Sulfur-containing bis-iridoid glucosides and iridoid glucosides from Saprosmas cortechinii

Six new sulfur-containing bis-iridoid glucosides, saprosmosides A-F (1-6), were isolated from the leaves of Saprosma scortechinii. From the stems of this same plant, two new iridoid glucosides, 3,4-dihydro-3-methoxypaederoside (8) and 10-O-benzoyldeacetylasperulosidic acid (12), were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by means of chemical, NMR, and mass spectroscopic methods. Additionally, 11 known iridoid glucosides were isolated and characterized as deacetylasperuloside, asperuloside, paederoside (7), deacetylasperulosidic acid (9), scandoside, asperulosidic acid, 10-acetylscandoside, paederosidic acid (10), 6-epi-paederosidic acid (11), methylpaederosidate, and monotropein. The structures of the new bis-iridoid glucosides were formed by intermolecular esterification between the glucose and carboxyl groups of three monomeric iridoid glucosides (7, 9, and 10).     

草苁蓉环烯醚萜苷对H22小鼠肝癌移植瘤的抑瘤作用

目的探讨草苁蓉环烯醚萜苷对小鼠H22移植瘤的生长抑制作用。方法建立小鼠皮下H22移植瘤模型,将实验动物分为模型组、草苁蓉环烯醚萜苷高、中、低剂量(400、200、100 mg/kg)组和5-Fu(25 mg/kg)组,草苁蓉环烯醚萜苷组连续ig给药10 d;5-Fu组隔日ip给药,给药5次,计算抑瘤率、胸腺指数和脾脏指数,并以ELISA法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2),比色法检测血清总抗氧化活力(T-AOC)和丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果与模型组比较,草苁蓉环烯醚萜苷能显著减轻移植瘤瘤质量,高、中、低剂量组抑瘤率分别为38.05%、34.98%、26.95%。同时,明显升高荷瘤小鼠的脾脏指数,升高血清IL-2水平和降低TNF-α水平,升高血清T-AOC和降低MDA水平。结论草苁蓉环烯醚萜苷对H22移植瘤具有明显的抑制作用,其作用机制可能与调节IL-2和TNF-α等细胞因子的表达以及增强荷瘤小鼠抗氧化能力有关。     

Bioassay-guided isolation of iridoid glucosides with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities from Veronica anagallis-aquatica L

Extracts obtained from the herbs of various Veronica species are used as folk remedy worldwide for the treatment of various inflammatory ailments including rheumatism. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. aerial parts were investigated. Methanolic extract of the plant was shown to possess significant inhibitory activity against carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model and of p-benzoquinone-induced writhings in mice. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures eight compounds, aquaticoside A (1), aquaticoside B (2), aquaticoside C (3), veronicoside (4), catalposide (5), verproside (6), verminoside (7) and martynoside (8) were isolated and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. Catapol derivative iridoid glucosides, verproside (6) and catalposide (5), were found to possess potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, per os without inducing any apparent acute toxicity as well as gastric damage. Results of the present study supported the utilization of the plant in Turkish folk medicine.     

In vitro cytotoxic activity and structure activity relationships of iridoid glucosides derived from Veronica species

This study was an investigation of the cytotoxic activity of iridoid glucosides, including aucubin, catalpol, 6‐O‐acetylcatalpol, veronicoside, catalposide, verproside, amphicoside, veratroylcatalposide, verminoside, aquaticosides B and C isolated from different Veronica species. The cytotoxic activity was determined against Hep‐2 (human epidermoid carcinoma), RD (human rhabdomyosarcoma), L‐20B (transgenic murine L‐cells) cancer cell lines and Vero (African green monkey kidney cells) non‐cancerous cell line using the MTT method. While verminoside, amphicoside and veronicoside were found to exhibit cytotoxic activity in the concentration range of 70–355 µ m , acetylcatalpol, aquaticosides B and C, catalposide, veratroylcatalposide and verproside showed cytostatic activity. Apoptotic cell death was observed as the effect of verminoside in the histological analysis of the tested cell lines. In conclusion, iridoid glucosides are considered to show a biphasic effect on cancer cells that is both cytostatic and cytotoxic, depending on the chemical structure and the type of cancer cell. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitory substance from Swietenia mahagoni

For the purpose of finding anti-HIV agents from natural sources, various plant extracts were screened for their inhibitory activity against HIV-protease, an enzyme essential for viral proliferation. By bioassay-directed fractionation of the methanol extract of Swietenia mahagoni (bark) which had shown inhibitory activity against this enzyme, we isolated and identified chlorogenic acid methyl ester as a inhibitory substance, its 50% inhibitory concentration being less than 40 μg/ml. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

密蒙花中的1个新的环烯醚萜苷类化合物

目的 研究马钱科醉鱼草属密蒙花Budlleja officinalis干燥花蕾及花序的化学成分.方法 采用加热回流提取、溶剂萃取、多种柱色谱方法进行分离纯化,并运用NMR、MS等现代谱学技术进行化合物结构鉴定.结果 从密蒙花水提取物中分离得到20个化合物,分别鉴定为6α-羟基-8β-羟甲基-1β,5α,6β,7β,9α...     

Flavimycins A and B, dimeric 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans with peptide deformylase inhibitory activity from Aspergillus flavipes

Flavimycins A (1) and B (2), novel dimeric 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans, were isolated as inhibitors of peptide deformylase from cultures of Aspergillus flavipes. Their chemical structures were established by NMR and MS data analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 exist as epimeric mixtures at C-1 through fast hemiacetal-aldehyde tautomerism. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited Staphylococcus aureus peptide deformylase with IC?? values of 35.8 and 100.1 μM, respectively. Consistent with their PDF inhibition, 1 showed two times stronger antibacterial activity than 2 on S. aureus including MRSA, with MIC values of 32-64 μg/mL.     

野花椒中一个新的木脂素二聚体

为了研究野花椒的抗炎活性成分,通过各种柱色谱方法对野花椒进行成分分离,用波谱法鉴定其成分的结构,并且用对脂多糖诱导RAW 264.7细胞产生一氧化氮的抑制效果评价其成分的抗炎活性。从野花椒中分离鉴定了4个化合物,分别为isozanthpodocarpin B(1), kobusin(2), (+)-辛夷脂素(3)和表桉叶明(4),同时,化合物1具有一定的抑制一氧化氮生成活性,IC₅₀为14.49 μmol·L^-1,其中化合物1为新的木脂素二聚体。     

裸花紫珠叶中1个新的环烯醚萜苷

目的研究裸花紫珠Callicarpa nudiflora的化学成分。方法利用硅胶、MPLC柱色谱、高效制备液相色谱等色谱方法进行分离纯化,根据理化常数测定及波谱数据分析鉴定化合物结构。结果从裸花紫珠叶80%乙醇提取物中分离得到5个化合物,分别鉴定为6′-O-咖啡酰基益母草苷(1)、木犀草素(2)、5,4′-二羟基-3,7,3′-三甲氧基黄酮(3)、木犀草素-4′-O-(6″-E-咖啡酰)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、2α,3α,19α,23-四羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸(5)。结论化合物1为新化合物,命名为裸花紫珠苷A1。     

宽叶缬草中1个新的环烯醚萜类化合物

目的研究缬草属植物宽叶缬草Valeriana officinalis var.latiofolia的化学成分。方法采用硅胶柱色谱、反相柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20、薄层制备色谱等色谱法对宽叶缬草根中的化学成分进行分离纯化,应用质谱、核磁等波谱技术和化学方法鉴定化合物的结构。结果从宽叶缬草95%乙醇提取物的醋酸乙酯部位分离得到6个化合物,分别鉴定为环烯醚萜类化合物valeriridoid P(1),马榄烷型倍半萜类化合物dihydroxymaaliane(2)、madolin F(3),双环吉玛烷型倍半萜类化合物madolin A(4)、volvalerenal B(5)、kissoone A(6)。结论化合物1为罕见的含有2个氧桥的环烯醚萜类新化合物,化合物2~4为该属植物中首次分得,化合物6为该植物中首次分得。     

Monodictyochromes A and B, dimeric xanthone derivatives from the marine algicolous fungus Monodictys putredinis

Investigations of the marine-derived fungus Monodictys putredinis led to the isolation of two novel dimeric chromanones (1, 2) that consist of two uniquely modified xanthone-derived units. The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic measurements including NOE experiments and CD analysis to deduce the configuration. The compounds (1, 2) were examined for their cancer chemopreventive potential and shown to inhibit cytochrome P450 1A activity with IC(50) values of 5.3 and 7.5 μM, respectively. In addition, both compounds displayed moderate activity as inducers of NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (QR) in cultured mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells, with CD values (concentration required to double the specific activity of QR) of 22.1 and 24.8 μM, respectively. Compound 1 was slightly less potent than compound 2 in inhibiting aromatase activity, with IC(50) values of 24.4 and 16.5 μM.     

蜘蛛香中1个新的单萜环烯醚酯类化合物

目的研究败酱科缬草属植物蜘蛛香Valeriana jatamansi根及根茎的化学成分。方法采用硅胶柱色谱、中压色谱、制备型HPLC等方法进行分离、纯化,采用1D,2D NMR、HRMS、IR等波谱学方法鉴定化合物化学结构。结果从蜘蛛香二氯甲烷提取物中分离、纯化得到1个新的单萜环烯醚酯类成分,命名为蜘蛛香萜C(1)。结论化合物1为新的单萜环烯醚酯类成分。     

Chlorogenic acid may be a potent inhibitor of dimeric SARS-CoV-2 main protease 3CLpro: an in silico study

Background:Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 to date,there is no available approved drug or definitive treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 viral infection,and the identification of novel hits against therapeutic targets has become a global emergency.Echinacea purpurea is a traditional herb utilized to treat cough,fever,sore throat,respiratory tract infection,and so on as an immune stimulant.In this study,in silico molecular docking approach was used to screen phytocompounds from E.purpurea against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 main protease 3C-like protease(3CLpro)and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main peptidase(96%sequence similarity)to blunt the viral gene expression and viral replication.Methods:Initially,we screened phytocompounds for their druggability and ADMET property.Furthermore,x-ray crystallographic structures of main proteases 3CLpro and main peptidase having Protein Data Bank ID 6LU7 and 2GTB were used as protein targets for the identification of potential drug candidates.We performed docking using AutoDock Vina by PyRx 0.8 software.BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer v2019 was used to analyze ligand-protein complex.The probable protein targets of the selected compound were predicted by BindingDB(P≥0.7).STRING and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways are utilized to identify the molecular pathways modulated by the predicted targets(FDR≤0.05),and the network interaction between compounds and protein pathways was constructed by Cytoscape 3.6.1.Results:Among all the compounds,chlorogenic acid showed druggable characteristics and scored the lowest binding energy with main protease and main peptidase via interacting with active site 1 domain amino acid residues.Interestingly,chlorogenic acid interacted with Phe140 main protease 3CLpro,which is potentially involved in the dimerization.Enrichment analysis identified chlorogenic acid to modulate insulin resistance,necroptosis,interleukin-17,tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway,legionellosis,T helper 17 cell differentiation,advanced glycation end products and receptor for advanced glycation end products,mitogen-activated protein kinase,Ras,estrogen,vascular endothelial growth factor,B-cell receptor,nuclear factor kappa B,Rap1,hypoxia inducible factor-1,phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase-Akt,insulin,mechanistic target of rapamycin,p53,retinoic acid inducible gene I like receptor,and ErbB signaling pathways.Conclusion:Chlorogenic acid may act as a potent main protease 3CLpro inhibitor and may also inhibit the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 dimerization,viral gene expression,and replication within the lung epithelium.Chlorogenic acid may go a long way in finding one of the multipronged solutions to tackle coronavirus disease 2019 viral infection in the future.     

A dimeric lactone from Ardisia japonica with inhibitory activity for HIV-1 and HIV-2 ribonuclease H

A new dimeric lactone, ardimerin digallate (1), was isolated from the whole plants of Ardisia japonica, along with six known constituents. The structure of 1 was established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques. Compound 1 inhibited HIV-1 and HIV-2 RNase H in vitro with IC50 values of 1.5 and 1.1 microM, respectively.     

A novel antibacterial iridoid and triterpene from Caiophora coronata

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the antibacterial CH(2)Cl(2)-MeOH extract obtained from the aerial parts of the Argentinean plant Caiophora coronata led to the isolation of a new triterpene, 1beta,3beta-dihydroxyurs-12-en-27-oic acid, 1, and a new iridoid, 1alpha-methoxy-6alpha,10-dihydroxyisoepiiridomyrmecin (caiophoraenin), 2, along with the known iridoid isoboonein 3. Their structures were established by spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR, HRFABMS, FTIR). The MIC values of isolated compounds were determined against methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and -resistant (MRSA) strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis (BS), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF), Escherichia coli (EC), E. coli imp (ECimp), and Candida albicans (CA). Compound 1 was found active against BS, MSSA, MRSA, VREF, and ECimp with MIC values of 2, 4, 4, 4, and 16 microg/mL, respectively.     

Potent CYP3A4 inhibitory constituents of Piper cubeba

The EtOAc-soluble fraction of the water extract of Piper cubeba, having shown potent inhibitory activity on the metabolism mediated by CYP3A4, was subjected to activity-guided isolation to yield two new lignans, (8R,8'R)-4-hydroxycubebinone (1) and (8R,8'R,9'S)-5-methoxyclusin (2), and two new sesquiterpenes, (5 alpha,8 alpha)-2-oxo-1(10),3,7(11)-guaiatrien-12,8-olide (3) and (1 alpha,2 beta,5 alpha,8 alpha 10 alpha)-1,10-epoxy-2-hydroxy-3,7(11)-guaiadien-12,8-olide (4), along with 16 known compounds (5-20). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical analyses. The isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity on the metabolism mediated by CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 using [N-methyl-(14)C]erythromycin or [O-methyl-(14)C]dextromethorphan as a substrate, respectively. The compounds (8R,8'R,9'S)-5-methoxyclusin (2), (-)-clusin (10), (-)-yatein (13), ethoxyclusin (15), and (-)-dihydroclusin (17), having one methylenedioxyphenyl moiety in their structures, showed very potent and selective inhibitory activity against CYP3A4 with IC(50) values (0.44-1.0 microM) identical to that of the positive control, ketoconazole (IC(50), 0.72 microM).     

HIV-1 protease and HIV-1 integrase inhibitory substances from Eclipta prostrata

The bioassay-guided fractionation for anti-HIV-1 integrase activity led to the isolation of six compounds from the whole plant extract of Eclipta prostrata extract. They were identified as 5-hydroxymethyl-(2,2':5',2')-terthienyl tiglate (1), 5-hydroxymethyl-(2,2':5',2')-terthienyl agelate (2), 5-hydroxymethyl-(2,2':5',2')-terthienyl acetate (3), ecliptal (4), orobol (5) and wedelolactone (6). Of these, compound 6 showed the highest activity against HIV-1 integrase (IN) with an IC50 value of 4.0+/-0.2 microm, followed by compound 5 (IC50=8.1+/-0.5 microm), whereas the four terthiophene compounds (1-4) were inactive (IC50>100 microm). Regarding HIV-1 protease (PR) inhibitory activity, compound 1 exhibited appreciable activity against HIV-1 PR with an IC50 of 58.3+/-0.8 microm, followed by compound 4 (IC50=83.3+/-1.6 microm) and compound 3 (IC50=93.7+/-0.8 microm), while compounds 2, 5 and 6 were inactive against HIV-1 PR (IC50>100 microm). This is the first report of anti-HIV-1 IN activities for wedelolactone (6), a coumarin derivative, and orobol (5), an isoflavone derivative. This study supports the use of E. prostrata in AIDS patients, which is in accord with its traditional use by Thai traditional doctors for curing blood related diseases.     

忍冬叶中咖啡酰奎宁酸类化学成分

目的:研究忍冬Lonicera japanonica叶的化学成分.方法:采用反复硅胶柱色谱法、sephadex LH-20柱色谱法等进行分离纯化,并通过理化常数测定和波谱分析鉴定其化学结构.结果:从忍冬叶中分离得到了5个咖啡酰基奎宁酸类化合物,分别鉴定为3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(1),5-O-咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(2),3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(3),1,3-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(4),绿原酸(5).结论:化合物2,4为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物1,3为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

Benzyl benzoate glycoside and 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid derivatives from Solidago decurrens

A new benzyl benzoate glycoside and five new 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid derivatives were isolated from the entire plant of Solidago decurrens together with three known compounds. Their structures were established by extensive analyses of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra and by comparison with physical data of known compounds.     

New 3-methyoxyflavones, an iridoid lactone and a flavonol from duroia hirsuta

Investigation of the roots of Duroia hirsuta from Ecuador yielded the iridoid lactone duroin (1) together with 3,7,3', 5'-tetramethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavone (2), 3,7,3'-trimethoxy-4', 5'-dihydroxyflavone (3), and 7,3',5'-trimethoxy-3, 4'-dihydroxyflavone (4) as novel constituents.