焦炉工GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性与尿1-羟基芘浓度的关系研究

目的探讨焦炉工GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性与多环芳烃类(PAHs)代谢为1-羟基芘(1-OHP)过程之间的关系。方法以某焦化厂焦炉车间生产工人150人和其他车间无职业性PAHs接触者39人为调查对象。用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-OHP浓度;聚合酶链反应一限制性片段长度多态性(PCRRFLP)法分别检测GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性。采用方差分析和多因素回归分析等统计学方法研究影响尿中1-OHP浓度的因素。结果尿中1-OHP浓度与焦炉工作业的位置呈正相关(P0.01)。低暴露组GSTT1(阴性)个体尿中1-OHP浓度较GSTT1(阳性)个体高;GSTM1(阴性)/GSTT1(阴性)全缺失型个体尿中1-OHP浓度明显高于GSTM1(阳性)/GSTT1(阳性)全野生型个体(P0.05)。结论在PAHs低暴露水平下,GSTT1可以影响PAHs代谢。GSTM1和GSTT1基因的交互作用可以影响焦炉工PAHs代谢为1-OHP的过程。     

低浓度环境苯暴露人群血液指标及其与GSTY1和GSTM1基因型关联研究

目的 探讨低浓度环境苯暴露人群血液指标及其与GSTT1,GSTM1基因型关联.方法于2006年选取50名巡警作为研究对象,以调查问卷方法获得调查对象的吸烟资料;以气相色谱方法分析巡警工作外环境空气样品苯系物浓度;采用PCR方法测定GSTF1、GSTM1基因型;采用标准方法测定人体的血液指标.结果 巡警的外环境空气苯浓度为0.055 mg/m3,34名吸烟者日均吸烟量15.9支,平均吸烟年限为8.3 a,此种苯暴露水平下人体白细胞、淋巴细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白及血小板均值分别为(6.97±1.57)×109/L、(2.04±0.48)×109/L、(5.54±0.73)×1012/L、(157.96±17.44)g/L、(199.29±50.72)×109/L,均在正常值范围内.GSTT1、GSTM1不同基因型人群之间血液指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 在本研究的苯暴露水平下,未发现人体白细胞、淋巴细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白及血小板数值出现异常改变;未发现GSTT1、GSTM1基因型与血液指标变化之间存在关联.     

焦炉工血清GST活力与尿1-羟基芘和GSTM1、GSTT1基因多态的关系

目的研究血清谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)能否作为焦炉工人多环芳烃的暴露评价指标,同时探讨GSTM1、GSTI1基因多态性与血清GST活力的关系.方法选择某焦化厂39名男性焦炉工人和44名男性对照工人,采用统一的调查表调查一般情况.采集静脉血分析血清GST活力和GSTM1、GSTT1基因型,采集尿样分析尿1-羟基芘(1-OHP)浓度.血清GST活力用试剂盒检测;尿1-羟基芘(1-OHP)浓度作为多环芳烃内暴露剂量,用碱水解-高效液相色谱方法测定;GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性分析采用PCR方法.结果焦炉工人尿1-OHP浓度(中位数为5.60μmol/mol肌酐)和血清GST活力(中位数25.75 U/ml)分别高于对照组(尿1-OHP浓度:中位数1.32 μmol/mol肌酐,血清GST活力:14.54 U/ml),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.001).GSTM1(-/-)和GSTT1(-/-)型工人的血清GST活力分别与GSTM1(-/ , / )和GSTT1(-/ , / )型工人的血清GST活力相比,差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).广义线性回归分析显示,尿1-OHP对血清GST的影响具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).血清GST活力和尿1-OHP浓度存在统计学正相关(r=0.357,P＜0.001,n=83).结论焦炉工人血清GST有可能作为多环芳烃暴露评价的参数;未见GSTM1和GSTT1基因缺失对血清GST活力的影响.     

北京市交警多环芳烃暴露及DNA氧化损伤水平研究

目的 了解北京市交警多环芳烃(PAHs)暴露对体内DNA氧化损伤水平的影响.方法 于2007年6-8月,以某城区41名男性外勤交警和34名男性郊区对照人群作为研究对象,进行问卷调查及环境空气PAHs浓度、内暴露指标尿中1-羟基芘(1-OHP)和DNA氧化损伤标志物尿中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)的检测,通过单因素及多元回归分析PAHs内外暴露水平对8-OHdG的影响.结果 交警组工作环境空气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)、苯并(a)芘[B(a)P]、PAHs浓度分别为0.096 mg/m3、3.20 ng/m3、38.32 ng/m3,高于郊区居民组相应值0.045 mg/m3、1.54 ng/m3、25.43ng/m3;交警组和郊区居民组人群尿中1-OHP浓度分别为(0.50±0.38)和(0.34±0.28)μmol/mol Cr(P＜0.05),尿中8-OHdG浓度分别为(13.74±6.30)和(11.61±6.02)ng/mg Cr(P＞0.05).多因素分析发现尿中1-OHP和吸烟是影响8-OHdG水平的重要因素,没有发现年龄、饮酒、锻炼习惯等调查因素对尿8-OHdG浓度的影响.结论 北京市交通污染对交警这一职业人群已产生一定的健康影响,环境空气PAHs暴露和吸烟是影响研究人群DNA氧化损伤水平的重要因素.     

GSTT1及GSTM1基因多态性与饮水型砷中毒关系

目的 探讨GSTT1、GSTM1基因多态性与饮水型地方性砷中毒易感性的关系.方法 对新疆砷中毒病区慢性砷中毒患者96例、病区内对照组73人以及非病区外对照组89人,应用聚合酶链反应( PCR)技术进行GSTT1 、GSTM1基因多态性的检测,分析不同基因型与砷中毒发病风险的关系.结果 GSTT1、GSTM1基因型在3组间的分布,差异无统计学意义;GSTT1和GSTM1基因多态性在不同砷暴露人群中的发病风险,差异均无统计学意义(x2=1.483,P=0.476;x2=1.852,P=0.396);GSTT1(+)+GSTM1(+)、GSTT1(+)+GSTM1(-)以及GSTT1(-)+ GSTM1(+)基因型在3组间的构成比,差异均无统计学意义(x2=0.05,P=0.975;x2=5.841,P=0.054;x2=1.887,P=0.387);病例组中GSTT1(-)+GSTM1(-)的构成比(38.9％)明显高于外对照组(22.5％)(x2=5.828,P =0.016);砷中毒人群表现GSTT1(-)+GSTM1(-)基因型是健康人群的1.733倍(OR=1.733,95％ CI=1.093～2.748).结论 GSTT1、GSTM1基因可能与新疆奎屯饮水型地方性砷中毒无关联,但是GSTM1空白基因型频率在砷中毒人群中有升高趋势;GSTT1与GSTM1基因联合空白型可能与饮水型地方性砷中毒有关联.     

GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性与COPD易感性的研究

目的　探讨GSTM1、GSTT1基因多态性与COPD易感性的关系。方法　应用PCR技术对 91例COPD患者和 44例非COPD人群GSTM1、GSTT1不同基因型进行检测并根据性别、年龄及吸烟史对其易感性进行分析。结果　两组之间相比较男性及 >40岁的人群其GSTM10 / 0基因型频率有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;在吸烟指数为≥ 3 1PY时 ,COPD组的GSTM10 / 0基因型频率显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;根据性别、年龄组及吸烟史分析 ,在两组人群中GSTT10 / 0基因型频率均未发现有显著性差异 (P值均 >0 0 5 ) ;两组人群综合基因型频率分析显示 ,在吸烟指数≥ 3 1PY的人群中GSTM10 / 0 -GSTT10 / 0基因型频率则显著高于对照组 (P<0 0 5 )。结论　GSTM1纯合缺失基因型可能增加了长期大量吸烟人群对COPD的易感性 ,若同时伴有GSTT1的纯合性缺失可进一步增加对COPD的易感性     

北京市交警与郊区居民的多环芳烃暴露及影响因素

目的评价北京市交通警察和郊区居民多环芳烃暴露水平,探讨1-羟基芘(1-OHP)作为多环芳烃环境暴露生物标志物的影响因素。方法于2007年6—8月进行调查。以62名交通警察和35名郊区居民为调查对象,连续两天采集调查对象所处环境空气中PM2.5,以超声波萃取-高效液相色谱法分析10种多环芳烃含量,评价研究人群外暴露水平;收集研究人群班后尿,采用高效液相色谱法测定多环芳烃暴露标志物1-OHP的浓度;通过问卷调查收集年龄、吸烟、饮酒、体育锻炼等信息,采用多元回归模型分析调查因素对尿1-OHP浓度影响。结果交警组环境空气中苯并(a)芘、芘、多环芳烃总浓度分别为3.20、6.48、38.32 ng/m3,高于郊区居民组相应值(1.54、4.05、25.43 ng/m3);两组人群尿中1-OHP浓度分别为(0.56±0.48)和(0.37±0.28)μmol/mol肌酐,差别具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。吸烟的郊区居民和吸烟量≥20支/d的交警尿中1-OHP浓度显著高于相应的不吸烟个体。未发现年龄、饮酒、锻炼习惯等调查因素对1-OHP浓度的影响。结论北京市交警和郊区居民具有较高的多环芳烃暴露水平,环境空气暴露和吸烟是影响研究人群尿中1-OHP的主要因素。     

焦炉工GSTM1、GSTT1基因多态性和外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的关系

[目的]探讨GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性与外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的关系。[方法]选择某焦化厂248名焦炉作业工人,其中炉顶区作业工人99人,炉侧作业78人,炉底作业71人。120名与之相匹配的对照人群选自该厂非职业多环芳烃(PAHs)暴露者。采用单细胞凝胶电泳实验观察外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤;运用多重PCR方法检测GSTM1、GSTT1基因多态性。同时,通过问卷调查的方式了解被调查者的年龄、吸烟、饮酒和个人职业暴露史。[结果]炉顶和炉侧区作业工人外周血淋巴细胞的Olive尾矩(OliveTailMoment,OTM)经对数转换后分别为1.37±1.16和1.46±0.97,均明显高于炉底区和对照组(OTM分别为0.98±1.18、0.56±0.99),差异显著(P<0.05)。经调整年龄、吸烟、暴露等级等因素后,焦炉作业组中GSTM1(-)基因型和GSTM1( )基因型的外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤分别为1.36±1.15和1.15±1.10,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。其中炉顶区作业工人GSTM1(-)基因型OTM明显高于GSTM1( )基因型(分别为1.56±1.08、1.09±1.25,P<0.05)。此外,在焦炉作业组中,GSTM1(-)GSTT1( )基因型OTM为1.44±1.13,明显高于GSTM1( )GSTT1( )基因型0.94±1.06,差异具有显著性(P<0.05);GSTM1( )GSTT1(-)和GSTM1(-)GSTT1(-)基因型OTM分别为1.36±1.10、1.28±1.17,两者差异无显著性。[结论]在炉顶作业工人中,GSTM1基因型可以明显影响外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤程度。GSTM1和GSTT1基因存在交互作用,同时携带GSTM1( )和GSTT1( )基因型的焦炉作业工人淋巴细胞DNA损伤水平较低。     

GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性与女性肺癌易感性的关系

目的：探讨谷胱苷肽硫转移酶M1（glutathione S-transferaseM1,GSTM1)和T1（glutathione S-transferaseT1,GSTT1)基因多态性与女性肺癌遗传易感性的关系。方法：采用病例－对照研究方法和多重PCR技术检测女性肺癌病例组42人和健康对照组55人的GSTM1和GSTT1基因缺陷型的频率，并评价GSTM1和GSTT1基因型以及他们之间的交互作用与肺癌遗传易感性的关系。结果：在本次研究的人群中，病例组GSTM1和GSTT1基因缺陷型的频率分别为66．7％和45．2％，对照组为54．5％和38．2％，GSTM1基因缺陷型和GSTT1基因缺陷型的频率在病例组和对照组之间均无显性差异（P＞0．05）。在不吸烟的女性人群中，GSTM1基因缺陷型携带患肺癌的危险性是GSTM1基因功能型携带的2．557倍（P＝0．046）；GSTT1基因缺陷型则有女性肺癌的发生无显关联（P＝0．557）。此外，GSTT1基因型与GSTM1基因型之间亦无明显的交互作用（P＞0．05）。结论：GSTM1基因缺陷型可能是非吸烟女性患肺癌的重要危险因素。GSTT1基因缺失则可能与肺癌的发生无关，在女性肺癌的发生过程中GSTM1和GSTT1可能不存在交互作用。     

GSTT1和GSTM1基因多态性与人体砷甲基化代谢水平关系探讨

目的探讨GSTT1、GSTM1基因多态性与人体砷甲基化代谢水平之间的关系。方法选择某工业性砷污染区的247名成年常住居民为研究对象。采用多重PCR法检测GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性。离子色谱氢化物发生原子荧光法(IC-HG-AFS)测定尿中无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂酸(MMA)和二甲基胂酸(DMA)。结果GSTT1缺失基因型人群与GSTT1非缺失基因型人群尿中iAs比例、DMA比例和MMA比例相比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。GSTM1缺失基因型人群与GSTM1非缺失基因型人群尿中iAs比例、DMA比例和MMA比例相比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。四组不同GSTT1和GSTM1联合基因型人群尿中iAs比例、DMA比例和MMA比例相比较,四组间差异也均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论本研究未发现GSTT1、GSTM1基因多态性与砷代谢水平之间存在显著关联。     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol concentrations in male Koreans

Objective: Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been used as a biological marker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and urinary 2-naphthol is suggested as a new marker for route-specific exposure to airborne PAHs. We analyzed urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations in 292 male Koreans (129 university students and 163 shipyard workers) to define the distribution pattern in Koreans with no or low occupational exposure to PAHs. Method: Histories of cigarette smoking and the eating of PAH-containing foods were obtained by a self-administered structured questionnaire. Urine samples were collected and urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The arithmetic (geometric) means of urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations for all students, expressed as micromoles per mole of creatinine, were 0.04 (0.04) and 3.12 (2.22), for non-smokers 0.03 (0.03) and 1.78 (1.30) and for smokers 0.05 (0.03) and 4.36 (3.62), respectively. Among shipyard workers, the arithmetic (geometric) means of urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations were 0.69 (0.31) and 4.37 (2.62) for all, 0.27 (0.18) and 2.46 (1.16) for non-smokers, and 0.97 (0.44) and 5.60 (4.44) for smokers, respectively. Mean urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations differed significantly between non-smokers and smokers both in students and in shipyard workers. In smokers, some variables related to smoking habit were positively correlated with urinary 1-OHP and with 2-naphthol concentrations. The latter showed better correlations with the variables related to smoking amount than the former. None of the food-related factors was significantly correlated with urinary 1-OHP or 2-naphthol concentration. Conclusion: These results suggest that urinary 2-naphthol concentration is more sensitively affected by smoking status than urinary 1-OHP concentration and that urinary 2-naphthol is a sensitive marker for low-level inhalation of PAHs. Received: 6 March 2000 / Accepted: 26 July 2000     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol concentrations in male Koreans

OBJECTIVE: Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been used as a biological marker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and urinary 2-naphthol is suggested as a new marker for route-specific exposure to airborne PAHs. We analyzed urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations in 292 male Koreans (129 university students and 163 shipyard workers) to define the distribution pattern in Koreans with no or low occupational exposure to PAHs. METHOD: Histories of cigarette smoking and the eating of PAH-containing foods were obtained by a self-administered structured questionnaire. Urine samples were collected and urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: The arithmetic (geometric) means of urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations for all students, expressed as micromoles per mole of creatinine, were 0.04 (0.04) and 3.12 (2.22), for non-smokers 0.03 (0.03) and 1.78 (1.30) and for smokers 0.05 (0.03) and 4.36 (3.62), respectively. Among shipyard workers, the arithmetic (geometric) means of urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations were 0.69 (0.31) and 4.37 (2.62) for all, 0.27 (0.18) and 2.46 (1.16) for nonsmokers, and 0.97 (0.44) and 5.60 (4.44) for smokers, respectively. Mean urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations differed significantly between nonsmokers and smokers both in students and in shipyard workers. In smokers, some variables related to smoking habit were positively correlated with urinary 1-OHP and with 2-naphthol concentrations. The latter showed better correlations with the variables related to smoking amount than the former. None of the food-related factors was significantly correlated with urinary 1-OHP or 2-naphthol concentration. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that urinary 2-naphthol concentration is more sensitively affected by smoking status than urinary 1-OHP concentration and that urinary 2-naphthol is a sensitive marker for low-level inhalation of PAHs.     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in coke oven workers relative to exposure, alcohol consumption, and metabolic enzymes

OBJECTIVES—To investigate the influence of personal lifestyle—such as smoking and alcohol consumption—on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentrations in coke oven workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and to evaluate the association of 1-OHP concentrations with the genetic polymorphism of several metabolic enzymes including cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1 and glutathione S-tranferases (GSTs).
METHODS—The study population contained 162 coke oven workers and 58 controls employed at the largest iron and steel factory in China. Personal data were collected at the interview. 1-OHP in urine was measured with high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Genetic polymorphisms were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
RESULTS—A positive association between excretion of urinary 1-OHP and the levels of exposure to PAHs was confirmed. Those people who consumed 50 g/day ethanol had significantly higher 1-OHP excretion than did other coke oven workers (p<0.01). No significant difference in urinary 1-OHP was found between smokers and non-smokers, in both controls and exposed subjects. The variant homozygotes at exon 7 of the CYP1A1 gene had significantly higher urinary 1-OHP concentrations than other CYP1A1 genotypes among the exposed workers (p=0.03). There was less association between the concentrations of 1-OHP and the GSTM1, GSTP1, or GSTT1 polymorphism.
CONCLUSIONS—The present study confirmed that urinary 1-OHP is a good biomarker for exposure to PAHs. Alcohol consumption affected urinary 1-OHP excretion. The variant genotypes of the CYP1A1 gene may result in the enhancement of PAH metabolites. It is helpful to understand the role of individual susceptibility on metabolism of carcinogens. These findings suggest that the modulating effect of individual lifestyle factors or genetic nature should be considered in future studies on occupational exposure to PAHs and in evaluating the health risk from harmful chemicals.


Keywords: 1-hydroxypyrene; genetic polymorphism; alcohol drinking     

Evaluation to the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene and xylenes in workers in a power plant fueled with heavy oil]

Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been demonstrated in many industrial sectors. However, up to date there are few studies in the literature on PAH exposure in thermoelectric power plants. The study was aimed at the evaluation of personal exposure to PAHs in workers of a power plant fueled with heavy oil. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and to benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) was evaluated on power plant workers exposed to heavy fuel oil; the control group consisted of office workers of the same power plant. Altogether 39 subjects were studied, for a total of 84 days of monitoring. Personal environmental exposure, cutaneous exposure and urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), trans,trans-muconic acid (TTMA) and nicotine were measured. Personal environmental exposure to PAHs was very low; only maintenance workers showed exposure to total carcinogenic PAHs significantly higher than controls (median levels 3.05 and 0.88 ng/m3 respectively). All workers showed very low levels of dermal exposure to PAHs (less than 1 ng). The median 1-OHP urinary concentrations were 0.16, 0.11 and 0.08 mumol/mol creatinine in the groups of exposed workers and 0.08 mumol/mol creatinine in the control group. Neither the exposed workers nor the controls showed a significant increase in 1-OHP urinary concentrations across the shift. The regression analysis showed a significant effect of cigarette smoking on urinary 1-OHP, while no association was observed between occupational exposure and diet. Personal environmental exposure levels to BTX were very low. TTMA urinary concentrations of the exposed subjects were similar to those of the controls. No significant increase in the TTMA urinary concentrations was observed across the shift and, as expected, smokers showed higher values than non-smokers. The study did not show a measurable intake of PAHs and BTX in power plant workers that could be ascribed to occupational exposure, thus confirming the efficacy of the protective measures in force.     

Effects of genetic polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes on the relationships between 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in human leukocytes and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol concentrations

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxidative stress, and to evaluate the effects of cigarette smoking and the genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, NAT2 and UGT1A6 on the relationship. The subjects of this study were 105 healthy Korean males without occupational exposure to PAHs. The 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level in leukocytes, and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-naphthol concentrations, were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, NAT2 and UGT1A6 were identified by PCR and PCR-RFLP methods. The 8-OHdG level showed a significant correlation with the 1-OHP concentration in all subjects (p<.001) and in smokers (p<.01), and with the 2-naphthol level in non-smokers (p<.01). The 8-OHdG level was significantly higher in smoking rapid acetylators than in smoking slow or intermediate acetylators, and in individuals with the UGT1A6 wild-type than in those with the UGT1A6 mutant genotype. Significant positive correlations between 8-OHdG and 1-OHP concentrations were found in subjects with every genotype of the CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 genes, with the GSTM1 null-type, with the NAT2 genotype of a rapid acetylator, and with the UGT1A6 wild-type, respectively. The urinary 2-naphthol level significantly correlated with the 8-OHdG level only in subjects with the GSTM1 null-type. In conclusion, there is a significant correlation between the 8-OHdG level in leukocytes and the urinary 1-OHP concentration in the population not occupationally exposed to PAHs. This relationship is affected by genetic polymorphisms in PAH metabolic enzymes.     

Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to PAHs in the vicinity of a S?derberg aluminium reduction plant.

OBJECTIVES: To assess environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the vicinity of a Söderberg aluminium reduction plant in Shawinigan, Canada with urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as a biomarker. METHODS: Urine samples were collected from 20 non-occupationally exposed subjects living less than 500 m from the plant and from 20 controls living in Trois-Rivières, another industrial town 40 km from Shawinigan. Concentrations of 1-OHP were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: Among controls, geometric mean (range) 1-OHP concentrations were 0.046 (0.012-0.116) mumol/mol creatinine in non-smokers and 0.125 (0.051-0.282) mumol/mol creatinine in smokers. Among exposed subjects, values were 0.103 (0.056-0.196) mumol/mol creatinine in non-smokers and 0.250 (0.112-0.448) mumol/mol creatinine in smokers. Excretion of 1-OHP was significantly higher in exposed subjects than in controls among non-smokers and smokers (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on urinary 1-OHP as a biomarker, it seems that living near an industrial point source of PAHs is associated with higher exposure. The health significance of this finding will require further investigation.     

中国居民谷胱甘肽转硫酶M_1、T_1基因缺失与胃癌易感性关系Meta分析

目的探讨中国居民谷胱甘肽转硫酶M_1（GSTM_1）、谷胱甘肽转硫酶T_1（GSTT_1）基因缺失与胃癌易感性的关系。方法检索有关中国居民GSTM_1、GSTT_1基因缺失与胃癌易感性关系的文献进行Meta分析,以病例组和对照组GSTM_1缺失或GSTT_1缺失的比值比（0R）为效应指标,对文献进行评价筛选,一致性检验,计算合并0R值及95%可信区间（95%CI）。结果最终纳入系统评价进行Meta分析的GSTM1基因缺失或GSTT_1缺失与胃癌关系研究的有13篇,包括胃癌患者1 409例,对照2 022例,Meta分析结果GSTM1基因缺失与胃癌关系合并0R=1.84,95%CI为1.40～2.42。GSTT1基因缺失与胃癌关系合并0R=1.24,95%CI为0.93～1.65。结论目前相关研究结果的Meta分析显示中国居民GSTM_1基因缺失与胃癌易感性有关,而GSTT1基因缺失与胃癌易感性无关。     

1-Hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of PAH exposure among subjects living in two separate regions from a steel mill

Objective Steel mills are known to be a source of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and increased cancer risk has been reported among neighborhoods previously. In this study, we tried to assess the exposure to PAHs among residents nearby to a large steel mill in Korea by measuring urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). Methods Two separate areas at different distances from a steel mill but on the same wind direction were chosen to evaluate the environmental exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Three-hundred and fifty children living in the vicinity of steel plant (“nearby” group) and 606 children residing much farther from the factory (“remote” group) participated. Urine was collected on three consecutive days, and questionnaires about exposure to passive smoking and food consumption as well as demographics were obtained. Routine monitoring data of ambient pollutants were obtained and particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM₁₀) was analyzed with multiple regressions to assess the associations with urinary 1-OHP. Results The geometric mean concentration of urinary 1-OHP among nearby group (0.048 ± 1.878 μmol/mol creatinine, GM ± GSD) was approximately 1.3 times higher than that among remote group (0.036 ± 2.425 μmol/mol creatinine, GM ± GSD), and using multiple regression techniques, the difference was significant (P < 0.0001) after adjusting for confounding variables. When different periods before the sampling of urine were examined, PM₁₀ averages over 2 days, 3 days, and 1 week prior to urine sampling showed significant associations with urinary 1-OHP levels. Conclusion Our findings are consistent with the interpretation that residents nearby to a steel mill are exposed to PAHs through ambient exposures.     

Association of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (estimated from job category) with concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide in urine from workers at a steel plant.

OBJECTIVES--Increased risk of lung cancer has been associated with employment in the steel industry. This association is thought to be due in part to increased concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air found in this work environment. Measurement of PAH metabolites in human urine provides a means of assessing individual internal dose of PAHs. This study examined the relative contribution of occupation and smoking to urinary concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) among a group of workers at a steel plant. METHODS--Concentrations of 1-OHPG in urine from 44 workers with jobs associated with increased air concentrations of PAHs and 40 workers with jobs with low or no exposure to PAHs were measured. 20 workers in each group were not current smokers. Urinary 1-OHPG was measured by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy after immunoaffinity chromatography specific for PAH metabolites. RESULTS--Mean (SEM) urinary 1-OHPG concentration was 2.16 (0.42) pmol/ml urine among the 44 occupationally exposed workers compared with 0.38 (0.05) among the 40 workers with no or low exposure (P < 0.0001). Mean urinary 1-OHPG concentration was 1.82 (0.41) pmol/ml urine among the 44 current smokers compared with 0.75 (0.20) among the 40 non-smokers (P < 0.005). Mean 1-OHPG concentrations in non-smokers were 0.26 (n = 20), 0.70 (n = 15), and 2.84 pmol/ml urine (n = 5) for strata of exposure to PAHs (no or low, mid, and high) based on job category; the corresponding values in smokers were 0.55 (n = 20), 0.94 (n = 12), and 4.91 pmol/ml (n = 12), respectively. Multiple linear regression showed significant differences between subjects in different PAH exposure with increased concentrations of 1-OHPG in urine. Amounts of foods containing PAHs ingested by this group of workers were relatively low and did not contribute significantly to urinary 1-OHPG concentrations. CONCLUSIONS--These results indicate that 1-OHPG is a common urinary metabolite in people with recent occupational exposure to PAHs and is associated with both job category and estimated stratum of PAH exposure.     

Correlation of Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene and 2-Naphthol with Total Suspended Particulates in Ambient Air in Municipal Middle-School Students in Korea

The authors investigated Korean municipal middle school students to ascertain whether urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-naphthol–markers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure–reflect PAHs in ambient air. The authors used the β-ray absorption method, which is an index of ambient-air PAH exposure, to collect total suspended participate (TSP) data. The authors measured urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations in 137 nonsmoking students in 4 municipal middle schools within 1 km of ambient air monitoring stations. The median concentrations of urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol in the study were 0.09 nmole/mol creatinine and 2.19 μmol/mol creatinine, respectively, and the geometric means were 0.10 nmole/mol creatinine and 2.47 μmol/mol creatinine, respectively. Urinary 1-OHP concentration did not correlate significantly with any TSP index. There were significant correlations between urinary 2-naphthol level and the daily mean TSP level calculated for 2 days before survey, for 1 day before survey, and for the day of survey. These data suggest that urinary 2-naphthol may be a good marker for inhalation exposure to PAHs in ambient air.