16排螺旋CT在高危胸痛患者诊断中的应用

目的研究16排螺旋CT一次扫描同时完成冠状动脉、主动脉和肺动脉CT血管成像(CTA)检查对鉴别高危胸痛的价值。方法2005年12月至2007年6月在笔者医院住院及急诊胸痛患者38例,其中男性21例,女性17例,年龄47～76岁。临床症状为胸痛、胸闷、憋气、心前区不适等。检查时,心率要求70次/分以下,心率快者给予含服倍他乐克,心率符合要求后扫描。应用TOSHIBA AQUILION 16排螺旋CT,先行胸部CT平扫,然后利用回顾性心电门控技术行胸部CT增强扫描。应用VR、CPR等方法观察冠状动脉情况,应用电影显示、VR、MIP等方式观察肺动脉情况,应用MPR、CPR、VR等方式重建并观察主动脉情况。结果38例患者一次检查均可清晰显示肺动脉段以上分支、胸主动脉及冠状动脉左右主干及主要分支。共发现冠状动脉狭窄34例,肺动脉栓塞4例,主动脉夹层2例。从冠状动脉各支显示情况来看,显示最清晰的是左主干、左前降支近段、左回旋支近端,其次为右冠状动脉,再次为各主干分支,38例患者冠状动脉共显示247支,其中发现狭窄47支。肺动脉4、5、6级分支应用MIP、VR及电影显示均可清晰观察,共发现肺动脉栓塞4例,2例为一侧肺动脉干栓塞,其余均为两下肺动脉4、5级分支多发栓塞。结论16排螺旋CT一次动脉期增强扫描显示肺动脉、胸主动脉及冠状动脉,对胸痛病因的诊断及鉴别诊断效果可靠。     

16层螺旋CT冠状动脉图像质量评估

目的量化评估16层螺旋CT冠状动脉各分支图像质量,探讨冠状动脉CT成像的临床应用效果。方法采用16层螺旋CT对102例患者行回顾性心电门控冠状动脉成像,男60例,女42例,平均年龄（57．8±9．4）岁,平均心率（62．8±10．2）次／min。心率〈60次／min（n=40）为I组,60～70次／min（n=35）为Ⅱ组,〉70次／min（n=27）为Ⅲ组。4条冠状动脉分支（左主干、左前降支、左回旋支、右冠状动脉）分别用于图像质量分析。扫描原始数据以间隔10％在20％～80％时相分别回顾性重建冠状动脉图像,用横断面、曲面重建、容积再现等方法对冠状动脉显示率评估。用曲面重建方法测量冠状动脉各分支长度及近段和远段对比噪声比。结果①冠状动脉各分支平均显示长度：左主干（10．9±3．0）mm,左前降支（130．3±29．7）mm,左回旋支（82．8±19．8）mm,右冠状动脉（150．5±27．5）mm;②Ⅰ组60％和70％为最佳时相图像质量优,Ⅱ组60％时相为最佳时相图像质量优,Ⅲ组RCA较优的时相为40％,LM、LAD、LCX较优时相为60％。③所有冠状动脉分支平均对比噪声比10．9±3．2。结论16层螺旋CT有较好质量的冠状动脉图像,心率和时相影响冠状动脉的成像质量。     

多层螺旋CT在急诊胸痛患者中的诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT(multi-slice computer tomography,MSCT)在急诊胸痛患者诊断中的临床价值。方法：对本院急诊收治的162例胸痛患者进行MSCT平扫、增强扫描和血管造影成像,并对数据进行容积再现、曲面重组、多平面重组、最大密度投影等方法观察冠状动脉、主动脉、肺动脉。结果：急诊收治的162例胸痛患者中,所有患者可以清晰显示冠状动脉左右主干及主要分支、胸主动脉以及肺动脉段以上分支。发现冠状动脉狭窄者129例(79.6%),主动脉夹层18例(11.1%),肺动脉栓塞15例(9.3%)。结论：多层螺旋CT能够一次性完成对常见胸痛病因的鉴别诊断,迅速提供清晰、高质图像,是急诊胸痛患者的理想影像学检查方法。     

256层螺旋CT肾动脉成像的三维解剖学

目的:探讨256层螺旋CT对肾动脉的显示能力,研究肾动脉的三维影像学解剖.方法:对106例无肾相关疾病的患者行256层螺旋CT肾动脉造影检查,薄层获得原始图像,后处理使用容积再现(VR)、3D最大密度投影(3D-MIP)、薄层滑块最大密度投影(STS-MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)等重建技术,分析肾动脉的空间解剖特征,比较不同重建技术对肾动脉的显示,特别是变异血管的显示.结果:106例均能清晰显示肾动脉的位置、起源、走向、分支及变异情况.共检出血管正常患者53例,左侧副肾动脉共21例,右侧副肾动脉16例,双侧副肾动脉9例,肾动脉过早分支7例.结论:256层CT血管造影三维成像能很好地显示肾动脉解剖学特征,为临床诊断和治疗提供依据.     

肺动脉栓塞的64层螺旋CT血管成像技术分析

目的 从技术上探讨64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影对肺栓塞的诊断的价值.方法 对62例临床疑诊肺栓塞的患者行64排螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查,采用最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)、容积漫游(VR)及仿真内窥镜等后处理技术,分析所获得的相关CT资料.结果 64排多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影可较准确、清晰、全面地显示24例累及肺动脉及其分支共152处栓子的位置、形态、范围和程度.结论 64排多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影是肺栓塞及时准确无创的诊断方法,是临床诊断肺栓塞的首选筛查办法,对肺动脉栓塞的诊断具有明显的技术优势.     

八排螺旋CT冠状动脉造影三维重建技术在临床上的应用

目的 探讨八排螺旋CT冠状动脉造影三维重建技术在临床上的应用.方法 25例患者均行螺旋CT冠状动脉造影成像,心率均在60-75次/分进行多层面螺旋CT扫描在心动周期R-R间期的75%的心电相位上进行横断面重建.然后采集的 数据行最大密度投影MIP、客积重建技术VR、多平面重建MPR、内窥镜、曲面重建,观察其对冠状动脉病变的显示.结果 25例患者显示左冠状动脉主干100%,左前降支、回旋支、右冠状动脉近段均清楚显示,其中11例冠状动脉内支架手术后:前降支5例、回旋支3例、前降支回旋支各一例、右冠状动脉2例,在MIP、VR、MPR上均能显示支架的位置和形态:8例显示冠状动脉狭窄:其中左前降支呈阶段性狭窄4例、回旋支狭窄2例、右冠状动脉2例、对8例冠状动脉CT成像提示有狭窄的患者进行了有创冠状动脉造影DSA检查,显示冠状动脉狭窄程度与三维成像均相对应;2例搭桥手术后吻合口通常:3例冠脉平扫显示钙化而造影后三维成像均未引起狭窄;1例扫描失败,由于心率不齐无法扫描.结论 25例冠状动脉造影经三维重建技术不仅显示冠状动脉的钙化、狭窄、斑块,而且还能观查桥血管是否通常,支架位置形态,远端血管的情况.与有创冠状动脉相比较.安全、快捷且经济,X射线少,是进行手术后评价的一种非创伤性检查方法 ,也是一种重要无创筛查手段.越来越多的被患者和临床医生接受.     

16层CT冠状动脉狭窄造影成像的临床应用

目的评价16层CT冠状动脉成像（CTCA）的临床价值。方法对58例患者进行回顾性心电门控平扫及增强,后处理用Vessel View软件对所有病例扫描图像做多平面重建（MPR）,最大密度投影（MIP）,容积成像（VRT）,其中35例可疑冠心病患者行冠状动脉造影（SCA）比较。以管腔直径减少≥50%作为判定狭窄的标准,对各冠状动脉主要分支进行节段分析。结果85.1%冠状动脉节段图像可以用做评价,可较准确的显示冠状动脉病变。与SCA对照,敏感度和特异度分别为86.5%（32/37）和95.1%（214/225）。结论16层CT冠状动脉成像可显示较长节段的冠状动脉,较为准确地认定冠状动脉病变,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

不同层厚对128层螺旋CT肺动脉显示率及伪影发生率的影响

背景：行螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查,肺动脉显示率与伪影发生率,对诊断准确性评价有着重要作用。 目的：评价不同层厚对128层螺旋CT肺动脉显示率及伪影发生率的影响。 方法：经螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查将疑似急性肺栓塞患者图像分别重建为不同层厚的4组：0.6,1.0,3.0,5.0 mm,比较4组图像对栓塞肺动脉显示的清晰程度,并评价4组图像显示肺动脉各级分支的连续程度与伪影发生率。 结果与结论：主肺动脉、左右肺动脉及叶动脉显示,4组间差异无显著性意义;段及亚段级肺动脉显示,0.6,1.0 mm层厚组优于3.0,5.0 mm组(P < 0.001);第6级肺动脉显示,4组间差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.001),且0.6 mm组显示率最佳。1.0 mm层厚图像在显示亚段级以上肺动脉分支方面与0.6 mm层厚能力相近,且优于3.0,5.0 mm层厚组;3.0,5.0 mm组显示肺动脉各级分支连续程度低于0.6,1.0 mm组。39例阴性患者部分容积伪影0.6 mm组2例,1.0 mm组5例,3.0 mm组11例,5.0 mm组17例,组间比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.001)。提示,行螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查,采用3.0 mm及以下层厚可较准确观察亚段肺动脉;采用0.6 mm层厚可减少部分容积伪影,从而提高螺旋CT肺动脉造影图像质量。     

十六排螺旋CT血管造影在颅内疾病中应用初探

脑血管疾病是危及人体生命的危险疾病.传统的血管造影虽然是诊断该类疾病的最佳方法,但属于有创伤检查,且有1.5%-2.0%的合并症或死亡危险的报导[1].CT血管造影(computed tomographic angiography CTA)的应用给传统的血管造影带来了极大的挑战.1998年问世的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)以亚秒级的扫描速度具有更长的解剖覆盖、更薄的层厚、多种后处理能力、更简单方便等优势.2002年7月,我院引进GE 公司Lightspeed 十六排螺旋CT机,并进行了几十例颅内CTA检查,现对其应用情况进行分析.目的:初讨十六排螺旋CT血管造影在颅内病变中的应用及其技术优势.材料与方法:使用GE 公司的十六排螺旋CT对自发性脑内出血、动脉瘤、脑肿瘤等几十例病人进行CTA检查,对血管显示情况进行评价;其中AVM和动脉瘤进行DSA检查并与CTA结果比较;另外颜面部AVM及脑肿瘤病人与手术结果比较.结果:CTA检查结果如下,脑血管主干及其1-3级分支显示率为100%,大脑中动脉4-5级分支显示率为94.7%.发现动脉瘤并清晰显示了瘤体、瘤颈、载瘤动脉及其详细关系;AVM清楚地显示了AVM的畸形团及其供血动脉和引流静脉;脑肿瘤显示了肿瘤与周围血管、颅骨间的三维关系.结论:十六排螺旋CT血管造影重建图像质量显著提高,它对颅内各种血管性病变以及血管与颅内其他病变三维空间关系,对各类疾病的诊断具有重要价值,它能显示更细小分支,具备作为动脉瘤等其他血管性病变筛选的首选方法.     

螺旋CT三维成像技术在种植义齿中的应用

目的 探讨螺旋CT成像技术对牙列缺失的颌骨评价及测量参数对牙种植的应用价值.方法 对10例牙列缺损或缺失行种植义齿的患者行64层螺旋CT扫描,扫描层厚0.9 mm,后重建0.45 mm,将扫描数据传至工作站,对上、下颌骨行三维容积再现(VRT)、曲面重建(CPR)、多层面重组(MPR)等多种后重建技术,贮存图像并对图像进行分析、测量.结果 螺旋CT多种后重建技术能清楚显示骨质的细微变化、骨密度和有无病变及病变的范围,清晰分辨与精细测量缺牙区与邻牙、上颌窦底、鼻腭管、下齿槽神经管及颏孔的距离.结论 螺旋CT及多种后重组技术能对口腔种植术提供客观的评价及重要的指导价值.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.