小剂量右美托咪定对全麻手术患者镇痛镇静效果的影响

目的:探讨小剂量右美托咪定对全麻手术患者镇静、镇痛效果的影响.方法:择期全麻手术患者60例随机分成右美托咪定组(D)和对照组(C),每组30例.D组静脉泵注右美托咪定0.1 μg/kg·h,对照组泵注等量的生理盐水.观察术中瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚的用量、血流动力学的变化及其并发症的发生.结果:与组C比较,组D瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚用量明显减少(P＜0.05),气管插管和拔管过程中MAP、HR较稳定(P＜0.05),高血压、心动过速、呛咳和躁动发生率降低(P＜0.05).结论:小剂量右美托咪定可降低瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚的用量,维持全麻术中血流动力学的稳定,减少并发症的发生.     

右美托咪定在全麻腹腔镜下胆囊切除术后抑制瑞芬太尼诱发痛觉过敏的半数有效量

目的 测定右美托咪定抑制瑞芬太尼诱发痛觉过敏的半数有效量（ED5o）.方法 择期全麻腹腔镜下行胆囊切除术患者40例,随机分为对照组（C组）及右美托咪定组（D组）.D组在麻醉诱导前15 min采用序贯法泵注右美托眯定,初始剂量为0.8 μg/kg,相邻剂量之差为0.1 μg/kg;C组在麻醉诱导前15 min泵注等容积的生理盐水.记录各组气管拔管后30 min的VAS评分及恶心呕吐发生率.采用概率单位法计算右美托咪定抑制瑞芬太尼诱发痛觉过敏的ED50及其95％可信区间.结果 D组的VAS评分及恶心呕吐发生率低于C组（P＜0.05）.经计算右美托咪定抑制瑞芬太尼诱发痛觉过敏的ED50是0.51 μg/kg,95％可信范围为0.32～0.66 μg/kg.结论 右美托咪定抑制瑞芬太尼诱发痛觉过敏的ED50是0.51 μg/kg.     

右美托咪定对颈椎手术摆体位过程中体感诱发电位监测的影响

目的 观察右美托咪定对颈椎手术摆体位过程中体感诱发电位（SEP）监测的影响。方法 选择全身麻醉下择期行颈椎手术的患者45例,随机分为D组（右美托咪定组）23例,C组（对照组）22例。2组患者使用丙泊酚4～6 mg/（kg·h）、瑞芬太尼12～30μg/（kg·h）持续泵入维持麻醉,其中D组诱导前持续泵注负荷剂量1μg/kg右美托咪定10 min后,术中持续泵注维持剂量0.4μg/（kg·h）的右美托咪定至术毕,C组采用相同剂量的生理盐水泵注至术毕。2组患者BIS值维持在35～60,记录2组患者清醒时（T₀）、负荷剂量泵注结束时（T₁）、麻醉诱导后（T₂）、插管后（T₃）、摆体位后（T₄）5个时间点SEP的波幅（N13～P15、N45～P37）、潜伏期（N13、P15、N45、P37）以及心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、体温（T）、脑电双频指数（BIS）值;记录2组患者术中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量,比较2组患者术前、术后第7天JOA评分。结果 2组患者比较N13～P15波幅差异无...     

滴鼻和静脉泵注右美托咪定对全麻插管期应激反应的影响

目的：比较经鼻滴入不同剂量右美托咪定和静脉泵注右美托咪定对全麻插管期应激反应的影响。方法选择80例择期行胃癌根治术的患者,随机分为四组,每组各20例。C组为盐水对照组;B组静脉泵注组,在麻醉诱导前10min内将0．5μg／kg右美托咪定泵入;D1组和D2组为经鼻滴注,分别于麻醉诱导前10min经鼻滴注右美托咪定0．5μg／kg和1μg／kg。记录三组患者：入室时（给予右美托咪定前）（T0）、气管插管前（T1）、气管插管毕即刻（T2）、切皮前（T3）各时点心率（HR）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血浆皮质醇（Cor）和血糖（Glu）浓度。结果在T2时刻 HR、SBP、DBP、MAP ,C组高于B组和D2组（ P＜0．05）;D1组高于D2组（ P＜0．05）,B组和D2组之间差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）;C组患者在切皮前（T3）Cor与Glu浓度高于B组、D2组（P＜0．05）;D1组在 T3时刻Cor与Glu浓度高于D2组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论经鼻滴注1μg ／kg右美托咪定与静脉泵注右美托咪定0．5μg／kg抑制气管插管的应激反应效果相似,而经鼻滴注避免了静脉给药的不良反应,更适于临床应用。     

右美托咪啶或丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼用于后腹腔镜手术效果比较

目的：比较右美托咪啶或丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼用于后腹腔镜手术效果。方法：将60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级后腹腔镜手术的患者随机分为2组,每组30例。D组予盐酸右美托咪啶负荷剂量0.5μg/（kg·h）静脉泵注10 min,术中继续泵注右美托咪啶0.3μg/（kg·h）,瑞芬太尼20μg/（kg·h）。 P 组予丙泊酚5 mg/（kg·h）静脉泵注10 min,术中继续以丙泊酚4 mg/（kg·h）,瑞芬太尼20μg/（kg·h）微泵维持。观察麻醉诱导前（T0）、气管插管后1 min（T1）、气腹后即刻（T2）、气腹后30 min（T3）、气腹结束时（T4）、拔管后即刻（T5）患者心率（heart rate,HR）、平均动脉压（mean arterial blood pressure,MAP）,苏醒时间、镇痛、镇静评分及唤醒期间的呛咳、躁动等相关不良反应。结果：二组比较T0、T5点HR、MAP 差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）;D组唤醒时间长于P组,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;镇痛评分效果D组明显优于P组（均P〈0.05）;苏醒时躁动、呛咳发生率P组高于D组（均P〈0.05）;拔管后D 组患者术后镇静优于P组（均P〈0.05）。结论：右美托咪啶联合瑞芬太尼用于后腹腔镜手术,效果优于丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼。     

应用 Bioz．com 系统评价全麻中右美托咪定和丙泊酚的血流动力学变化

目的：评价全麻过程中右美托咪定和丙泊酚在同等麻醉深度下无创血流动力学影响。方法：择期行甲状腺大部切除术患者64例,ASA分级或Ⅱ级。采用随机数据表法,分成两组（ n＝32）：右美托咪定组（ D组）和丙泊酚组（ C组）。 D组入手术室后给以阿托品0．5mg,咪唑4mg,右美托咪定1．0μg／kg负荷量10min内注完,芬太尼0．25mg,罗库溴铵50mg诱导插管,后右美托咪定0．5μg· kg－1· h－1麻醉维持。 C组给予丙泊酚100mg,其它相同诱导插管,后丙泊酚以靶质量浓度设定为4～5mg／L维持麻醉。两组术中均用顺阿曲库铵,瑞芬太尼麻醉维持,用Bioz．com 系统监测无创血流动力学, BIS40～50。于入室（ T1）,插管前（ T2）、后（ T3）,手术开始（ T4）,10min（ T5）、拔管前（ T6）、后（ T7）记录患者的心率（ HR）、平均动脉压（ MAP ）、心脏指数（ CI ）、每搏指数（ SI ）、外周循环阻力（ SVR ）。结果：在同等BIS水平,两组患者瑞芬太尼的剂量D组低于C组。 HR、MAP、SI、SVR不同麻醉方法不同麻醉时相变化趋势不同,除HR外,D组均比C组稳定（ P＜0．05）,CI不同麻醉时相变化趋势相同。结论：右美托咪定负荷量1．0μg／kg,0．5μg· kg－1· h－1用于全麻诱导和维持,具有镇静镇痛作用,抑制应激反应,血流动力学较稳定。     

右美托咪定辅助颈椎手术静脉全麻的临床观察

目的：观察右美托咪定辅助颈椎手术静脉全麻时丙泊酚用量和对术中血压、心率的影响。方法：选择40例行颈椎手术的颈椎受限患者,随机分成右美托咪定＋丙泊酚＋瑞芬太尼组（ D组,n＝20）和生理盐水＋丙泊酚＋瑞芬太尼组（ N组,n＝20）。 D组于诱导前10 min静脉泵注右美托咪啶1μg/kg,N组静脉泵注相同容量的生理盐水。术中以瑞芬太尼（血浆浓度,4 ng/mL）和丙泊酚（血浆浓度,据术中血压调节）靶控输注维持麻醉。结果：丙泊酚用量D组、N组分别为（1422.75±180.72）mg和（1902.50±151.64）mg,D组明显减少（P〈0.01）;瑞芬太尼用量D组、N组分别为（2617.60±144.68）μg和（2642.25±63.37）μg,两组无明显差异（P〉0.05）。术中最低MAP、切皮时、术中最低及术中最高HR,D组明显较低（P＆lt;0.05）。组内术前、切皮时和术中最高指标比较,两组MAP均无明显差异（ P〉0.05）,D组术前HR高于切皮时和最高HR,后两者间无明显差异。 N组最高HR大于术前、切皮时HR（P〈0.05）,后两者间无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论：右美托咪啶辅助颈椎手术静脉全麻显著减少丙泊酚用量,是有效、安全的静脉全麻的辅助用药。     

不同剂量右美托咪定复合丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼在无痛支气管镜检查中的效果

目的探讨不同剂量右美托咪定复合丙泊酚在无痛支气管镜检查中的使用效果。方法选择拟行无痛支气管镜检查的患者120例,采用随机数表法分为对照组、0.3滋g/kg右美托咪定复合丙泊酚组（D1组）、0.5滋g/kg右美托咪定复合丙泊酚组（D2组）和0.8滋g/kg右美托咪定复合丙泊酚组（D3组）,每组30例。对照组患者接受常规丙泊酚加瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉;观察组D1、D2、D3患者分别给予0.3、0.5、0.8滋g/kg负荷剂量的右美托咪复合丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉,观察并记录4组患者麻醉前（T1）、麻醉后（T2）、检查时（T3）、检查结束时（T4）、苏醒时（T5）各时点的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）情况,观察并记录丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量、麻醉起效时间、苏醒时间以及手术过程中体动、低血压、心动过缓、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生情况,术后随访纤维支气管镜操作的满意度。结果D1、D2、D3组患者各时点血流动力学均较对照组平稳（均P＜0.05）;D1、D2、D3组丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量、麻醉起效时间和苏醒时间显著低于对照组（均P＜0.05）,D2和D3组患者丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量明显低于D1组（均P＜0.05）;且D2组麻醉起效时间明显低于D1组（P＜0.05）,苏醒时间显著低于D3组（P＜0.05）;D1、D2、D3组患者检查过程中体动、低血压、心动过缓、呼吸抑制,以及术后躁动、寒战、恶性、呕吐等不良反应发生率均显著低于对照组（均P＜0.05）;且D2和D3组术后躁动、寒战、恶性、呕吐发生率明显低于D1组（P＜0.05）。D1、D2、D3组术后满意度明显高于对照组。结论不同剂量右美托咪定复合丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼应用于无痛支气管镜检查,可以使患者血流动力学保持稳定,减轻对呼吸循环系统的影响,减少丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量,缩短患者的苏醒时间,降低检查过程中不良反应发生率,提高检查过程中患者的安全性和舒适性,且0.5滋g/kg右美托咪定负荷剂量效果最优。     

应用右美托咪定联合芬太尼滴鼻功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术术后的临床效果

目的：观察右美托咪定联合芬太尼滴鼻在功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术（FESS ）术后的安全性和有效性。方法选择择期行FESS患者90例,ASA Ⅰ级,年龄18～50岁,分为3组,每组30例,术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼持续泵注。术毕填塞膨胀海绵时,N组经鼻滴入生理盐水2 mL ,D组经鼻滴入1μg／kg右美托咪定2 mL ,DF组经鼻滴入1μg／kg右美托咪定＋1μg／kg芬太尼共2 mL。记录拔管30 min Ramsay镇静评分,观察术后第1次镇痛药需求的时间和不良反应情况。结果3组患者拔管时间差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。N组Ramsay镇静评分为（1．5±0．6）分明显低于D组（3．3±0．7）分和DF组（3．2±0．8）分（P＜0．05）。D组第1次镇痛药需求时间为（120±19） min ,明显长于N组的（55±10） min ,但明显短于DF组的（256±60） min（P＜0．05）。与N组比,D和DF组术后恶心发生率下降（P＜0．05）,3组无一例发生呕吐、心动过缓、呼吸抑制及低血压。结论全身麻醉下行FESS患者术后应用右美托咪定联合芬太尼滴鼻可以减少拔管时心血管反应及术后恶心发生率,具有较好的术后镇痛效果和安全性。     

不同剂量右美托咪定预给药对瑞芬太尼致术后疼痛与痛觉过敏的影响

目的探讨不同剂量右美托咪定预给药对瑞芬太尼致术后疼痛与痛觉过敏的影响。方法随机选择全凭静脉全麻下腹部开腹手术及腹腔镜手术患者各80例,按右美托咪定使用剂量分为小剂量（0．2μg／kg）右美托咪定组（LDex组）、中剂量（0．6μg／kg）右美托咪定组（MDex组）和高剂量（1μg／kg）右美托咪定组（HDex组）及对照组各20例,对比各组瑞芬太尼用量、曲马多用量、机械性痛阈、VAS疼痛程度和Ramsay评分。结果开腹手术患者组的HDex组术后无需使用曲马多镇痛,腹腔镜手术组的MDex组和HDex组术后无需使用曲马多镇痛。开腹手术组和腹腔镜手术组机械性痛阈均与右美托咪定用量呈正相关（r=0．42、0．43,P〈0．05）,开腹手术高剂量（1μg／kg）右美托咪定拔管后24h基本恢复正常,腹腔镜手术中剂量（0．61xg／kg）右美托咪定拔管后24h基本恢复正常。开腹手术组和腹腔镜手术组疼痛程度评分均与右美托咪定用量呈负相关（r=-0．39、-0．41,P〈0．05）。结论右美托咪定在开腹或腹腔镜手术时预给药均能减轻瑞芬太尼致术后疼痛感觉和痛觉过敏,并存在剂量依赖效应,开腹手术所需给药剂量高于腹腔镜手术。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.