乳腺癌p16、PS2基因表达与多药耐药的相关分析

 目的　探讨乳腺癌中 p16、PS2与GST Pi、TOPOⅡ、PgP表达意义及相关性。 方法　用即用型微波加热免疫组化法对 5 7例乳癌进行p16、PS2、GST Pi、TOPOⅡ、PgP检测分析。 结果　 5 7例乳癌的阳性率依次为 36 .84 %、77.19%、5 2 .6 3%、2 4 .5 6 %、15 .79%。结论　乳癌产生多药耐药性可能与 p16、PS2异常表达相关。部分乳癌患者体内存在多项耐药基因或癌细胞内原发存在对GST Pi、TOPOⅡ、PgP介导的抗癌药物耐药。     

乳腺癌中c-erbB-2、EGFR的表达及其临床意义

目的 检测c—erbB-2、EGFR在乳腺癌中的表达及其预后的关系。方法 应用免疫组化Envision法对110例乳腺癌进行标记，分析c—erbB-2、EGFR、ER、PR的阳性表达情况。结果c—erbB-2、EGFR、ER、PR的阳性率分别为36．4％、45．5％、52．7％和47．3％，c—erbB-2、EGFR与ER、PR呈负相关；c—erbB-2、EGFR、ER、PR的表达与乳腺癌的组织类型、分化程度具有相关性。结论 乳腺癌中c—erbB-2、EGFR的表达提示乳腺癌患者预后不良，可作为临床判断预后的指标。     

ERβ、C-erbB-2及bcl-2蛋白在乳腺癌组织的表达及意义

目的：检测乳腺癌组织中雌激素受体p（ERp）、C—erbB-2和bcl-2蛋白的表达情况，并分析ERB蛋白的表达与组织学分级、C—erbB-2及bcl-2蛋白表达的关系。方法：采用免疫组化S—P法检测96例乳腺癌组织标本中ERB、C—erbB-2及bcl-2蛋白的表达情况，并作统计学分析。结果：96例乳腺癌组织标本中，ERp、C—erbB-2及bcl-2蛋白阳性表达率分别为64．6％、36．5％和51．0％；ERB蛋白的表达与组织学分级、C—erbB-2蛋白的表达呈负相关（P〈0．05），与bcl-2蛋白的表达呈正相关，与腋淋巴结状态无关（P〉0．05）。结论：ERB蛋白表达可能是乳腺癌患者预后良好的指标。     

BCSG1、C-erbB-2、VEGF表达与乳腺癌临床病理因素相关性研究

目的研究乳腺癌组织中乳腺癌特异基因1（BCSG1）、人表皮生长因子受体2（C—erbB-2）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）分别及联合的表达情况与临床病理学特征的关系。方法随机抽取316份临床病理资料完整的乳腺癌病例，采用免疫组化S-P法检测乳腺癌组织BCSG1、C—erbB-2、VEGF的表达情况，并结合临床病理特征进行分析。结果乳腺癌组织BCSG1、VEGF阳性表达率分别为67．1％、61．0％，均与组织学分级、淋巴结转移、临床分期呈正相关（P〈0．05），与ER、PR、肿瘤大小、月经状况、病理类型无关（P〈0．05）；C—erbB-2阳性表达率为32．2％，与肿瘤大小、组织学分级、淋巴结转移、临床分期正相关（P〈0．05），与ER、PR呈负相关（P〈0．05），与月经状况、病理类型无关（P〈0．05）；BCSG1、C—erbB-2、VEGF共同表达与淋巴结转移、临床分期、组织学分级呈正相关（P〈0．05），BCSG1、C—erbB-2、VEGF之间两两表达呈正相关，统计学检验差异具有显著意义（P〈0．05）。结论BCSG1、C—erbB-2、VEGF的表达与乳腺癌发生、发展及侵袭转移有关，三者同时高表达提示肿瘤具有更高的侵袭转移能力。     

乳腺癌患者EB病毒感染与癌基因c-erbB-2相关性的研究

目的：探讨乳腺癌患者EB病毒（Epstein—Barr virus，EBV）感染与癌基因c—erbB-2相关性。方法：原位杂交法检测乳腺癌患者癌组织及相应癌旁组织石蜡标本中EBV编码的小RNA（EBER1）；免疫组化法检测EBV阳性乳腺癌及EBV阴性乳腺癌标本癌基因c—erbB-2的表达状况。结果：180例乳腺癌患者癌组织标本中检测到17例EBER1表达，阳性率为9．4％；而相应癌旁组织中均未检测到EBV感染，二者差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。EBV阳性乳腺癌组c—erbB-2蛋白表达显著高于EBV阴性（P〈0．01）。结论：部分乳腺癌患者EB病毒感染与癌基因c—erbB-2有-定的相关性。     

C-erbB-2、p53、ER和PR受体在乳腺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的分析研究C—erbB-2、p53、ER、PR在乳腺癌中的表达与分期、转移关系及临床意义。方法用免疫组化法测定83例原发性乳腺癌C—erbB．2、p53、ER、PR的表达情况,进行对照比较。结果C—erbB-2、p53、ER、PR阳性表达者分别为30例（36．1％）、31例（37．3％）、45例（54．2％）、53例（63．9％）。C—erbB-2的表达与p53呈正相关（P〈0．05）,与ER、PR呈负相关（P〈0．05）。C—erbB-2和p53的表达率随着临床分期增加和淋巴结转移而增加,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。ER、PR阳性表达率随着临床分期的递增和淋巴结转移的减少而降低,差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。ER、PR阳性表达率与C．erbB-2、p53表达呈负相关,差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论C—erbB-2、p53是判断乳腺癌预后的有效指标,ER、PR与临床分期及腋窝淋巴结转移有一定关系,联合检测C-erbB-2、p53、ER、PR可指导临床综合治疗。     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗中MCM7和C—erbB-2的表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨乳腺癌新辅助化疗前后MCM7和C—erbB-2蛋白的表达状况,分析其与化疗疗效的关系。方法：采用免疫组化法检测55例乳腺癌新辅助化疗前后标本中MCM7和C—erbB-2的表达。结果：新辅助化疗有效率为76．4％。化疗前MCM7蛋白阳性表达显著高于化疗后（P〈0．01）,而化疗前后C—erbB-2蛋白阳性表达差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。化疗有效组（42例）MCM7蛋白阳性表达显著高于无效组（13例）（P〈0．01）,而化疗有效组C—erbB-2蛋白阳性表达显著低于无效组（P〈0．01）。结论：ET方案新辅助化疗有较好的疗效,可能通过抑制MCM7蛋白表达来阻止乳腺癌细胞的增殖。MCM7高表达,C—erbB-2阴性者化疗更为敏感,二者可作为临床指导乳腺癌化疗并预测化疗敏感性的分子生物学指标。     

可手术青年女性乳腺癌的临床特征

目的：探讨青年女性乳腺癌的临床病理特征、治疗方式以及其临床意义。方法：回顾性分析2001年1月至2006年3月收治的127例35岁以下可手术青年女性乳腺癌的影像学诊断、组织学类型、腋窝淋巴结状态、激素受体及C—erbB-2表达的临床资料。结果：青年乳腺癌占同期收治乳腺癌的15．4％，浸润性导管癌占81．9％，B超与X线联合诊断率为81．3％，腋窝淋巴结转移率为55．5％，雌孕激素受体阳性表达为43．锄、C—erbB-2阳性表达为70．3％、雌孕激素受体及C—erbB-2表达与淋巴结状态无关。结论：青年乳腺癌侵袭性强，淋巴结转移及C—erbB-2表达高，应强调系统治疗。     

EGFR／HER1和C—erbB-2／HER2在乳腺癌表达的意义及其相关性

目的：探讨乳腺癌中EGFR和C—erbB-2基因蛋白表达的临床意义。方法：乳腺癌86例，乳腺腺瘤36例，采用免疫组织化学方法，检测EGFR／HER。和C—erbB-2／HER：阳性率，分析它们的相关性。结果：EGFR和C—erbB-2在乳腺癌中的表达高度正相关（r=0、73）。它们在乳腺癌中的阳性率明显高于腺瘤（P〈0．001）。在乳腺癌中EGFR和C—erbB-2的阳性率分别为56．98％（49／86）和70．93％（61／86），差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。在浸润癌和有淋巴结转移组阳性率高于非浸润组和无淋巴结转移组（P〈0．001）。结论：EGFR和C—erbB-2在乳腺癌发生中有协同作用，是预后不良的指标。     

EGFR/HER1和C-erb B-2/HER2在乳腺癌表达的意义及其相关性

目的：探讨乳腺癌中EGFR和C—erbB-2基因蛋白表达的临床意义。方法：乳腺癌86例，乳腺腺瘤36例，采用免疫组织化学方法，检测EGFR／HER。和C—erbB-2／HER：阳性率，分析它们的相关性。结果：EGFR和C—erbB-2在乳腺癌中的表达高度正相关（r=0、73）。它们在乳腺癌中的阳性率明显高于腺瘤（P〈0．001）。在乳腺癌中EGFR和C—erbB-2的阳性率分别为56．98％（49／86）和70．93％（61／86），差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。在浸润癌和有淋巴结转移组阳性率高于非浸润组和无淋巴结转移组（P〈0．001）。结论：EGFR和C—erbB-2在乳腺癌发生中有协同作用，是预后不良的指标。     

Schwannomas of Head and Neck and Review of Literature

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.     

A comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancerA comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancer

Aims: To assess and compare knowledge and awareness of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in a sample of the general population. Methods: Eleven hundred visitors to six different outpatient clinics, in a University Hospital, were given a study-specific questionnaire, based on educational material from the British Association of Cancer United Patients (CancerBACUP). The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on the incidence, presentation, detection, treatment and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer. Results: One thousand and sixty-eight individuals returned the questionnaire. One thousand and four completed questionnaires were analysed. The mean age (SD) of respondents was 50.1 (17.2) years, and the male to female ratio was 2:3. Respondents had read more about breast than about colorectal cancer (60.3%vs 32.4%,P <0.0001, McNemar's test). The proportion of correct answers for each statement on breast cancer was higher than for answers to corresponding items on colorectal cancer. Mean overall scores (95% CI) for breast and colorectal cancer were 88.1 (86.9, 89.2) and 64.4 (62.5, 66.3) respectively, the mean difference (95% CI) being 23.7 (22.0, 25.5). Scores were higher for breast cancer irrespective of age or gender. Conclusion: There is a low level of understanding of colorectal cancer in the general population when compared to breast cancer. This highlights the importance of public education in this common cancer.     

Quality of life and care in leukemia,myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives,and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P < 0.05). Similarly, relatives of deceased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P < 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P < 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P < 0.001).     

miRNA与肿瘤侵袭转移

目前,microRNA (miRNA)已成为肿瘤研究中最基本的参与者,主要通过与靶标基因3 'UTR(非翻译区)的完全或不完全配对,降解靶标基因mRNA或抑制其翻译,从而参与调控个体发育、细胞凋亡、增殖及分化等生命活动.miRNA作为调控基因表达的重要分子在肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用越来越受到重视,表明miRNA在肿瘤侵袭和转移中的作用机制具有重要的理论意义,同时也可为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新方法.本文就miRNA通过调控上皮间质转化及肿瘤干细胞导致肿瘤侵袭转移的最新研究进展作一综述.     

芦荟大黄素及芦荟提取物的诱变性和抗诱变性

目的:用L5178Y小鼠淋巴瘤细胞体外微核试验评价芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物的诱变和抗诱变作用,为其安全性评价提供依据。方法:设溶剂对照、阳性对照和抗诱变对照,芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物诱变和抗诱变试验各设4个剂量组,处理L5178Y细胞12 h后按常规方法进行体外微核试验分析。结果:较高浓度(6.67μg/ml)的芦荟大黄素可致微核细胞率增加,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而芦荟提取物未见此效应。在一定剂量范围内,芦荟大黄素(0.22～6μg/ml)和芦荟提取物(20～180μg/ml)对甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)所致微核细胞率均有一定程度的拮抗作用,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:芦荟大黄素具有一定的诱变作用,而在本实验剂量范围内的芦荟提取物未见遗传毒性。两种受试物在一定范围内均能较好地拮抗MMS所致的染色体损伤。     

甲状腺手术的技巧及副损伤的预防和处置

鉴于甲状腺手术是普外科的常见手术，为求其日渐完美，以有益于病人，现根据作者的体会，并结合阅读相关文献，就其手术操作、喉返神经处理、甲状旁腺处理进行扼要阐述。     

Erythrocyte levels of cadmium and lead and risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma

Cadmium and lead are persistent environmental toxins that are known or probable carcinogens, based on evidence for causality for nonhematologic cancers. Associations of these metals with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM) are unknown but biologically plausible. To examine the associations of circulating levels of lead and cadmium exposure with risk of B-cell NHL (B-NHL) and multiple myeloma, we conducted a nested case-control study among 299 incident B-cell NHLs and 76 MM cases within the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort (CPS-II NC). Each case was incidence-density matched to two eligible controls on age, race, sex and blood draw date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lymphoid malignancies overall and stratified by subtype. We observed a significant positive association between high erythrocyte lead concentration and risk of lymphoid malignancies overall (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33 per 17.6 μg/L (1 standard deviation [SD])) and follicular lymphoma in particular (RR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15-2.80 per SD). In contrast, there was no association between erythrocyte cadmium and risk of B-NHL (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75-1.06 per 0.37 μg/L [1 SD]), or any B-NHL subtypes; but a strong inverse association with MM risk (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.89, per SD). Results from our study suggest a positive association between erythrocyte lead level and risk of lymphoid malignancies and a possible inverse association between cadmium and myeloma. Additional research is needed to confirm and further explore these findings.     

甲胎蛋白与自噬在肝癌发生发展中的作用及其相互关系

甲胎蛋白（AFP）作为临床诊断肝癌最常用的肿瘤标志物,有抑制免疫、促进细胞生长、抑制癌细胞凋亡的作用。自噬是一种维持细胞生存的重要途径之一,其与肝癌的发生发展及治疗有着密切联系,对肝癌既有抑制又有促进作用。PI3K/AKT作为两者共有的信号通路,它们是否有着相互关系来促进肝癌的发展尚需进一步研究。     

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftibuten and Cefaclor in the Treatment of Pneumonia and Bronchiectasis

Summary

In a multicentre, international study of 187 adult patients with bacterial pneumonia or bronchiectasis, the safety and efficacy of a regimen of 200 mg ceftibuten administered twice-daily was compared with cefaclor given in a dosage of 500 mg three times a day. Of the 94 evaluable patients, 66 received ceftibuten and 28 received cefaclor. The overall bacteriological response was similar in the two treatment groups with elimination of the original pathogen in 91% and 89% of the patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively. The overall clinical response mirrored the bacteriological results with a successful clinical outcome in 92% of ceftibuten-treated patients compared with 93% in patients receiving cefaclor. Adverse experiences were, in general, few and mild, being reported in 8% and 17% of patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively.