1985～2005年永州市中小学生视力低下状况分析

[目的]了解和掌握我市中小学生视力的发生、发展规律。[方法]对1985年、1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年学生健康监测中的视力资料进行统计分析。[结果]永州市中小学生视力低下率随年度的延续而上升;视力低下率每5年平均增长19.69%,视力低下发展速度最快的是2005年,其次是1990年;视力低下每5年平均增长率,男生大于女生,农村高于城市,初中高于小学,小学大于高中;各年间的视力低下率,男生小于女生,农村低于城市,小学低于初中,初中低于高中。[结论]近视眼的发生、发展与课业负担的加重,长时间近距离用眼有关,保护视力,不仅是近视眼患者的迫切要求,而且也是全社会关注的热点问题及学校卫生工作人员的重要研究课题。     

1981 1990年大连市沙河口区中小学生视力动态观察

<正> 1981～1990年,我们选择具有代表性的4所小学、4所中学,逐年坚持了对中小学生的视力监测工作,从而动态观察了大连市沙河口区10年来中小学生的视力情况,为制定中小学生的防近措施提供了一定依据,现将结果报告如下。1 方法与标准均按辽宁省卫生防疫站中小学生视力监测要求进行(从略)2 结果与分析2.1 低下视力率增长情况 10年来大连市沙河口区中小学生视力低下率增长幅度为12.28％。其中男生为15.10％,女生为10.41％,男生增长幅度大于女生,从不同学习阶段看,10年来小学视力     

重庆市中小学生视力状况分析

[目的]了解重庆市中小学生视力状况,为保护中小学生视力提供依据。[方法]按2000年《全国学生体质健康调研实施方案和细则》,对2002年及2005年重庆市中小学生裸眼视力测量结果进行分析。[结果]学生视力低下率随着学龄段的升高而增加,女生视力低下率高于男生,城市学生视力低下率高于乡村;2005年与2002年比较重庆市中小学生视力低下率升高。[结论]重庆市中小学生的视力低下率普遍较高,且有上升趋势,应引起相关部门的高度重视。     

2006年莱钢中小学生视力状况调查

[目的]了解莱钢中小学生视力低下状况,为制定学生视力保护措施提供依据。[方法]按照2005年《全国学生体质健康调查研究检测细则》的要求,于2006年10月对莱钢7所中小学的6433名中小学生进行现场检测和统计分析。[结果]莱钢6～18岁学生视力低下率为57.60%,男生视力低下率为54.40%,女生视力低下率为60.92% 小学生视力低下率为42.52%,中学生视力低下率为84.10%。[结论]莱钢中小学生视力低下状况不容乐观,视力低下防治工作重点在学生青春期和女生。     

2005—2019年兰州市汉族7~18岁学生视力低下状况分析

目的 了解2005—2019年兰州市汉族中小学生视力低下现状和变化趋势，为视力低下防治工作提供参考依据。方法 收集2005、2010、2014、2019年4次全国学生体质调研兰州市片区视力低下检查数据，统计分析兰州市以上各年度中小学生视力低下检出率，并进行比较和趋势性分析。结果 2005—2019年兰州市中小学生视力低下检出率依次为67.76%、75.77%、81.31%、77.26%，总体呈上升趋势，历年视力低下检出率表现为女生高于男生，城市学生高于乡村，高中>初中>小学。不同性别、城乡、学段的学生视力低下检出率均呈上升趋势，且男生上升幅度（18.23%）高于女生（10.01%），乡村学生（17.91%）上升幅度高于城市（9.64%），小学生上升幅度（16.22%）高于初中（15.64%）和高中（6.09%）。结论 兰州市中小学生视力低下检出率存在性别、城乡和学段差异，并呈低龄化的发展趋势；视力低下检出率总体呈上升趋势，应继续加强筛检和干预，提高学生视力健康水平。     

1996～2005年海淀区部分中小学生视力低下监测分析

[目的]了解海淀区中小学生视力低下状况，为制定青少年视力低下防治措施提供依据。[方法]1996～2005年，每年对海淀区疾控中心9所监测点校在校学生使用标准对数灯箱视力表进行视力检查。[结果]在监测的10年间，海淀区中小学生视力低下率以1997年最低，2005年最高，总体呈上升趋势，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），年平均增长率为2．0％；视力低下率随年级的增高而增加；初中学生视力低下的增长速度最快；普通高中学生视力低下率高于职业高中学生；女生视力低下率高于男生。[结论]海淀区中小学生视力低下状况日趋严重，加强学生视力低下的防治工作刻不容缓。     

梅州市城区中学生视力低下现状调查分析

目的了解梅州市城区中学生视力低下现状。方法按照《全国中小学生健康监护技术规范》,于2004年9~11月对梅州市城区4所中学的10580名在校学生进行裸眼视力检测和分析。结果梅州市城区中学生视力低下率为73.74%,其中初中和高中学生视力低下率分别为60.25%(2554/4239)、82.76%(5248/6341)(P<0.01),高中学生视力低下率高于初中学生(P<0.01)。女生和男生视力低下率分别为79.21%、69.73%,女生视力低下率高于男生(P<0.01)。重点和非重点中学高中生视力低下率分别为89.38%、61.29%,重点中学高中生视力低下率高于非重点中学高中生(P<0.01)。结论梅州市城区中学生视力低下状况不容乐观,在做好学生近视防治工作时应重点抓好初中阶段近视防治。     

1995—2005年广西城市汉族学生视力状况分析

目的了解和掌握广西区城市汉族学生视力低下发生、发展规律。方法对1995、2000、2005年广西区学生健康监测中城市汉族7～18岁中小学生的视力资料进行统计分析。结果1995、2000、2005年广西区城市汉族7～18岁中小学生视力低下率分别为38．91％（5325／13686）、40．83％（2837／6949）、51．14％（1841／3600），10年间视力低下率升高12．23％；视力低下率随年级升高而上升（P〈0．01），重度视力低下构成比上升；女生视力低下率高于男生（P〈0．01）。结论广西区城市汉族中小学生视力低下状况不容乐观，应加强预防近视的健康教育。     

2009-2014年淄博市某中学视力低下情况分析

目的 通过对淄博市某中学的视力低下情况进行动态分析,提出有针对性的干预防控建议,为政府部门做科学参考。方法 利用2009-2014年淄博市中小学生健康体检数据,对淄博市某中学近6年的学生视力低下情况进行分析。结果 淄博市某中学2009年-2014年视力低下检出率平均为83.22%,其中,男生78.30%,女生88.25%,女生显著高于男生(P<0.001);2010年视力低下检出率最高,每年女生均显著高于男生(P<0.001);不同年级段比较,轻度视力低下和中度视力低下检出率初中明显高出高中,重度视力低下检出率表现为高中明显高于初中,且均是2014年差别最大;初一至初二的视力低下检出率上升最快,之后呈平稳发展态势。结论 中学生视力低下水平较高,重点防控人群为初中一、二年级。各相关部门应积极做好中学生视力低下的防控工作,减小中学生视力低下发展速 度,有效降低中学生视力低下患病率。     

1995-2005年广西城市汉族学生视力状况分析

目的了解和掌握广西区城市汉族学生视力低下发生、发展规律。方法对1995、2000、2005年广西区学生健康监测中城市汉族7～18岁中小学生的视力资料进行统计分析。结果1995、2000、2005年广西区城市汉族7～18岁中小学生视力低下率分别为38.91%(5325/13686)、40.83%(2837/6949)、51.14%(1841/3600),10年间视力低下率升高12.23%;视力低下率随年级升高而上升(P<0.01),重度视力低下构成比上升;女生视力低下率高于男生(P<0.01)。结论广西区城市汉族中小学生视力低下状况不容乐观,应加强预防近视的健康教育。     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

---

Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

---

La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

---

---

Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries