小儿脾脏占位性病变的诊治

目的 总结小儿脾脏占位性病变的临床特点。方法 复习6例脾脏占位性病变患儿的临床资料及有关文献，分析其年龄特点、临床特征和诊治要点。结果 6例小儿脾脏占位性病变，其中良性肿瘤和囊肿各占一半，分别以血管瘤和真性囊肿为多发。平均年龄11岁，以男性儿童多见。患儿均手术治疗，其中脾脏切除术5例、脾脏部分切除术1例。术后恢复顺利。结论 影像学检查是诊断小儿脾脏占位性病变的主要手段，对不同类型的占位性病变需采用相应的治疗方法。     

小儿胃部占位性病变的诊治分析

目的本研究回顾分析本院收治的胃部占位性病变患儿的临床资料,探讨胃占位性病变的诊断和治疗方法。方法 2000年1月至2015年4月间本院收治胃部占位性病变患儿13例,其中男性9例,女性4例;中位年龄为2岁6个月。术前所有患儿行超声和CT检查,7例行上消化道造影,6例行胃镜检查。8例直接行开腹手术,4例行腹腔镜探查后转开腹手术,1例腹腔镜探查证实为胃前壁肿物后行腹腔镜下胃壁肿物切除术。除1例患儿放弃治疗以外,其余12例患儿均获得门诊随访,随访时行超声检查,并评估患儿生长发育情况。结果术后病理检查证实胃重复畸形5例,胃不成熟畸胎瘤3例,胃炎性纤维母细胞瘤2例,胃脂肪瘤1例,胃间质瘤1例,胃平滑肌肉瘤1例。手术方法:5例行包括肿瘤在内的胃壁部分切除+胃修补术,1例行腹腔镜下胃壁肿瘤剔除术,1例行胃贲门食管下段肿物活检术,1例行腹腔镜探查+毕Ⅰ式胃大部切除手术,胃重复畸形2例行重复胃壁切开+黏膜剥除术,2例行腹腔镜探查+胃壁囊肿切除术,1例行腹腔镜探查+胃壁囊肿切除+胃壁修补术。所有患儿平均随访时间3.8年。毕Ⅰ式胃大部分切除的患儿术后3个月体重减轻,之后生长发育与同龄儿童无异;其余患儿随访期间生长发育正常,身高、体重与同龄儿童相比无明显差异。结论影像学检查对小儿胃占位性病变的术前诊断有重要价值。手术切除是胃占位性病变的主要治疗方式,同时它还可以在影像学诊断不明时起鉴别诊断作用。部分胃壁切除和毕I式手术对患儿远期生长发育无明显影响。     

儿童脾脏肿瘤的临床特点及预后分析

目的探讨儿童脾脏肿瘤的临床特点、治疗策略及预后。方法回顾性分析湖南省儿童医院普外科2010年1月至2019年12月收治的24例脾脏肿瘤患儿的临床资料,其中男童14例,女童10例;中位年龄7岁2个月。结果24例中良性肿瘤20例,恶性肿瘤4例。20例良性肿瘤中行脾脏切除及大网膜自体脾片移植术4例,行腹腔镜下脾脏部分切除术8例,行开腹脾脏切除术4例,行脾脏囊肿开窗引流+囊肿去顶毁底术1例,脾脏血管瘤行介入栓塞治疗3例;4例脾脏恶性肿瘤均行手术和化疗治疗,手术方式为脾脏切除、转移病灶切除联合脾门淋巴结清扫及输液港植入(3例)以备术后化疗。脾脏良性肿瘤随访至今预后良好;脾脏恶性肿瘤随访时间最长至2019年6月(1例患儿已存活6年),3例存活,除1例术后5个月内复发死亡以外,其他患儿未出现术后复发、血管栓塞、脾脏切除术后凶险性感染(over-whelming post splenectomy infection,OPSI)等情况。结论儿童脾脏良性肿瘤治疗方式以腹腔镜手术为主,或脾脏切除联合大网膜自体脾片移植以保留脾脏自身免疫功能;脾脏恶性肿瘤则行开腹根治性手术及化疗。良性肿瘤预后良好,而恶性肿瘤预后相对较差,早诊断、根治手术及辅助放化疗的综合治疗是改善脾脏恶性肿瘤预后的重要手段。     

儿童脾脓肿1 例报告及文献复习

目的总结儿童脓毒症并发脾脓肿的临床特点及治疗。方法回顾分析1例脓毒症并发脾脓肿患儿的临床资料,检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed中的相关文献并进行总结分析。结果男性患儿,11月龄,以反复发热为主要表现。血培养示屎肠球菌感染,抗感染治疗效果不理想。腹部超声及磁共振成像示脾脏多发脓肿。经超声引导下脓肿抽液后患儿仍发热,最终行脾脓肿切除术。手术1周后患儿体温恢复正常。共检索到国内外相关文献15篇,共59例儿童脓毒症并发脾脓肿病例。临床主要表现为发热、咳嗽、腹痛或腹胀,4例有基础疾病;其中血培养阳性12例,4例为球菌阳性,8例为杆菌阳性。59例患儿均接受抗感染治疗,2例同时行抗结核治疗,1例行脾穿刺,5例行脾切除术。55例患儿预后良好,2例好转,2例病情反复。结论儿童脓毒症并发脾脓肿以发热为主要表现,部分患儿有基础疾病,以足量、足疗程抗感染治疗为主,必要时需行脾脓肿切除术。     

儿童保留脾脏手术34例

目的 探讨儿童全部或部分保留脾脏的手术方式。方法 回顾１９８２～１９９８年３２例外伤性脾破裂与２例良性脾脏肿瘤施行全部或部分保留脾脏４种手术方法。结果 术后４周血清免疫测定值处于同地区同年龄组正常值低水平范围内,其中３例术后第３周内发生ＯＰＳＩ,另１例全脾切除后５年发生粘连肠梗阻并发肠源性感染性休克,占同期脾切除患儿５％（４／８０）。３４例行各种保留脾脏手术的患儿,包括４例ＯＰＳＩ患儿全部治愈出院     

儿童肾脏少见肿瘤34例临床分析

目的：探讨儿童肾脏少见肿瘤的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2011年12月我们收治的34例肾脏少见肿瘤患儿临床资料。男性21例,女性13例。年龄4个月至17岁,平均年龄4.6岁。根据临床症状、辅助检查及治疗方法,分析儿童肾脏少见肿瘤的临床特点。结果腹部肿物、血尿、腹痛是常见的就诊原因。患儿术前均经超声及增强CT检查明确肾脏占位性病变,做出初步临床诊断。20例行瘤肾切除术,14例行保留肾单位的肿瘤切除术。术后根据病理类型,良性肿瘤予定期随访,恶性肿瘤予相应放化疗,目前23例获随访患儿均无瘤存活。结论儿童肾脏少见肿瘤的术前检查具有一定的特点,手术切除是治疗的首要选择,规范的综合治疗可以获得良好的预后。     

腹腔镜下脾脏部分切除术治疗儿童脾脏肿瘤

目的探讨儿童脾脏肿瘤行腹腔镜下脾脏部分切除术的安全性及可行性。方法回顾性分析2012年8月至2022年8月湖南省儿童医院普外科收治的8例行腹腔镜下脾脏部分切除术患儿临床资料, 主要观察指标包括肿瘤最大长径、手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间及术后并发症。结果 8例患儿年龄6岁10个月至15岁4个月, 中位年龄10岁9个月;肿瘤最大长径(7.7±4.1)cm, 均顺利完成腹腔镜下脾脏部分切除术, 无一例中转开腹手术, 其中脾上段切除2例, 脾下段切除5例, 脾中断切除1例;手术时间(230.9±58.2)min, 术中出血量(162.5±145.8)mL, 术后住院时间(9.6±2.3)d。术后病理结果:4例脾囊肿, 3例脾淋巴管瘤, 1例脾血管瘤。1例术后出现腹腔出血, 经输血、止血等对症保守治疗后好转;2例术后出现血小板升高, 予口服双嘧达莫片预防血栓形成, 术后1个月血小板恢复正常。无一例出现感染、静脉血栓、残脾梗死等并发症。随访6～24个月, 无一例肿瘤复发。结论腹腔镜下脾脏部分切除术治疗儿童脾脏良性肿瘤安全可行, 可保留正常脾脏功能, 术中对二级脾蒂的处理是关键。     

脾修补术治疗外伤性脾破裂l2例

目的 探讨脾修补术治疗外伤性脾破裂的可行性及疗效.方法 本院普外科外伤患儿12例.男8例,女4例;年龄2～5岁5例,6～9岁4例,10～12岁3例.12例均行腹腔穿刺抽出不凝固血液,5例行腹部CT示脾破裂、腹腔内出血;6例行腹部超声检查证实有腹腔内积液、脾包膜下血肿、脾内挫伤、脾裂伤.10例均行剖腹探查术确诊,2例行腹腔镜探查确诊.4例行单纯大网膜包脾术,4例行脾缝合加大网膜包脾术,3例行脾脏部分切除术,1例行脾脏部分切除术加脾动脉结扎术.结果 12例患儿均治愈,无1例发生并发症.随访1～7a,疗效满意无并发症.结论 脾修补术治疗小儿外伤性脾破裂是可行的,选择合适的保脾手术方法和掌握好适应证对保脾手术成功至关重要.     

儿童肺部囊性病变的诊断和治疗

目的探讨儿童肺部囊性病变的诊断、手术治疗时机和方式。方法对23例儿童肺部囊性病变进行回顾性分析，其中支气管源性肺囊肿16例，肺隔离症4例，肺大疱3例。16例行肺叶切除术，7例行囊肿切除术。5例为急诊手术。结果无手术死亡病例，全部患儿术后恢复良好，无脓胸、气胸、支气管胸膜瘘等并发症。术后随访3月-2年，无复发病例。结论儿童先天性肺囊肿确诊后应尽早手术，合并囊肿或肺部感染者待感染控制后手术，压迫症状明显则应急诊手术。肺大疱如经抗感染治疗无好转或进行性增大及合并气胸、脓胸应行手术治疗。手术中应尽量保留正常肺组织。     

儿童门静脉海绵样变18例诊疗分析

目的探讨儿童门静脉海绵样变的临床特点及治疗方式。方法回顾性分析2012年至2018年浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院收治的18例门静脉海绵样变患儿临床资料、手术方式及预后情况,并进行总结分析。结果本组18例均手术成功。其中5例行Rex手术,选择的分流血管包括肠系膜上静脉、胃冠状静脉、胃右静脉以及门静脉扩张最显著的侧支血管。行Rex手术的患儿有1例术后因消化道出血、脾功能亢进而再次接受手术,发现为吻合口狭窄,术中切除狭窄段,取管径较大的一段空肠系膜血管作为补片搭桥,同时行食管胃底静脉结扎术。5例行Warren手术的患儿术后恢复良好,无一例消化道出血,脾功能亢进、脾大现象均明显改善,术后无一例并发症。4例行近端脾肾分流术(其中1例术后反复消化道出血,于二次手术时行肠系膜上静脉-下腔静脉分流术)。3例行肠系膜上静脉-下腔静脉分流术,同时切除脾脏,术后出现消化道出血,保守治疗后病情得到控制。结论儿童门静脉海绵样变需早期诊断,选择恰当的治疗措施对改善患儿的预后非常重要。外科治疗方法的选择应根据患儿的病情及门静脉系统血管的条件来决定,其中Rex手术是儿童门静脉海绵样变的首选治疗方法,此外Warren手术和近端脾肾分流术也是较为理想的术式。     

生物标记物粪便胆汁酸的测定在过敏性紫癜患儿诊治中的意义

目的 探讨生物标记物粪便胆汁酸浓度在过敏性紫癜(HSP)患者中的变化及其在诊治中的临床意义。方法 选取2014~2016年确诊为HSP的19例患儿为HSP组,另选取27例健康儿童为健康对照组。采集HSP组患儿急性期、恢复期及健康对照组儿童粪便标本,应用液相质谱技术检测各组儿童粪便胆汁酸水平。结果 HSP组患儿恢复期胆酸水平均高于健康对照组和HSP组急性期 (P < 0.016)。HSP组患儿恢复期鹅脱氧胆酸水平高于健康对照组 (P < 0.016)。HSP组患儿急性期和恢复期脱氧胆酸、石胆酸水平均低于健康对照组 (分别P < 0.05、P < 0.016)。各组间熊去氧胆酸水平比较差异均无统计学意义 (P > 0.05)。结论 HSP患儿急性期粪便次级胆汁酸脱氧胆酸和石胆酸低于健康对照组,这可能与HSP的发病或转归有关。     

霉酚酸酯和环磷酰胺治疗儿童大量蛋白尿型过敏性紫癜性肾炎的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 探讨霉酚酸酯（MMF）和环磷酰胺（CTX）分别治疗具有大量蛋白尿[24 h尿蛋白定量≥50 mg/kg或晨尿蛋白/肌酐（mg/mg）≥2.0]的过敏性紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）患儿的疗效和安全性。方法 前瞻性纳入2016年8月至2019年11月在首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院肾脏内科住院并诊断为有大量蛋白尿的HSPN患儿68例,随机分为MMF组（n=33）、CTX组（n=35）,比较两组患儿完全缓解率、有效（完全缓解+部分缓解）率、尿蛋白转阴时间及不良反应等指标。结果 治疗3个月、6个月、12个月,MMF组与CTX组完全缓解率、有效率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。两组尿蛋白转阴时间差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。两组患儿治疗期间不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 MMF和CTX治疗具有大量蛋白尿的HSPN患儿的疗效和安全性相当。     

EFFECT OF CYPROTERONE ACETATE (CA) ON GROWTH AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

Abstract. Stahnke, N., Ilicki, A. and Willig, R. P. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Hamburg, West Germany). Effect of cyproterone acetate (CA) on growth and endocrine function in precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 277: 32, 1979.–16 girls with precocious puberty have been studied. Following low dosage cyproterone acetate (CA) therapy (mean daily dosage 65 mg/m² BSA) a beneficial effect on growth and skeletal maturation was observed. During high dosage therapy (150 mg/m² per day) endocrinological studies were performed in 10 of these patients. There was no significant difference in HGH levels (insulin-and arginine-test), T₃ and TSH values (TRH-test) between patients and controls, T₄ concentration was significantly increased. Basal prolactin levels and prolactin response to TRH was definitely elevated. Oral glucose load and arginine infusion resulted in a significantly enhanced insulin release. There was a significant reduction in basal LH levels and an increase in FSH response to LH-RH. Basal and diurnal plasma cortisol values were markedly reduced and the cortisol release due to corticotrophin injection, (lsinevasopressin (LVP) injection and insulin-hypoglycemia as well. A definite increase in basal ACTH levels was observed, during LVP-and insulin-hypoglycemia test ACTH concentrations were within or significantly above normal range. In our patients a primary adrenocortical insufficiency due to CA treatment was evident.     

Obesogenic home food availability,diet, and BMI in Pakistani and White toddlers

Individuals of South Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for obesity and related diseases. Foods available in the home during the first 1000 days (conception to 24 months old) are an important determinant of diet, yet no study has examined the association of early‐life home food availability (HFA) with later diet and obesity risk in South Asian households. We examined whether obesogenic HFA at 18 months of age is associated with dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) at 36 months of age in low‐income Pakistani and White households in the United Kingdom. In this prospective birth cohort study (Born in Bradford 1000), follow‐up assessments occurred at 18 (n = 1032) and 36 (n = 986) months of age. Variety and quantity of snack foods and sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) in the home and consumed were measured using the HFA Inventory Checklist and food frequency questionnaires, respectively. BMI was calculated using measured length/height and weight. Multinomial logistic regression models examined associations between HFA and tertiles of dietary intake, and multivariable linear regression models assessed associations between HFA and BMI. Pakistani households had a greater variety and quantity of snack foods and SSBs available compared with White households. Variety and quantity of snack foods and SSBs in the home at 18 months were positively associated with children''s intake of these items at 36 months, but associations between HFA and BMI were null. Reducing obesogenic HFA during the first 1000 days may promote the development of more healthful diets, though this may not be associated with lower obesity risk during toddlerhood.     

Prenatal dietary diversity may influence underweight in infants in a Ugandan birth‐cohort

Growth faltering in early childhood is prevalent in many low resource countries. Poor maternal dietary diversity during pregnancy has been linked with increased risk of fetal growth failure and adverse birth outcomes but may also influence subsequent infant growth. Our aim is to assess the role of prenatal maternal dietary diversity in infant growth in rural Uganda. Data from 3291 women and infant pairs enrolled in a birth cohort from 2014 to 2016 were analysed ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04233944","term_id":"NCT04233944"}}NCT04233944). Maternal diets were assessed using dietary recall in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. Maternal dietary diversity scores (DDS) were calculated using the FAO Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD‐W). Cox regression models were used to evaluate associations of the DDS with the incidence of underweight, stunting and wasting in infants from 3 to 12 months, adjusting for confounding factors. The median DDS for women was low, at 3.0 (interquartile range 3.0–4.0), relative to the threshold of consuming five or more food groups daily. Infants of women in highest quartile of DDS (diverse diets) were less likely to be underweight (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.70, 95% confidence interval: 0.61, 0.80) compared with infants of women in Quartile 1 (p for trend <0.001) in models controlling for maternal factors. There was no significant association between DDS and stunting or wasting. Our findings suggest a relationship between higher maternal dietary diversity and lower risk of underweight in infancy. These findings suggest that programmes to improve infant growth could additionally consider strengthening prenatal dietary diversity to improve child outcomes globally.     

Factors associated with adverse nutritional status of children in sub‐Saharan Africa: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys from 31 countries

Undernutrition is linked to almost half of all deaths in under‐five children. In 2019, 144 million under‐five children suffered from stunting and 47 million suffered from wasting. This study examined the factors that influence adverse nutritional status of children in sub‐Saharan Africa. The study used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 31 countries, which involved 189,195 children under age 5. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between the independent variables and adverse nutritional status of children. About 26% of the children in the 31 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa considered in this study are stunted, 6% are wasted and 21% are underweight. Close to 31% of children whose mothers have no education are stunted, 9% are wasted and 28% are underweight. Adverse nutritional status of children is significantly associated with maternal age, education, household wealth, residence, antenatal care attendance, mass media exposure, child''s sex and size of child at birth. This study has shown that adverse nutritional status of children is a major challenge in sub‐Saharan Africa. Efforts at improving nutritional status of children should include poverty alleviation initiatives at individual and household levels, increase in women''s educational level and improvement in living conditions in rural areas.