨融合，应用CD-I内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折163例及椎间盘突出18例。结果全组病历无术中死亡及术后感染。68例病人获随访，脊髓损伤完全或大部分恢复占80．9％；骨折术后椎体高度完全恢复占93．2％，无一例手术节段失稳：结论该术式操作方便，显露好，减压确实可靠，出血少，对脊髓刺激轻，不加重神经损伤，是解除胸腰段脊髓侧前方压迫最为理想的术式。     

经椎间孔入路治疗颈胸段外伤性椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨颈胸交界区外伤性椎间盘突出症的治疗方法。方法：自2003年至2008年急诊收治10例创伤性颈胸段椎间盘突出患者,男6例,女4例;年龄23-66岁,平均41．5岁;急诊行经椎间孔入路椎间盘摘除,同期后路椎弓根钉棒固定,术后予以高压氧治疗。采取JOA评分标准,从肢体感觉,运动,膀胱功能等方面进行疗效评定。结果：所有患者均获随访,时间8—16个月,平均13个月。1例完全性脊髓损伤患者,脊髓功能无恢复,其余9例患者感觉运动功能均有不同程度的恢复。JOA评分由术前平均（8±3）分至术后平均（15±2）分,差异有统计学意义。结论：对于外伤性颈胸段椎间盘突出症早期采用经椎间孔入路实施椎间盘切除术可以获得安全有效的脊髓减压,有利于功能恢复。     

腰椎椎间盘突出症经椎板间和经椎间孔入路内镜治疗的比较研究

目的 探讨经皮内镜治疗L5/S1腰椎椎间盘突出症的入路选择。 方法 2011年8月~2012年8月符合入选条件的68例L5/S1腰椎椎间盘突出患者按入院奇偶顺序分成2组,椎板间入路组34例,椎间孔入路组34例。对2种手术入路的手术时间、透视次数、术中患者耐受情况、患者疗效满意度、术后残余症状、并发症及术前术后疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale, VAS）评分进行比较。 结果 椎板间入路组有4例术中改为椎间孔入路,椎间孔入路组有7例改为椎板间入路,经椎板间入路和椎间孔入路手术时间分别是（50.2±7.0）min、（61.9±9.6）min（P＜0.05）,术中透视次数分别为5.4±2.3次、10.3±2.5次（P＜0.05）,2种入路治疗后腿痛术后即刻及术后3个月VAS评分与术前相比差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。改良MacNab标准评定2组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论 经皮内镜下治疗L5/S1腰椎椎间盘突出症经椎板间或经椎间孔入路治疗各有特点,且均能取得优良的临床疗效,但需针对患者的解剖情况、影像定位及临床表型选择适宜的个体化手术入路。     

内镜下经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症

[目的]探讨内镜下经椎间孔入路腰椎椎体间融合术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症的疗效。[方法]2005年1月～2005年12月,在内镜辅助下经椎间孔入路行腰椎体间植骨融合、椎弓根钉复位内固定术治疗单节段退变性腰椎滑脱症患者17例。男10例,女7例;年龄35～68岁,平均47.6岁。L4椎体滑脱11例,L5椎体滑脱6例;根据Meyerding滑脱分类:Ⅰ度滑脱10例,Ⅱ度滑脱7例。伴有L4、5椎间盘突出7例、椎管狭窄5例,L5S1椎间盘突出4例。[结果]17例手术顺利,手术时间平均160min;术中失血量平均120ml;平均住院时间8d;无神经损伤,无中转开放手术。围手术期发生椎间隙感染1例。17例病人获得随访,时间12～24个月,平均16.2个月。融合率100%。ODI评分术前平均为48.3%,术后3个月平均为16.5%,术后6个月平均为14.0%,优良率97.5%。[结论]内镜下经椎间孔入路腰椎椎体间融合术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症,手术切口短、创伤小、出血少,术后功能恢复快,临床效果满意。     

后外侧减压椎间融合同侧椎弓根与椎体钉棒联合固定治疗胸腰段椎间盘突出症

胸腰段椎间盘突出症常伴有脊髓、圆锥或马尾神经损害,保守治疗效果差,多数需行手术治疗。后路减压手术因术中不可避免牵拉脊髓、神经,使得术中、术后出现脊髓损害的风险加大,目前越来越多的学者主张采用前路手术治疗胸腰段椎间盘突出症[1~3]。前路手术视野较好,减压充分,但存在手术创伤大、手术操作难度高、并发症较多等不足[4、5]。我们根据胸腰段脊柱的解剖结构及力学承载特点,自2009年12月~2011年12月,采用脊柱后外侧减压、椎间融合、同侧椎弓根和椎体钉棒系统联合固定术治疗14例胸腰段腰椎间盘突出症患者,早期随访疗效满意,报告如下。     

脊柱内镜经皮椎间孔入路治疗腰椎间盘突出症36例

目的 探讨经皮内镜椎间孔入路治疗腰椎间盘突出症的安全性和临床疗效.方法 36例确诊为单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者采用局部麻醉,在C臂X线机引导下采用经皮内镜椎间孔入路技术,内镜直视下切除突出的椎间盘组织并硬膜囊和神经根减压和松解.疗效采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)和改良MacNab标准进行疗效评价.结果 26例患者术后有明显的疼痛缓解,2例患者术后症状缓解不彻底.随访2～12个月,平均4个月,进行术前、术后1个月及末次随访时VAS评分,术后1个月及末次随访时与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);采用改良MacNab标准评价:优23例,良8例,可5例,差0例.结论 应用脊柱内镜经皮椎间孔入路治疗腰椎间盘突出症,创伤小,恢复快,是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的安全有效的方法,但长期疗效有待于观察.     

双侧椎间孔入路治疗胸腰段巨大中央型椎间盘突出症

目的探讨应用双侧椎间孔入路间盘切除减压椎间融合治疗胸腰段巨大椎间盘突出并神经损伤的临床疗效及安全性。方法对2014年1月至2015年6月我院收治的20例经双侧椎间孔入路间盘切除减压椎间融合治疗胸腰段巨大椎间盘突出并神经损伤的患者进行前瞻性研究,资料包括手术时间、术中失血、手术前后神经功能ASIA运动及感觉评分、VAS及ODI评分、融合率、减压范围、内固定失败及并发症发生率。结果平均手术时间(155±27)min,术中失血(824±162)mL,ASIA运动及感觉评分分别从术前的(72.88±3.26)分、(67.52±4.2)分提高到术后末次随访时的(90.34±2.74)分、(88.3±3.1)分,VAS和ODI评分分别从术前的(6.78±1.99)分、(44.82±5.18)%降低到末次随访时的(2.34±0.46)分和(11.7±2.4)%,椎管容积从术前的(51.3±5.6)%增高到(2±0.5)%,椎间植骨融合率均100%,术中5例患者出现硬脊膜破裂脑脊液漏,未出现神经症状加重、感染等并发症。结论经双侧椎间孔入路间盘切除减压椎间植骨融合安全有效,可以作为治疗胸腰段连续椎间盘巨大突出并神经损伤的手术选择。     

经皮内镜椎间孔入路治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨经皮内镜椎间孔入路治疗腰椎间盘突出症的安全性和疗效。方法本组36例确诊为单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者采用局部麻醉,在C型臂X线机引导下采用经皮内镜椎间孔入路技术,直视下气化切除压迫脊髓和神经根的变性突出的髓核组织,以达到脊髓和神经根减压和松解。采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）对术前、术后1个月及末次随访患者疼痛状况进行评分,同时采用改良MacNab标准进行疗效评价。结果本组34例患者在术后症状即刻均有明显缓解,2例患者症状缓解不彻底。随访2～12个月,平均4个月,疗效采用VAS评分评定,术后1个月及末次随访时与术前比较VAS评分均有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）;采用改良MacNab标准评价：优23例,良8例,可5例。结论应用经皮内镜椎间孔入路治疗腰椎间盘突出症,是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的安全有效的微创手术,值得推广,但需要严格掌握手术适应证。     

METRx椎间盘镜下颈椎后路椎间孔切开减压术疗效研究

目的 探讨METRx椎间盘镜下颈椎后路椎间孔切开减压术对神经根型颈椎病及颈椎间盘突出症的治疗效果.方法 METRx椎间盘镜下颈椎后路椎间孔切开减压术治疗9例神经根型颈椎病及2例颈椎间盘突出症.结果 本组11例患者术后MRI检查显示突出椎间盘及神经根压迫消失.随访3个月后JOA脊髓功能评分和VAS评分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 METRx椎间盘镜下颈椎后路椎间孔切开减压术手术创伤小,术后恢复快,临床疗效优良.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.