脑脊液单核细胞内结核抗原检测对结脑早期诊断的意义

目的:评价检测脑脊液中单核细胞内的结核抗原对结核性脑膜炎早期诊断的意义,为结脑的早期诊断提供有效的方法。方法:将30例结脑患者与30例对照组进行脑脊液常规、生化、细胞学检查,同时用免疫荧光法检测脑脊液中单核细胞内的结核抗原,并进行动态观察。结果:结脑患者脑脊液中单核细胞内存在结核抗原,在30例结脑患者中25 例显示阳性,而对照组无一例阳性,敏感性为83.3%,特异性为100%。动态观察显示,最早检出者为发病7天,多次检测可持续阳性。结论:检测脑脊液中单核细胞内结核抗原是结脑早期诊断的一个手段。     

40例结核性脑膜炎早期诊断方法探讨

目的 :探讨结核性脑膜炎 (TBM)患者早期诊断方法。方法 :用结核杆菌PCR检测法以及ELLSA法检测结核抗体两种方法综合诊断。结果 :临床确诊结核性脑膜炎患者 ,脑脊液 (CSF)结核杆菌PCR的阳性率达 85 % ,结核抗体阳性率达 80 %。结论 :结核抗体、结核杆菌PCR检测可以作为结核性脑膜炎患者确诊的重要指标     

荧光定量PCR方法检测脑脊液中结核分枝杆菌DNA的意义

目的 研究应用实时荧光定量PCR法检测脑脊液中结核分枝杆菌DNA（TB-DNA）对结核性脑膜炎的临床诊断意义.方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR方法、抗酸染色和改良罗氏培养三种方法,对136例结核性脑膜炎患者及64例非结核性脑膜炎患者的脑脊液标本进行检测并对结果进行比较.结果 荧光定量PCR方法的敏感性显著高于抗酸染色和改良罗氏培养,阳性率分别为59.56%、3.68%、7.8%（P〈0.01）.结论 荧光定量PCR方法具有较高的特异性和敏感性,具有简便、快速的特点,可作为结核病诊断的常规方法,对结核性脑膜炎的诊断具有重要指导意义.     

40例结核性脑膜炎早期诊断方法探讨

目的：探讨结核性脑膜炎（TBM）患者早期诊断方法。方法：用结核杆菌PCR检测法以及ELISA法检测结核抗体两种方法综合诊断。结果：临床确诊结核性脑膜炎患者,脑脊液（CSF）结核杆菌PCR的阳性率达85％,结核抗体阳性率达80％。结核：结核抗体、结核杆菌PCR检测可以作为结核性脑膜炎患者确诊的重要指标。     

Gene Xpert MTB/RIF检测早期诊断结核性脑膜炎

目的评估Gene Xpert MTB/RIF检测在临床早期诊断结核性脑膜炎中的应用价值。方法选取2015-10—2017-03内蒙古自治区第四医院收治的86例临床诊断为结核性脑膜炎患者及同期32例非结核脑膜炎患者,对所有患者行Gene Xpert MTB/RIF检测、实时荧光定量PCR、脑脊液抗酸染色及脑脊液结核杆菌培养试验检测,观察各种检测方法患者阳性检出率,计算各检测方法敏感度、特异性及符合率等指标。结果脑脊液Gene Xpert MTB/RIF检测的敏感度、特异性、符合率、阳行预测值及阴性预测值分别为69.9%(60/86)、100%(32/32)、77.9%(92/118)、100%(60/60)、55.2%(32/58),符合率高于其他3种检测技术,与抗酸染色涂片及结核分枝杆菌培养比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);脑脊液Gene Xpert MTB/RIF检测具有较好的诊断价值(Kappa=0.792,P0.01)。结论相对于抗酸染色涂片、结核分枝杆菌培养以及FQ-PCR,Gene Xpert MTB/RIF检测法在诊断TBM方面有更为显著的优势,能够有效帮助临床医生对疑似TBM的患者进行早期诊断。     

T-SPOT.TB法检测脑脊液单个核细胞对结核性脑膜炎早期诊断价值的研究

研究背景结核性脑膜炎为严重危害人类健康的中枢神经系统感染性疾病,传统的脑脊液分析和放射学检查方法敏感性和特异性较低,延误治疗时机,因此临床急需敏感性更高的快速检查方法用于结核性脑膜炎的诊断。本文采用T细胞酶联免疫斑点试验(ELISPOT)检测结核性脑膜炎患者外周血和脑脊液单个核细胞,比较两种检查方法诊断结核性脑膜炎的敏感性和特异性,以为结核性脑膜炎的早期诊断提供有效检查方法。方法分别收集结核性脑膜炎(30例)和非结核性脑膜炎(30例)患者外周血和脑脊液,分离提取单个核细胞,经冻存和复苏后采用结核杆菌感染T细胞斑点试验(TSPOT.TB)检测外周血和脑脊液中干扰素γ分泌的T细胞数目,分别计算其诊断结核性脑膜炎的敏感性和特异性。结果脑脊液ELISPOT试验显示,结核性脑膜炎组阳性检出率为93.33%(28/30)、非结核性颅内感染组为3.33%(1/30);检测灵敏度93.33%、特异度96.67%,假阳性率3.33%、假阴性率6.67%,阳性似然比28.33、阴性似然比0.07。外周血ELISPOT试验显示,结核性脑膜炎组阳性检出率为76.67%(23/30)、非结核性颅内感染组为13.33%(4/30),检测灵敏度76.67%、特异度86.67%,假阳性率13.33%、假阴性率23.33%,阳性似然比5.79、阴性似然比0.15。外周血ELISPOT试验阳性检出率与脑脊液阳性检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法:P=0.254)。结论采用ELISPOT试验检测外周血和脑脊液单个核细胞结核杆菌感染率有助于提高结核性脑膜炎的诊断率,而且脑脊液单个核细胞ELISPOT试验检测效率呈高于外周血检测效率之趋势。     

37例培养阳性结核性脑膜脑炎脑脊液细胞学动态分析

目的探讨脑脊液结核分枝杆菌培养阳性结核性脑膜炎脑脊液细胞学特点。方法运用玻片细胞沉淀(粟秀初教授研制)细胞学方法,对37例使用Bactec MGIT 960培养阳性结核性脑膜炎患者的脑脊液细胞学分类特点进行动态观察与分析。结果结核性脑膜脑炎患者脑脊液白细胞总数升高,但有4例患者脑脊液白细胞数小于50×106/L。多数确诊结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液呈混合型细胞反应,有33例(89.2%)患者脑脊液中检测到中性粒细胞,25例(67.6%)患者脑脊液中检测到浆细胞。但多数患者脑脊液(60%)以淋巴细胞为主,少量(1/3)以中性粒细胞为主。且几乎所有患者脑脊液内均可以检测到浆细胞的存在。结论确诊结核性脑膜炎患者的脑脊液白细胞数明显增高,脑脊液细胞分类主要表现为淋巴细胞为主型,少部分为中性粒细胞为主型。     

结核性脑膜炎脑脊液结核分枝杆菌抗原的动态变化分析

目的探讨结核性脑膜炎(结脑)脑脊液结核分枝杆菌(MTB)抗原的动态变化。方法对临床诊断为结脑及病毒性脑膜炎(病脑)的患者各30例进行脑脊液MTB抗原动态分析,分别于发病第1、2、4周进行脑脊液单核细胞MTB抗原免疫组织化学染色,进行阳性细胞计数并统计阳性病例数。结果结脑组第1周脑脊液MTB抗原阳性27例(90%),阳性细胞比例(22.6±1.6)%,第2周阳性27例(90%),阳性细胞比例(21.8±2.1)%,第4周阳性9例(30%),阳性细胞比例(10.5±1.1)%;第1、2周MTB抗原阳性率及阳性细胞比例明显高于第4周(P<0.01)。病脑组第1周MTB抗原阳性3例(10%),阳性细胞比例为(5.2±1.3)%,第2、4周检测结果均为阴性。结脑组第1周较病脑组MTB抗原阳性例数及阳性细胞比例明显升高(P<0.01)。MTB抗原检测早期结脑(发病2周内)敏感性、特异性均达90%。结论脑脊液MTB抗原检测有助于结脑的早期诊断。     

脑脊液CFP-10和Ag85检测对结核性脑膜炎的诊断价值

研究背景结核性脑膜炎的早期诊断目前仍是临床难点,寻找结核性脑膜炎早期特异性诊断指标是目前研究热点。本文主要探讨脑脊液培养分泌蛋白10(CFP10)和Ag85蛋白复合物表达水平对结核性脑膜炎的临床诊断价值。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验分别检测结核性脑膜炎(30例)、非结核性颅内感染(27例)和对照(29例)受试者脑脊液CFP10和Ag85蛋白复合物表达水平。结果结核性脑膜炎组患者脑脊液CFP10和Ag85中位表达水平分别为0.74和1.10pg/ml,均高于非结核性颅内感染组[(0.02±0.01)、(0.54±0.10)pg/ml]和对照组[(0.02±0.01)、(0.52±0.11)pg/ml],组间差异有统计学意义(H=60.958,P=0.000;H=57.972,P=0.000)。非结核性颅内感染组与对照组之间差异无统计学意义(t=1.128,P=0.253;t=0.980,P=0.329)。结论结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液CFP10和Ag85蛋白复合物表达水平高于非结核性颅内感染患者和对照者,检测这两项实验室指标的变化可协助结核性脑膜炎的早期诊断。     

T-SPOT.TB在结核性脑膜炎早期诊断中的价值

目的探讨T-SPOT.TB在结核性脑膜炎早期诊断中的价值,为结核性脑膜炎的早期诊断提供有效检查方法。方法选择结核性脑膜炎40例(患者组)及非结核性脑膜炎感染66例(对照组)进行T-SPOT.TB检测,进一步比较多种检查方法诊断结核性脑膜炎的敏感性和特异性。结果脑脊液T-SPOT.TB实验显示,结核性脑膜炎组阳性检出率为95%(38/40),非结核性颅内感染组为3.03%(2/66);外周血T-SPOT.TB实验显示,结核性脑膜炎组阳性检出率为72.5%(29/40),非结核性颅内感染组为13.64%(9/66),均高于脑脊液抗酸染色涂片、结核菌培养、荧光定量PCR、结核抗体检测等方法,且具有较高的特异性。外周血T-SPOT.TB实验阳性检出率与脑脊液阳性检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法,P=0.254)。结论运用T-SPOT.TB实验检测外周血和脑脊液单个核细胞结核杆菌感染的阳性率高于其他方法,明显提高了结核性脑膜炎的诊断率,采用T-SPOT.TB实验检测脑脊液诊断结核性脑膜炎阳性率高于外周血检测的阳性率。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.