子宫内膜癌组织HIF-1α和VEGF及其受体表达与微血管密度相关性的探讨

目的:研究HIF-1α、VEGF及其受体KDR和微血管密度(MVD)在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及相互关系.方法:采用免疫组化法检测HIF-1α、VEGF、KDR在39例子宫内膜癌、18例子宫内膜不典型增生及17例正常子宫内膜组织中的表达状况,应用CD34标记MVD.结果:HIF-1α、VEGF、KDR、MVD在子宫内膜癌组织中呈高表达,显著高于子宫内膜不典型增生组织及正常子宫内膜组织,P值均<0.05,在子宫内膜癌组织中HIF-1α、VEGF、KDR的阳性表达率随肿瘤手术-病理分期期别的升高而增高,其中I期与Ⅱ～Ⅳ期比较差异有统计学意义,P=0.014 9.结论:HIF-1α、VEGF、KDR和MVD在正常子宫内膜、子宫内膜不典型增生及子宫内膜癌组织中的表达依次增高,提示HIF-1α、VEGF、KDR和MVD在子宫内膜癌发生发展中有重要作用,可将它们视为子宫内膜癌潜在侵袭性的肿瘤标志.     

子宫内膜癌组织PTEN和c-erbB-2蛋白表达临床意义的探讨

-2的阳性表达率明显高于正常子宫内膜和子宫内膜不典型增生,P<0.05; c-erbB-2阳性表达与子宫内膜癌的病理分级、临床分期、肌层浸润深度和淋巴转移相关(P<0.05),但与不典型增生的程度无关(P>0.05).在子宫内膜癌组织中PTEN的表达缺失率与c-erbB-2的过度表达呈正相关.结论:PTEN蛋白的表达缺失与子宫内膜癌的发生有关;c-erbB-2蛋白的高表达提示预后不良;PTEN和c-erbB-2联合检测可作为筛选复发转移高危因素的标志.     

子宫内膜癌组织中胸苷磷酸化酶的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨子宫内膜癌病人胸苷磷酸化酶(TP/PD-ECGF)表达与内膜癌血管生成、临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法：随机选取子宫内膜腺癌石蜡标本48例，其中Ⅰ期36例、Ⅱ期8例、Ⅲ期4例(HGO分期)，绝经者28例。不典型增生石蜡标本22例，正常内膜石蜡标本15例。用TP/PD-ECGF单抗免疫组化染色确定组织内的TP表达，用CD(34)单抗免疫组化染色确定组织内微血管，然后分析内膜癌TP表达与微血管计数(MVD)以及TP表达和MVD分别与临床病理特征(绝经状态、组织学分级、临床分期、肌层浸润、宫颈浸润、淋巴结转移)、与无病生存时间的关系。结果：正常内膜组80％病例TP在腺体细胞表达，而不典型增生组及内膜腺癌组TP以基质及基质和腺体同时表达为主(分别为91％、78.2％)，正常组与不典型增生组及内膜腺癌组比较，差异有显著性(P＜0.005)。不典型增生组与内膜癌组比较，TP表达无显著差异(P＞0.1)。不典型增生组MVD(平均为32.7)，较正常的内膜组MVD(平均为27.1)高(P＜0.01)，但明显较内膜腺癌组MVD(平均为78.9)低(P＜0.001)，子宫内膜癌TP基质+癌染色组MVD(平均值79.1)低于基质染色组MVD(平均值86.2，P＜0.05)，但明显高于癌细胞染色组MVD(平均值60.5 P=0.005)。子宫内膜腺癌TP表达及MVD均与临床病理特征无关，基质TP染色及高MVD的病人无病生存期短。结论：子宫内膜癌TP表达与临床病理特征无关，而与MVD及预后有关。TP在内膜癌血管生成中起重要作用，TP和MVD一样能预测内膜癌病人的预后。血管生成与子宫内膜癌发生、发展密切相关，TP可能与内膜癌的发生有密切的关系。     

子宫内膜癌组织中PCNA、MVD的检测及其意义

背景与目的:子宫内膜癌发病率呈逐年上升趋势,但其确切发病机制及预后因素尚不明确。本实验旨在研究增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen.PCNA)指数、微血管密度microvessel density.MVD雪在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达,并结合肿瘤的手术病理分期、病理分级,进一步判断其价值。方法:采用免疫组织化学SP法,检测62例子宫内膜腺癌、22例正常子宫内膜组织的PCNA指数和MVD,结合肿瘤的临床分期、病理分级,对结果进行统计学分析。结果:子宫内膜癌组织中PCNA指数(54.49±9.29)和MVD(48.97±8.56)较正常子宫内膜明显增高(P<0.05);子宫内膜癌的期别越晚、分化越差,PCNA指数和MVD越高(P<0.05);在子宫内膜癌组织中,PCNA指数与MVD呈正相关。结论:PCNA指数、MVD增高与子宫内膜癌的发展有关;血管生成促进肿瘤细胞增殖。     

子宫内膜中PTEN、p16蛋白的表达及临床意义

目的:研究子宫内膜组织中PTEN、p16蛋白的异常表达,探讨其与子宫内膜癌变的关系和早期诊断及评判预后的可能性.方法:应用免疫组化S-P法对20例正常子宫内膜组织、40例子宫内膜增生症组织、30例内膜腺癌组织中PTEN、p16蛋白的表达进行研究.结果:在正常增生期子宫内膜、子宫内膜增生症(单纯型增生、复杂型增生、不典型增生)、子宫内膜腺癌组织中PTEN p16蛋白的阳性表达率呈递减趋势,子宫内膜腺癌与除不典型增生外的子宫内膜增生症组织及正常子宫内膜组织的PTEN蛋白表达差异有显著性(P＜0.05),正常子宫内膜、单纯型增生与不典型增生组织的PTEN蛋白表达差异有显著性(P＜0.05),子宫内膜腺癌与正常子宫内膜及单纯型增生子宫内膜p16 蛋白表达差异有显著性(P＜0.05),正常子宫内膜与增生症子宫内膜差异无显著性(P＞0.05) 增生症子宫内膜各组间p16蛋白表达无显著性差异(P＞0.05),PTEN P16蛋白的表达与子宫内膜癌的手术分期、组织学分级,肌层浸润有关(P＜0.05).PTEN、p16蛋白表达存在正相关性(r=0.978,P＜0.05).结论:PTEN、p16蛋白的异常表达与子宫内膜的癌变过程相关.     

人附睾蛋白4在子宫内膜癌组织及血清中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨人附睾蛋白4(HE4)在子宫内膜癌组织及血清中的表达及临床意义.方法:选取2009年9月至2010年3月宁夏医科大学附属31例子宫内膜癌患资料,用免疫组织化学法检测正常对照组(正常增生期子宫内膜)20例,子宫内膜增生组19例及子宫内膜癌组31例组织中HE4蛋白的表达水平,检测结果用image pro-plus 6.0专业图像分析软件进行定量分析,选择测定目标积分光密度(IOD)作为评价参数.应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测正常对照组(正常增生期子宫内膜)20例,子宫内膜增生组19例及子宫内膜癌组31例患者血清中HE4的水平.结果:1)HE4在子宫内膜癌组的表达高于正常对照组及子宫内膜增生组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001).HE4在子宫内膜癌Ⅰ期组织中的IOD中位数低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ期组织中IOD中位数,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001).HE4在子宫内膜癌组织中IOD与FIGO分期呈正相关关系(P<0.001).2)子宫内膜癌组HE4的血清水平均高于正常对照组及子宫内膜增生组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);子宫内膜癌组术后血清中HE4的表达水平明显低于术前(P<0.05);3)子宫内膜癌组组织中的表达和术前血清中的水平呈正相关关系;4)子宫内膜癌组术前血清HE4水平与FIGO分期、血清CA125呈正相关关系.结论:子宫内膜癌组织及血清HE4表达升高,可作为子宫内膜癌血清学标志物,是子宫内膜癌的早期辅助诊断、疗效评价、预后评估的客观指标,可用于指导临床的综合治疗.     

子宫内膜病变组织中脆性组氨酸三联体基因的表达及临床研究

目的探讨脆性组氨酸三联体基因(FHIT)在子宫内膜癌及子宫内膜不典型增生组织中的表达及其与临床意义。方法以75例子宫内膜不典型增生及75例子宫内膜癌患者作为研究组,选取60例同期正常子宫内膜组织作为对照组,采用免疫组织化学(SP)方法,检测研究组与对照组中子宫内膜组织中FHIT的表达情况。并分析FHIT表达与子宫内膜癌病理分期、组织学分级的关系。结果正常子宫内膜、子宫内膜不典型增生、子宫内膜癌组织FHIT阳性表达率分别为96.67%、57.33%、34.67%(P<0.05)。高、中、低分化子宫内膜腺癌患者FHIT阳性表达率分别为61.54%、34.04%、13.33%,三者间有显著差异(P<0.05),Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期患者FHIT表达无显著差异。轻、中、重度子宫内膜不典型增生患者FHIT阳性率分别为64.71%、57.57%、52.00%。结论 FHIT作为1种肿瘤抑制基因蛋白,可能成为临床判断子宫内膜不典型增生预后转归的预测因素。     

存活蛋白在子宫内膜癌中的表达及其在细胞凋亡中的作用

目的:探讨子宫内膜癌中存活蛋白(survivin)的表达及其对细胞凋亡的作用.方法:免疫组织化学法检测survivin在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达,并且应用RNA干扰技术沉默survivin基因,RT-PCR和Western印迹法检测RNA干扰效果,FCM法检测RNA干扰前后细胞凋亡的变化,Western印迹法检测凋亡相关蛋白caspase-3、caspase-8和bcl-2的表达变化.结果:子宫内膜癌组织中survivin蛋白的阳性率显著高于不典型增生和正常内膜组织(P<0.05和P<0.01).RNA干扰有效抑制了survivin mRNA和蛋白的表达(均为P<0.01),并且诱导了细胞凋亡,2个干扰组的细胞凋亡率均显著高于对照组(P<0.01).RNA干扰亦上调了活性caspase-3、caspase-8的表达.结论:survivin基因的异常表达与子宫内膜癌的发生密切相关,抑制其表达可以诱导子宫内膜癌细胞发生凋亡.     

Survivin在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的研究子宫内膜癌中survivin基因的表达及其临床意义。方法采用半定量RT-PCR方法检测26例人子宫内膜恶性肿瘤、17例正常内膜、3例癌前病变(子宫内膜不典型增生),3例良性病变(子宫内膜单纯或复杂型增生)组织样品中survivinmRNA的表达。结果26例子宫内膜癌组织中,Survivin mRNA相对表达量为0.7660±0.0447,明显高于正常组织0.4577±0.0345,P<0.05。并且晚期子宫内膜癌组织的Survivin mRNA表达量高于早期子宫内膜癌,而Survivin mRNA表达量与患者年龄、是否绝经、肌层有无侵犯无明显相关。结论Survivin mRNA在子宫内膜癌组织的表达量高于正常内膜组织,并且其表达水平与子宫内膜癌疾病进展有相关性,提示Survivin基因转录水平异常可能在子宫内膜癌的发生发展中起重要作用。     

结肠癌转移相关基因1与c-met在子宫内膜癌中的表达及其临床价值

目的:探讨MACC1与c-met蛋白在子宫内膜癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法:应用免疫组织化学方法检测45例子宫内膜癌组织、38例增生子宫内膜组织、20例正常子宫内膜组织中MACC1与c-met蛋白的表达情况,分析两者在不同子宫内膜中的表达率及其与子宫内膜癌临床病理参数的关系,并分析两指标在子宫内膜癌组织中表达的相关性。结果:MACC1与c-met在子宫内膜癌组织中的阳性表达率显著高于增生子宫内膜组织、正常子宫内膜组织（P＜0.05）。MACC1与c-met在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达与肌层浸润深度、手术病理分期、组织分化级别显著相关,而与年龄、肿瘤大小等无关。MACC1与c-met蛋白的表达呈正相关（P＜0.05）。结论:MACC1与c-met在子宫内膜癌组织中表达增高,肌层浸润较深、手术病理分期越晚、组织分化程度较低者表达率更高,两者与肿瘤的发生、发展、转移关系密切。     

Schwannomas of Head and Neck and Review of Literature

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.     

A comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancerA comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancer

Aims: To assess and compare knowledge and awareness of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in a sample of the general population. Methods: Eleven hundred visitors to six different outpatient clinics, in a University Hospital, were given a study-specific questionnaire, based on educational material from the British Association of Cancer United Patients (CancerBACUP). The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on the incidence, presentation, detection, treatment and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer. Results: One thousand and sixty-eight individuals returned the questionnaire. One thousand and four completed questionnaires were analysed. The mean age (SD) of respondents was 50.1 (17.2) years, and the male to female ratio was 2:3. Respondents had read more about breast than about colorectal cancer (60.3%vs 32.4%,P <0.0001, McNemar's test). The proportion of correct answers for each statement on breast cancer was higher than for answers to corresponding items on colorectal cancer. Mean overall scores (95% CI) for breast and colorectal cancer were 88.1 (86.9, 89.2) and 64.4 (62.5, 66.3) respectively, the mean difference (95% CI) being 23.7 (22.0, 25.5). Scores were higher for breast cancer irrespective of age or gender. Conclusion: There is a low level of understanding of colorectal cancer in the general population when compared to breast cancer. This highlights the importance of public education in this common cancer.     

Quality of life and care in leukemia,myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives,and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P < 0.05). Similarly, relatives of deceased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P < 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P < 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P < 0.001).     

miRNA与肿瘤侵袭转移

目前,microRNA (miRNA)已成为肿瘤研究中最基本的参与者,主要通过与靶标基因3 'UTR(非翻译区)的完全或不完全配对,降解靶标基因mRNA或抑制其翻译,从而参与调控个体发育、细胞凋亡、增殖及分化等生命活动.miRNA作为调控基因表达的重要分子在肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用越来越受到重视,表明miRNA在肿瘤侵袭和转移中的作用机制具有重要的理论意义,同时也可为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新方法.本文就miRNA通过调控上皮间质转化及肿瘤干细胞导致肿瘤侵袭转移的最新研究进展作一综述.     

芦荟大黄素及芦荟提取物的诱变性和抗诱变性

目的:用L5178Y小鼠淋巴瘤细胞体外微核试验评价芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物的诱变和抗诱变作用,为其安全性评价提供依据。方法:设溶剂对照、阳性对照和抗诱变对照,芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物诱变和抗诱变试验各设4个剂量组,处理L5178Y细胞12 h后按常规方法进行体外微核试验分析。结果:较高浓度(6.67μg/ml)的芦荟大黄素可致微核细胞率增加,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而芦荟提取物未见此效应。在一定剂量范围内,芦荟大黄素(0.22～6μg/ml)和芦荟提取物(20～180μg/ml)对甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)所致微核细胞率均有一定程度的拮抗作用,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:芦荟大黄素具有一定的诱变作用,而在本实验剂量范围内的芦荟提取物未见遗传毒性。两种受试物在一定范围内均能较好地拮抗MMS所致的染色体损伤。     

甲状腺手术的技巧及副损伤的预防和处置

鉴于甲状腺手术是普外科的常见手术，为求其日渐完美，以有益于病人，现根据作者的体会，并结合阅读相关文献，就其手术操作、喉返神经处理、甲状旁腺处理进行扼要阐述。     

Erythrocyte levels of cadmium and lead and risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma

Cadmium and lead are persistent environmental toxins that are known or probable carcinogens, based on evidence for causality for nonhematologic cancers. Associations of these metals with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM) are unknown but biologically plausible. To examine the associations of circulating levels of lead and cadmium exposure with risk of B-cell NHL (B-NHL) and multiple myeloma, we conducted a nested case-control study among 299 incident B-cell NHLs and 76 MM cases within the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort (CPS-II NC). Each case was incidence-density matched to two eligible controls on age, race, sex and blood draw date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lymphoid malignancies overall and stratified by subtype. We observed a significant positive association between high erythrocyte lead concentration and risk of lymphoid malignancies overall (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33 per 17.6 μg/L (1 standard deviation [SD])) and follicular lymphoma in particular (RR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15-2.80 per SD). In contrast, there was no association between erythrocyte cadmium and risk of B-NHL (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75-1.06 per 0.37 μg/L [1 SD]), or any B-NHL subtypes; but a strong inverse association with MM risk (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.89, per SD). Results from our study suggest a positive association between erythrocyte lead level and risk of lymphoid malignancies and a possible inverse association between cadmium and myeloma. Additional research is needed to confirm and further explore these findings.     

甲胎蛋白与自噬在肝癌发生发展中的作用及其相互关系

甲胎蛋白（AFP）作为临床诊断肝癌最常用的肿瘤标志物,有抑制免疫、促进细胞生长、抑制癌细胞凋亡的作用。自噬是一种维持细胞生存的重要途径之一,其与肝癌的发生发展及治疗有着密切联系,对肝癌既有抑制又有促进作用。PI3K/AKT作为两者共有的信号通路,它们是否有着相互关系来促进肝癌的发展尚需进一步研究。     

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftibuten and Cefaclor in the Treatment of Pneumonia and Bronchiectasis

Summary

In a multicentre, international study of 187 adult patients with bacterial pneumonia or bronchiectasis, the safety and efficacy of a regimen of 200 mg ceftibuten administered twice-daily was compared with cefaclor given in a dosage of 500 mg three times a day. Of the 94 evaluable patients, 66 received ceftibuten and 28 received cefaclor. The overall bacteriological response was similar in the two treatment groups with elimination of the original pathogen in 91% and 89% of the patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively. The overall clinical response mirrored the bacteriological results with a successful clinical outcome in 92% of ceftibuten-treated patients compared with 93% in patients receiving cefaclor. Adverse experiences were, in general, few and mild, being reported in 8% and 17% of patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively.