Simultaneous late stent thrombosis in two coronary arteries following drug-eluting stent implantation

Late stent thrombosis has emerged as an infrequent but serious complication of drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Premature cessation of dual antiplatelet therapy is the most common risk factor for its occurrence. In the era of multivessel stenting with DES, there is a potential for multivessel late stent thrombosis following cessation of dual antiplatelet therapy. We present a rare case of a patient who sustained simultaneous late stent thromboses in DESs implanted in two coronary arteries as a result of premature cessation of dual antiplatelet therapy.     

Kounis syndrome and simultaneous multivessel acute coronary syndromes after successful drug-eluting stent implantation

The success of ICA to separate the independent components from the mixture depends on the properties of the electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. This paper discusses some of the conditions of independent component analysis (ICA) that could affect the reliability of the separation and evaluation of issues related to the properties of the signals and number of sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) scatter plots are plotted to indicate the diagnostic features in the presence and absence of base-line wander in interpreting the ECG signals. In this analysis, a newly developed statistical algorithm by authors, based on the use of combined PCA–ICA for two correlated channels of 12-channel ECG data is proposed. ICA technique has been successfully implemented in identifying and removal of noise and artifacts from ECG signals. Cleaned ECG signals are obtained using statistical measures like kurtosis and variance of variance after ICA processing. This analysis also paper deals with the detection of QRS complexes in electrocardiograms using combined PCA–ICA algorithm. The efficacy of the combined PCA–ICA algorithm lies in the fact that the location of the R-peaks is bounded from above and below by the location of the cross-over points, hence none of the peaks are ignored or missed.     

药物洗脱支架年代支架内血栓再评估

药物洗脱支架(DES)的应用,显著降低冠心病介入治疗术后的再狭窄发生率,并改善了患者的预后.本文对DES治疗的安全性与效价比、持续性、有效性等进行评估,针对现有DES可能面临的安全性顾虑,提出应进一步改进现有DES的方向,积极开发第二代DES,提高和完善冠心病介入治疗的效果.     

Recurrent very late drug-eluting stent thrombosis

In-stent thrombosis is a severe and potentially fatal event. The incidence of this pathological process does not differ significantly after implantation of either bare metal or drug-eluting stents (DESs) in the first month after intervention, but stent thrombosis (ST) continues to occur over a long period of time after implantation of DESs, a phenomenon known as late and very late ST. Multiple predictors of late ST have been identified, and among others, patient's adherence to medical therapy as well as an optimal interventional technique of stent implantation emerge as crucial variables. Scarce data is available about the occurrence of recurrent very late ST. We report three cases of recurrent very late thrombosis of first generation DESs in middle-aged patients with different degrees of coronary artery disease, presenting with acute myocardial infarction.     

老年急性冠脉综合征患者药物洗脱支架内亚急性血栓原因分析

目的分析老年急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者在经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗后药物洗脱支架内发生亚急性血栓的原因。方法本研究所自2004年1月至2008年1月在行PCI治疗的464例老年ACs患者,记录发生亚急性血栓形成患者的一般情况、冠脉病变特点、PCI治疗情况及抗血小板药物治疗情况,分析其发生亚急性血栓形成的原因。结果在连续464例接受药物洗脱支架治疗的老年ACS患者中,有3例患者（0．65％）在PCI治疗后1周内发生了经冠脉造影证实的支架内亚急性血栓。分析其主要相关因素有：靶病变钙化、病变复杂、多支架植入、无高压后扩张、无血管内超声或光学相干断层成像指导,这些因素的共同特征是都可以导致支架贴壁不良。3例患者中有2例在急诊PCI时死亡,1例经急诊PCI治疗后康复出院。结论老年ACS患者行PCI治疗后发生亚急性血栓的原因可能主要与术中支架的贴壁不良密切相关。     

Late stent thrombosis thirteen months after drug-eluting stent implantation

We present a case of a very late stent thrombosis which occurred 13 months after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. The DES was off-label used in a high-risk patient and was followed by 12-month clopidogrel administration. One month after the drug discontinuation the stent thrombosis occurred, resulting in acute myocardial infarction. The patient was successfully treated with balloon coronary angioplasty and was advised to use clopidogrel indefinitely.     

药物涂层支架内血栓形成特点分析

目的 探讨冠状动脉造影证实的药物涂层支架(DES)内血栓形成患者的临床特点.方法 回顾性收集我中心2005年3月至2009年3月冠状动脉造影证实的支架内血栓形成患者的临床情况、造影结果、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)过程、抗血小板治疗等资料,分析支架内血栓形成特点和治疗及预后情况.结果 20例冠状动脉造影证实的支架血栓形成患者,发生率为 1.03%(20/1946),均表现为ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI),所有患者均为DES[其中18例(90.0%)为西罗莫司及其衍生物涂层支架(SES),2例(10.0%)为紫杉醇涂层支架(PES)].10例(50.0%)为亚急性支架血栓形成,1例(5.0%)为晚期支架血栓形成,9例(45.0%)为极晚期ST;3例(15.0%)再次发生支架血栓形成,1例(5.0%)2支血管同时发生支架血栓形成.所有患者均接受正规的氯吡格雷+阿司匹林抗血小板治疗1年,9例(45.0%)极晚期支架血栓形成均在停用氯吡格雷后发生.12例(60.0%)患者为长支架(支架长度≥30 mm)置入,其中8例(40.0%)患者为串联支架置入;10例(50.0%)亚急性支架血栓形成患者再次PCI时均接受球囊扩张,1例(5.0%)晚期支架血栓形成患者也接受球囊扩张,9例(45.0%)极晚期支架血栓形成患者再次PCI时,5例(25.0%)患者只接受球囊扩张;随访结果显示,2例(10.0%)患者院内死亡,1例(5.0%)患者因反复支架内血栓形成而接受冠状动脉旁路移植术.结论 支架内血栓形成少见,支架内血栓形成常导致STEMI;支架血栓形成与长支架置入和急诊PCI治疗有关;多数支架内血栓形成可通过球囊扩张治疗;某些患者存在多支血管同时、多次发生支架血栓形成的风险.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of angiographically confirmed drug-eluting stent thrombosis (ST). Methods All the angiographically confirmed ST was enrolled in the study from March 2005 to March 2009. Clinical data, angiographic outcomes, procedures of PCI, and anti-platelet treatment of ST were retrospectively collected. Results Total 20 cases of ST included 18 cases (90.0%) of sirolimus and derives eluting stents and 2 cases (10.0%) of paclitaxel eluting stent. Ten (50.0%) stent thromboses were subacute, 1 (5.0%) were late, and 9 (45.0%) were very late. ST reoccurred in 3 cases and occurred simultaneously in two arteries in 1 case. All the cases presented with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). ST occurred in 16 cases after emergency PCI and 4 cases after selective PCI. Nine late stent thrombosis occurred after clopidogrel cessation. Long stents (stent length ≥ 30 mm) were implanted in 12 cases (60.0%), of which overlap stents were implanted in 8 cases (40.0%).Balloon angioplasty was used in 16 cases (80.0%). The 2 patients died from STEMI during hospitalization and 1 patient accepted coronary artery bypass graft for repetitive ST. Conclusions Angiographically confirmed ST appears rarely, but most frequent ST presents with STEMI. ST is related with long stent implantation and emergency PCI. Balloon angioplasty is frequently used for ST. Some patients have the risk of multiple arteries and repetitive ST.     

金属裸支架内迟发晚期血栓介入治疗后再发支架内血栓一例

患者男,63岁.2000年2月1日因胸闷胸痛5 h至我院急诊,心电图示V1～V3呈rS型伴sT段抬高0.2 mV,拟诊"急性前壁心肌梗死"行急诊冠状动脉造影,术中见前降支近段完全闭塞,2.5 mm×20.0 mm球囊607.95 kPa(6个大气压)扩张20 s后置入3.5 mm×15.0 mm金属裸支架,1013.25 kPa(10个大气压)扩张15 s,复查造影完全覆盖病变,无残余狭窄,远段血流TIMI 3级;术中曾发生含碘造影剂过敏反应,静脉推注地塞米松后症状消失.     

药物洗脱支架血栓形成并发急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的预后研究

目的 分析药物洗脱支架(DES)血栓形成引起急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的临床和直接冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)特征及预后.方法 31例因DES血栓形成引起STEMI(ST组)和93例由原发冠状动脉病变所致STEMI患者(对照组)接受直接PCI治疗.记录各例临床和PCI特征及1年随访结果.研究主要终点为院内及1年累积主要心脏不良事件(MACE),包括死亡、非致命性再梗死及靶血管再次血运重建(TVR).结果 与对照组比较,ST组年龄较大(69.9±11.4岁比63.7±13.6岁,P=0.01),糖尿病(41.9%比22.6%,P=0.04)和既往心肌梗死史(29.0%比11.8%,P=0.02)明显增多;直接PCI后冠状动脉TIMI 3级血流显著降低(45.2%比92.5%,P＜0.001).ST组院内死亡率(16.1%比3.2%,P=0.01)和MACE发生率(25.8%比7.5%,P:0.007)显著增高,术后1年总生存率及无MACE生存率显著降低(分别为77.4%比92.5%,P=0.016;59.4%比85.1%,P=0.001).结论 DES血栓形成引起STEMI患者即使接受直接PCI治疗,其院内死亡及MACE发生率仍显著高于由原发冠状动脉病变所致的心肌梗死患者.     

Intravascular ultrasound parameters associated with stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent deployment

Drug-eluting stent (DES) thrombosis (ST) can be devastating. The study aim was to evaluate intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) predictors for DES thrombosis by comparing IVUS studies after implantation in 13 patients with 14 DES thrombosis lesions with a group of controls (30 lesions in 27 patients) matched for history of chronic renal failure and type of DES. Five patients (38%) discontinued dual antiplatelet therapy at the time of ST. There were 3 in-stent restenosis lesions (21%) treated using DESs in the ST group compared with 0 in the control group (p <0.05). Compared with the control group, IVUS studies in the ST group showed a smaller minimum stent area (4.6 +/- 1.1 vs 5.6 +/- 1.7 mm(2), p = 0.0489). In the ST group, 11 of 14 stents had a minimum stent area < or =5.0 mm(2) compared with 12 of 30 in the control group (p = 0.0392). Minimum stent area in patients who stopped clopidogrel therapy and developed ST (5.30 +/- 1.15 mm(2)) tended to be larger compared with that in patients who developed ST while using clopidogrel (4.24 +/- 0.96 mm(2), p = 0.091). Within the 5-mm-long proximal and distal reference segments analyzed, the ST group had larger proximal reference maximum plaque burdens and smaller minimum lumen areas, along with a tendency toward similar findings in the distal reference segments. In conclusion, IVUS findings at the time of DES implantation in patients who subsequently developed ST showed a smaller minimum stent area (especially in patients who developed ST while using clopidogrel) and more residual disease at the stent edges.     

中国多中心药物洗脱支架急性或亚急性血栓的调查

目的调查国内药物洗脱支架的急性或亚急性血栓发生率,与金属裸支架相比,评价其安全性。方法收集国内84个心脏介入中心近两年的经皮冠状动脉介入治疗资料和血栓病例,并汇总分析。结果支架术总例数为31412例,其中药物洗脱支架置入术占32.7%,金属裸支架置入术占67.3%。二者的血栓发生率分别为0.77%和0.75%。结论药物洗脱支架的安全性与金属裸支架相似。