Iron, zinc and copper status in the elderly living in Warsaw district determined by hair analysis

The aim of this study was to assess the iron, zinc and copper status of elderly people using hair trace element levels determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The samples of hair were taken in May-June 1999 from 73 people aged 75-80 years (50 men and 23 women) living in Warsaw district. The mean content of iron was 17.32 +/- 12.38 micrograms/g dry weight, zinc 176.44 +/- 64.33 micrograms/g d.w. and copper 11.25 +/- 6.32 micrograms/g d.w. Although these values were in range of reference intervals almost 40% of population had iron and zinc level below them, and for copper the result was even worse (50% of the elderly people). No significant differences between trace element content in hair of male and female have been observed. However it has revealed a trend that female hair contained less iron and more zinc than male hair. The mean copper level was similar for both sexes. It has been found that subject who had not excluded any food products from their diets had higher hair iron contents than those with some dietetic restrictions.     

Macronutrient,Mineral, and Fatty Acid Composition of Canada Goose (Branta canadensis): An Important Traditional Food Resource of the Eastern James Bay Cree of Quebec

Female and male Canada geese were harvested in the Cree community of Wemindji, Québec in fall 1995 and spring 1996. Nutrient analyses (proximate composition, trace elements, fatty acids and heavy metals) were performed on several parts and preparation modes. Nutrient data for Canada goose (Branta canadensis) has not been previously reported, with the exception of iron. Fat content of Canada goose parts ranged from 3.55 to 26.4 g/100 g; protein content ranged from 25.0 to 44.3 g/100 g. Lung and liver samples contained high amounts of iron (44.2 and 49.2 mg/100 g, respectively). Heavy metals were found to be below levels of concern, with the exception of several samples containing high lead (>2 μg/g). Canada goose is a highly valued traditional food, providing important amounts of energy, protein, iron, zinc and copper.     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收法测定儿童头发中Cu、Zn、Ca、Fe的含量

目的探讨微波消解-火焰原子吸收法测定儿童头发中Cu、Zn、Ca、Fe的含量。方法采用微波消解技术,硝酸和过氧化氢彻底分解头发样品,消解后的样品用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定Cu、Zn、Ca、Fe的含量。结果用微波消解技术-火焰原子吸收法测定儿童头发中Cu、Zn、Ca、Fe,铜浓度在(0～1.0)μg/mL、锌浓度在(0～2.0)μg/mL,钙浓度在(0～20.0)μg/mL,铁浓度在(0～1.0)μg/mL,范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r均大于0.999,0.15≤RSD≤5.66,回收率均在90.0%~105%之间。结论该方法能够满足儿童头发中Cu、Zn、Ca、Fe的分析要求。     

Food consumption patterns of Canadian preschool children in relation to zinc and growth status

Hair and serum zinc and copper, growth percentiles, and dietary intakes, based on 3-day weighed food records, were determined for 106 Canadian preschool children (62 M, 44 F) aged 4-5 yr. Mean (+/- SD) hair zinc levels were (M) 103 +/- 35 micrograms/g vs (F) 129 +/- 34 micrograms/g, p less than 0.001, and median hair copper level was 12.4 micrograms/g (M + F). Mean serum zinc and copper were 111 +/- 13 micrograms/dL (M + F) and 122 +/- 21 micrograms/dL (M + F), respectively. Males with low hair zinc (less than 70 micrograms/g) had a lower mean height-for-age percentile (42 +/- 29 vs 58 +/- 25%, p less than 0.05), even when adjusted for midparent height. Males with hair zinc less than 70 micrograms/g and/or height-for-age less than 15% consumed less meat, poultry, and fish and received similar average zinc intakes but higher calcium intakes than males with hair zinc greater than or equal to 70 micrograms/g and/or height-for-age greater than or equal to 15%. Suboptimal zinc nutriture was associated with lower intakes of readily available zinc from flesh foods and higher intakes of calcium.     

Hair analysis of trace minerals in human subjects as influenced by age, sex, and contraceptive drugs

Eleven male and 16 female residents of Tucson, Arizona volunteered blood and hair samples and dietary information. Hair and blood samples were analyzed for zinc, copper, magnesium, and iron. Dietary records were calculated for the same. Female subjects had a higher mean hair zinc level than male subjects, but serum zinc was not different for the two groups and mean dietary zinc intake was greater for males. The only difference observed with age was a decrease in hair zinc level over 50 years of age. The taking of oral contraceptives resulted in mean hair copper level numerically decreased while serum copper increased. Mean hair zinc increased with contraceptive use and serum zinc decreased. Mean dietary intakes of copper and zinc were not different between nonpregnant control women and women taking oral contraceptives. For human subjects, mineral concentration of hair, serum, and diet do not correlate well, emphasizing that influencing factors and must be considered in interpreting hair analysis results.     

Zinc and iron nutrition in Chilean children fed fortified milk provided by the Complementary National Food Program

OBJECTIVE: Chilean infants are at risk for isolated zinc and iron deficiencies because of a low consumption of animal products in low socioeconomic sectors. In 1999, the National Complementary Food Program of Chile manufactured a new milk (2 kg of powdered milk/mo) fortified with iron (Fe; 10 mg/L), zinc (Zn; 5 mg/L), and copper (0.5 mg/L) to be provided to infants until age 18 mo and to pregnant women. We analyzed the nutrition status of zinc and iron at age 18 mo in infants who consumed the fortified cow's milk. METHODS: Forty-two healthy male children with normal growth and from lower socioeconomic groups were studied. A nutrition survey was conducted; blood and hair samples for Zn in plasma and hair, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin were obtained. RESULTS: Mean intakes were: energy, 106 +/- 27 kcal. kg(-1). d(-1); protein, 3.8 +/- 1.1 g. kg(-1). d(-1); Zn, 5.2 +/- 1.9 g/d (0.98 mg Zn/MJ; 68% of World Health Organization recommendations); Fe, 11.2 +/- 5.5 mg/d; and dietary fiber, 9.8 +/- 3.9 g/d. Plasma Zn in 54.8% of children was no greater than 12.3 microM/L; 36% had hair Zn level no greater than 1.23 microM/g and 39% had serum ferritin levels no greater than 10 microg/dL (12% were anemic). Hair Zn was correlated to socioeconomic level (Spearman's rank correlation, r = -0.53; P < 0.001) and plasma Zn was correlated to the z weight/length (r = 0.47; P < 0.05), subscapular skinfold (r = 0.46; P < 0.05), and Zn intake (r = 0.46; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The fortified powdered cow's milk provided to infants until age 18 mo by the Complementary Food Program in Chile favorably affects the Fe status of these children, but possibly not the Zn nutrition; we suggest re-evaluation of the levels of Zn fortification.     

Assessment of zinc and copper contents in the hair as the test of environmental pollution of Gliwice

This work presents the zinc and copper content in the hair measured by the flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS). Prior to the FAAS analysis mineralized samples in HNO3+H2O2 (2:1 v/v) solution using microwave technique. Early, all samples washed with water-acetone-water, because grease and dust on the surface of hair may contribute of the element concentrations of hair. Hair samples were collected from people who were not exposed to the contact with copper or zinc. The influence of the variable place of residence, age, sex, was also examined. The mean content of copper was 11.51 +/- 1.27 mg/g dry weight and zinc 146.32 +/- 14.93 mg/g dry weight. The places of residence sex and age were variables that significantly affected copper and zinc concentrations. Men's had more copper and zinc in their hair than women's, whereas hair zinc and copper levels were significantly correlated with the place of the residence and age. The methods were free from interferences, reliable and reproducible. For all metals present in real samples, precision was better than 0.4% (RSD).     

Developmental changes in composition of cats milk: trace elements, minerals, protein, carbohydrate and fat

The concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, magnesium, protein, carbohydrate and fat were analyzed in cats' milk during the course of lactation. Cats' milk is different from most species in that the concentrations of iron, copper, zinc and manganese are lower during the first 2 days of lactation than on days 3-7. After the initial rise in the concentration of these elements, the concentration of iron decreased from 5.9 micrograms/ml to 3.0 micrograms/ml, with most of the decrease occurring between days 8 and 21. Copper concentration declined from 1.6 micrograms/ml to 0.8 microgram/ml, with most of the change occurring between days 8 and 28. Concentration of manganese increased during lactation, from 0.14 microgram/ml of 0.39 microgram/ml. Calcium concentration increased rapidly during the first 3 weeks from 550 micrograms/ml to 1500 micrograms/ml, with little change thereafter. The magnesium concentration (congruent to 100 micrograms/ml) and zinc concentration (congruent 6 micrograms/ml) were not affected by stage of lactation. Protein increased during lactation from 4% to 7%, and fat from 3% to 5%, whereas carbohydrate concentration (congruent 4%) did not change significantly. These data demonstrate that the nutrient intake of the kitten changes markedly during the early neonatal period and that these changes should be taken into account in evaluating studies of suckling cats.     

Comparison of serum levels of iron, zinc and copper in anaemic and non-anaemic pregnant women in China

Zinc and copper deficiency is associated with anaemia or iron deficiency and affects fetus growth and pregnant women during pregnancy. To examine iron, zinc and copper status of Chinese pregnant women with and without anaemia in the third trimester, 1185 subjects were enrolled for measurements of Hb, ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and serum iron, zinc and copper. The results showed that there were lower levels of ferritin (14.1 microg/L) and transferrin (3.33 g/L) in subjects with Hbor=101 g/L. sTfR levels in subjects with Hbor=120 g/L (38.5 nmol/L vs. 25.04 nmol/L, P<0.001). Serum iron was lower in subjects with Hbor=120 g/L (871 microg/L vs. 990 microg/L, P<0.01). Lower levels of serum iron and zinc were also found in anaemic (Hb<110 g/L) as compared with non-anaemic women (Hb>or=110 g/L). Frequencies of marginal deficiencies in serum iron and zinc were 41.58% and 51.05% respectively higher in anaemic than in non-anaemic subjects. Distribution of serum zinc and iron showed a decreasing trend as Hb decreased. Few anaemic as well as non-anaemic subjects had copper deficiency although copper and Hb levels were found inversely correlated and the ratio of copper/iron was higher in anaemic than in non-anaemic group. In conclusion, a lower level of serum zinc in anaemic pregnant women might be related to anaemia and iron deficiency during pregnancy. Therefore, combined zinc and iron supplementation should be recommended to Chinese pregnant women, especially those with anaemia.     

The prevalence of low serum zinc and copper levels and dietary habits associated with serum zinc and copper in 12- to 36-month-old children from low-income families at risk for iron deficiency

OBJECTIVE: Iron and zinc share common food sources, and children at risk of iron deficiency may also develop zinc deficiency. We determined the prevalence of zinc and copper deficiency and examined factors associated with serum zinc and copper in young children from low-income families at risk of iron deficiency. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study design was used to assess serum zinc and copper, along with an interview-assisted survey to assess factors associated with serum zinc and copper in a convenience sample. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Participants were 435 children aged 12 to 36 months recruited from select clinics of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children in Contra Costa and Tulare Counties, California. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Frequencies were used to report prevalence. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine factors associated with serum zinc and copper, controlling for age, sex, and ethnicity. RESULTS: The prevalence of low serum zinc level (<70 microg/dL [<10.7 micromol/L]) was 42.8%, and low serum copper level (<90 microg/dL [<14.2 micromol/L]) was <1%. Mean+/-standard deviation of serum copper was 150+/-22 microg/dL (23.6+/-3.5 micromol/L) and 140+/-24 microg/dL (22.1+/-3.8 micromol/L) for anemic and non-anemic children, respectively (t test, P=0.026). In multiple linear regression consumption of sweetened beverages was negatively associated with serum zinc level, and consumption of >15 g/day meat was positively associated with serum zinc level, whereas current consumption of breast milk and >15 g/day beans were positively associated with serum copper level. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of low serum zinc concentration in the sample was high, and warrants further investigation amongst vulnerable populations.     

Nutritional assessment of a group of Japanese elementary school children in Tokyo: with special emphasis on growth, anemia, and obesity.

Anthropometric data, nutrient intake data, and blood biochemical parameters were analyzed for 66 elementary school children living in Tokyo, Japan, and their nutritional status was evaluated focusing on three problems: (1) zinc nutriture and growth, (2) anemia with iron deficiency, and (3) lipid nutriture and obesity. The subjects' mean energy and protein intakes met the recommended levels for Japanese children. However, their zinc intake levels were inadequate at 7.2, 8.3, and 8.5 mg in grades 2 (mean age: 8 yr), 4 (10 yr), and 6 (12 yr), respectively. Mean serum zinc concentration was 0.82 +/- 0.15 microgram/ml; the percentages of subjects who showed serum zinc concentration lower than 0.68 microgram/ml, the lower limit of the normal serum zinc concentration, were 28.6, 15.4, and 5.0% in grades 2, 4, and 6, respectively. These serum zinc concentrations indicated the existence of marginal zinc deficiency in some children, particularly in grade 2, though it was not severe enough to retard growth. Their iron intake levels (8.2, 10.2, and 10.2 mg for grades 2, 4, and 6, respectively) in combination with the proportion of iron intake from animal foods (37%) were judged to be adequate because no children showed serum ferritin, serum iron, or transferrin saturation levels lower than the criteria levels recommended for iron deficiency. Moreover, no definitely anemic children were found. Daily lipid intakes were 65.7, 74.5, and 78.3 g in grades 2, 4, and 6, respectively, and the mean percentage of energy intake from lipid to total energy intake, 32%, exceeded the level recommended. Mean serum total cholesterol concentrations and the percentage of subjects with elevated cholesterol levels (greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl) were high compared with the reported values. Means of the body mass index (BMI) and Rohrer Index (RI) for the subjects were slightly higher than Japanese standards. With these parameters for obesity, triglycerides and atherogenic index were positively correlated and HDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol percentage to total cholesterol were negatively correlated.     

500例城市学前儿童血清钙锌铜铁含量调查

目的 :测定城市学前儿童血清钙、铁、锌、铜的含量以便了解必需元素的营养水平。方法 :采用化学比色法 ,在日立 71 70全自动生化分析仪上测定。结果 :钙、锌、铜、铁的含量分别为2 .38± 0 .1 5 mmol/L、1 5 .86± 3.2 4、1 5 .2 0± 4.5 6、1 7.73± 4.1 1 μmol/L;大多数结果均在正常参考范围内 ( x± 2 s)。轻度缺乏的比例分别为 4.4%、1 .6%、0 %、5 .6%。结论 :大多数城市学前儿童血清中钙、锌、铜、铁的水平正常 ,仅有很少数儿童血清中钙、锌、铁轻度缺乏     

火焰原子吸收法测定儿童头发中锌铁钙镁铜

目的 探讨博爱县儿童头发中锌、铁、钙、镁、铜含量的正常值范围.方法 检验方法原子吸收法择最佳的仪器条件和测定条件,进行锌、铁、钙、镁、铜含量的测定;检查方法普查.结果 3～6岁的头发中锌含量是90～110μ g/g,铁含量是25～30μg/g,钙含量是450～1000μg/g,镁含量是30～100μg/g,铜含量是9～30μg/g;7～12岁的头发中锌含量是110～200μg/g,铁含量是25～60μg/g,钙含量是550～1500 μg/g,镁含量是40～150μ/g,铜含量是9～30μg/g.该检验法线性关系好,相关系数在0.9996～0.9999之间.精密度高,变异系数为0.242～2.07％之间.准确度高,回收率达到88.5～99.3％.结论 应用吸收火焰原子法测定儿童头发中锌、铁、钙、镁、铜含量,操作简单、快速、干扰少,结果准确、可靠.     

Effect of family size and income on the biochemical indices of urban school children of Bangladesh.

The relationship between family size and income and the biochemical indices of 242 children (aged from 5 to 12 years) from five schools in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, was investigated. Socio-economic data were collected by questionnaire and blood samples were drawn by visiting each school on a prefixed date. Mean levels of all measures, except for serum zinc, fell within the normal range. Older boys, but not girls (10-12 years of age) had statistically significantly higher haemoglobin, serum protein and serum vitamin A levels compared with those of the younger boys (5-9 years of age). The children were divided into three family size groups (small, up to 4 members; medium, 5-7 members; and large, 8 or more) to investigate the effect of family size on the biochemical data. The children from smaller families showed significantly higher levels of haemoglobin and serum vitamin A compared with the children from large families. For serum protein, copper and zinc, there was no statistically significant difference between the children of different family size groups. To analyse the effect of family income, children were divided into three income groups (low, up to taka 2000; medium, taka 2001-4500; and high, 4501 or more). The children from the low family income group had significantly lower serum protein (7.5 g/100 ml) and haemoglobin (13.4 g/100 ml) levels compared with those of the children from the high family income group (for protein, 7.7 g/100 ml and haemoglobin, 14.1 g/100 ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

云南大红山铜矿区成年居民铜、铁、锌血清水平和膳食摄入量

目的 了解云南大红山铜矿成年居民铜、铁、锌的血清水平和膳食摄入量.方法 在大红山矿区随机抽取180名成年居民,采用原子吸收分光光度法检测血清铜、铁、锌水平.从180人中随机抽取60人,采刚化学分析法调查膳食铜、铁、锌摄入量.结果 171人的血清铜、铁、锌水平分别为（0.90±0.18）、（1.25±0.93）、（0.75±0.28）mg/L,血清铜和铁呈显著负相关（r=-0.26,P＜0.001）.血清铜与年龄呈显著正相关（r=0.25,P＜0.001）,女性血清铜水平明显高于男性（P=0.011）.60人的膳食铜、铁、锌摄入量分别为（1.74±1.09）、（16.29±10.73）、（7.56±3.38）mg/d,女性均明显低于男性（P＜0.05）.血清铜、铁、锌水平和膳食摄入量均存在地区差异.结论 云南大红山矿区成年居民血清铜、铁水平均正常,血清锌水平偏低.铜、铁、锌的膳食摄入量均未超过可耐受最高摄人量,且部分人摄入量偏低.     

Serum and liver concentrations of vitamin A in Thai fetuses as a function of gestational age.

Serum and liver vitamin A values were determined in 26 male and 20 female Thai fetuses varying in gestational age from 13 weeks to term. In general pregnancies were of healthy young women from the Bangkok area. The median, mean and range of fetal serum retinol values (+/- SE) were 25.8, 30.7 +/- 3.0, and 1.9 to 109.6 microgram/100 ml, and of liver values were 16.4, 19.4 +/- 2.2, and 1.1 to 51.6 microgram retinol per gram of liver. Median and mean serum and liver values were about 10% higher in males than in females, but not significantly so. Serum retinol concentrations neither correlated with liver concentrations, except below 5 microgram/g, nor served as a valid indicator of total liver stores of vitamin A. Serum retinol values declined slowly with gestational age to term, whereas liver vitamin A concentrations tended to increase until the 28th week and then to fall until term. Whereas the liver to body weight ratio remained essentially constant (0.0425 +/- 0.003, P less than 0.0001) during the gestational period, vitamin A concentrations in both serum and liver showed marked variability.     

Abnormal cellular immune responses during acquired zinc deficiency.

The cellular immune response of a 17-year-old decerebrate male with acquired zinc deficiency was studied. He had been fed a commercial formula which contained 7.6 mg zinc per kilogram. His caloric intake had been inadequate as judged by his cachexia. A detailed pretreatment nutritional assessment (five separate observations) which included total serum protein and globulins, albumin, folate, vitamins A, B2, C, ceruloplasmin, and plasma zinc, copper, iron, and total iron binding capacity revealed that the patient was deficient only in zinc and calories. His plasma zinc was 41 +/- 5 microgram/d1 compared with our laboratory norm of 89 +/- 9 microgram/d1 for young adult males. Cellular immunity was assessed by delayed skin reactivity to dinitrochlorobenzene and by in vitro lymphocyte transformation studies. Before zinc therapy the patient rendered a negative skin reaction to dinitrochlorobenzene, and the ability of his lymphocytes to undergo blast transformation in response to mitogen stimulation was significantly depressed with a stimulation index of 4.7 +/- 0.8 as compared with 139.1 +/- 77.3 for controls. Within 3 weeks after zinc therapy (22.7 mg zinc per day) he demonstrated a positive delayed skin reaction to dinitrochlorobenzene and a normal lymphocyte response stimulation index = 205.5 +/- 42.6 versus 199.3 +/- 58.2 for control). In addition, a pretreatment facial seborrhea and a decubitus ulcer rapidly healed.     

Zinc and copper status in children with bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis

The study comprised 40 children of both sexes aged from 2 to 12 years, 22 suffering from bronchial asthma and 18 suffering from atopic dermatitis. Twenty healthy children of comparable age and sex to the patients were studied as controls. All the children were subjected to full history including dietetic questionnaire, thorough examination, and to estimation of serum IgE, serum ceruloplasmin, and zinc and copper levels in both serum and hairs. The mean concentrations of zinc in serum and hairs were respectively 70.3 +/- 13.2 micrograms/100 ml and 167.5 +/- 23.0 micrograms/gm in asthmatic cases and 65.9 +/- 11.7 micrograms/100 ml and 164.8 +/- 23.6 micrograms/gm in those with atopic dermatitis. These levels were significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased in comparison to the control values (88.4 +/- 11.0 micrograms/100 ml and 194.5 +/- 18.6 micrograms/gm). On the other hand, a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in serum and hairs copper was demonstrated in both allergic groups compared to the controls. Mean copper values were respectively 79.5 +/- 8.06 micrograms/100 ml and 18.7 +/- 1.9 micrograms/gm in the asthmatic cases and 81.4 +/- 8.4 micrograms/100 ml and 17.8 +/- 2.08 micrograms/gm in cases with atopic dermatitis. The control mean concentrations were 67.95 +/- 6.37 micrograms/100 ml and 14.5 +/- 2.53 micrograms/gm respectively. Significant (p less than 0.001) higher levels of serum ceruloplasmin were observed in the allergic patients compared to the controls and were correlated with the hypercupremia. The results were discussed and a good dietetic intake of high biological value protein and zinc supplement was recommended to these patients in order to correct their disturbances especially the hypozincemia which could lead to exaggeration of their allergic conditions. The field of trace elements metabolism has grown rapidly over the past few years, particularly after the development of novel techniques as the atomic absorption spectrophotometry which had allowed the reliable measurements of several trace elements in tissues and so had opened a new field for many researches (Henkin, 1976). Zinc and copper are involved in cell and tissue growth. Zinc plays an important role in DNA and protein synthesis and is intimately involved with copper as cofactors in several important enzyme systems. The effects of many pathological conditions as congestive heart failure, pneumonia, rheumatic heart diseases, bronchitis, recurrent infection, hemolytic anemia, psoriasis, and malnutrition on the levels of serum zinc, copper, and other trace elements have been of interest to investigators for a number of years (Sinha and Gabrieli, 1970; David et al., 1984).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

学龄前儿童膳食营养素摄入与头发微量元素的相关性分析

目的 研究南宁市3~6岁学龄前儿童膳食营养素摄入对头发部分微量元素含量的影响,为今后评估幼儿营养状况及指导学龄前儿童合理膳食提供依据。 方法 于2016年12月对南宁市3所幼儿园201名3~6岁学龄前儿童进行营养调查,并测定幼儿头发中铜、锌、铁、钙、镁的含量。 结果 201名学龄前儿童头发中铜、铁、钙、镁和锌含量分别为(19.48±7.80)μg/g、(28.04±15.36)μg/g、(419.18±175.48)μg/g、(33.48±18.52)μg/g和(151.12±57.10)μg/g,不同性别学龄前儿童头发中铜、锌、铁、钙和镁含量差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同年龄学龄前儿童头发中铜含量存在差异(P<0.05)。膳食中的蛋白质、碳水化合物、硫胺素、尼克酸、维生素E、磷、镁、铁、锌、锰与发铜含量呈正相关(P<0.05),胡萝卜素、锰与发镁含量呈正相关,脂肪与发镁含量呈负相关(P<0.05),能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、胡萝卜素、尼克酸、维生素E、镁、铁、锌、锰与发锌呈正相关(P<0.05),脂肪、维生素C与发钙含量呈负相关(P<0.05)。 结论 膳食摄入的营养成分与3~6岁学龄前儿童头发中的微量元素存在一定相关性,头发中微量元素铜和锌易受多种膳食营养成分的影响。     

On the content of arsenic, lead, copper, zinc, tin and iron in bottled fruit, strained fruit pulp and bottled jam produced in Poland

One hundred and fifty-three samples of bottled fruit, strained fruit pulps and jams contained in glass jars were analysed for heavy metals. All arsenic concentrations were less than the limit of detection of 0.04 mg/kg as were all tin concentrations for which the limit of detection was 8 mg/kg. The concentrations of the lead were all below 0.2 mg/kg for bottled fruit and 0.3 mg/kg for stained pulps and jams. In bottled fruit 98% of samples contained less than 3 mg/kg of copper, 98% less than 5 mg/kg of zinc and 97% less than 10 mg/kg of iron. In strained pulps all samples contained less than 2 mg/kg of copper and less than 5 mg/kg of zinc, 41% of samples contained less than 20 mg/kg of iron. In jams all samples contained less than 2 mg/kg of copper and less than 5 mg/kg of zinc, 96% samples contained less than 20 mg/kg of iron.