妊娠期糖尿病孕妇产后糖代谢异常的研究

目的　了解妊娠期糖尿病（ＧＤＭ） 患者产后糖代谢异常情况、筛出预测产后糖代谢异常的高危因素及ＧＤＭ 患者远期糖尿病发生情况。　方法　收集１９８２ 年１１ 月～１９９８ 年４ 月在我院分娩并产后随访的９７ 例ＧＤＭ 孕妇,其中远期随访１～８ 年者３３ 例。　结果　ＧＤＭ 产后近期随访诊断为显性糖尿病者２３ 例,糖耐量减低１１ 例,列为产后糖代谢异常组。与产后糖代谢正常组（４１ 例） 进行比较发现：糖尿病家族史、孕期血糖异常出现时间、糖筛查血糖高、空腹血糖升高以及糖尿病孕期治疗情况两组间存在明显差异。远期追踪３３ 例中显性糖尿病１０ 例,糖耐量减低３ 例。　结论　ＧＤＭ产后仍有部分患者糖代谢不能恢复正常,尤其有糖尿病家族史,在妊娠２４ 周以前确诊ＧＤＭ,糖筛查血糖较高,空腹血糖升高,孕期需胰岛素治疗者更应重视产后血糖检查,以便及时发现产后糖代谢异常。产后近期糖代谢正常者,仍需进行远期随访     

妊娠期糖代谢异常导致巨大儿发生的危险因素分析

目的:探讨妊娠期糖代谢异常导致巨大儿发生的相关危险因素,为降低巨大儿的出生率提供科学依据。方法:回顾性分析2007年1月至2009年4月上海市第六人民医院产科收治的妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇125例和妊娠期糖耐量减低(GIGT)孕妇21例的临床资料。根据是否分娩巨大儿分为两组,采用t检验、卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归分析巨大儿发生的相关危险因素。结果:①单因素分析提示:与非巨大儿组孕妇相比,巨大儿组孕妇的糖尿病家族史、曾分娩巨大儿史、孕前体重、孕期体重增加、空腹血糖水平、OGTT-1小时血糖水平等因素分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②Logistic多因素回归分析提示:空腹血糖水平升高、孕期体重增加、糖尿病家族史、分娩巨大儿史是巨大儿发生的主要危险因素。③空腹血糖≥5.3mmol/L的孕妇,随着血糖水平的升高,发生巨大儿的风险亦明显增加。结论:对妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇,应加强其孕期体重和空腹血糖水平的监护和管理,以减少巨大儿的发生及改善相关不良妊娠结局。     

妊娠期糖尿病对女性远期糖代谢异常的影响

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是妊娠期常见合并症,血糖控制不佳者可导致严重的不良妊娠结局,威胁母儿健康.虽然患者产后大多可以恢复正常糖代谢水平,但有GDM史的患者再次妊娠发生糖代谢异常的风险增加,且随着生存时间的延长,发生肥胖、糖尿病和心血管疾病的风险也会明显增加.加强GDM患者产后糖代谢的研究,有助于减低女性远期糖尿病发生的...     

妊娠期糖尿病病因学研究

妊娠期糖尿病是指在妊娠期发生或首次发现的不同程度的糖耐量异常。关于其病因,近年来与II型糖尿病相似,本文就遗传、胰岛功能、胰岛素敏感性等方面阐述GDM的发病机制,指出胰岛分泌胰岛素功能下降和胰岛素敏感性的缺陷在GDM患者同时存在且持续至产后,故应对GDM病史产后妇女定期随访糖耐量变化。     

C反应蛋白与妊娠期糖尿病的研究进展

C反应蛋白（CRP）是一种具有多种生物活性的细胞因子，其合成部位在肝脏，通过炎症反应诱导胰岛素抵抗（IR）。IR是胰岛素介导的组织葡萄糖摄取和利用能力下降。正常妊娠期存在IR，是一种生理适应性改变。妊娠期糖尿病（CDM）的发病与IR有关，在妊娠期间体内CRP水平发生变化，与妊娠妇女及GDM患者的IR有十分重要的关系，CRP在妊娠母体水平的升高为妊娠生理和病理现象提供相关的理论依据，为GDM未来风险预测及临床治疗有效性的评估有一定的价值和意义。     

肥胖妊娠期妇女的糖耐量减低与糖尿病

妊娠期糖代谢的生理变化容易使妊娠期妇女发生糖耐量的减低，所以近年来妊娠期妇女糖代谢的异常受到诸多关注。因为妊娠期妇女糖耐量的减低不仅影响到母体，引起其代谢紊乱或者发展为妊娠期糖尿病，而且影响胎儿发育，以致发生胎儿的先天性畸形，发育异常，死亡率增加等一系列问题。如果在肥胖这个高危因素作用下，将会加重妊娠期妇女糖耐量减低的程度，甚至使其发展为妊娠期糖尿病的几率大大增加。着重对肥胖影响母体糖耐量的相关研究进行综述。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者产后发生糖代谢异常的危险因素

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是妊娠期首次发生或发现的糖耐量异常,不但严重影响母儿健康,GDM患者远期发展为糖代谢异常的风险也远远高于正常人群[1].目前我国对于GDM患者产后糖脂代谢转归方面的研究报道较少,本研究通过对本院254例GDM患者产后42 d～6年的随访研究,探讨其远期发生糖代谢异常的危险因素.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血浆中脂肪因子chemerin变化及其相关因素分析

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者血浆中脂肪因子chemerin变化及其相关因素。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测2011年12月至2012年5月北京军区总医院产科40例正常孕妇和40例GDM孕妇的血浆chemerin水平,同时测定体重指数(BMI)、血压、血糖、血脂、胰岛素等指标,比较两组的差异,并进一步分析其与胰岛素抵抗的相关性和在GDM发生过程中所起的作用。结果 GDM组的血浆chemerin、餐后1h血糖(1hPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和BMI均明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。血浆chemerin与血糖、胰岛素及BMI进行相关分析显示:血浆chemerin与空腹血糖(FPG)、1hPG、2hPG、HOMA-IR及BMI呈正相关(P均<0.01)。结论 GDM患者血浆chemerin水平较正常孕妇增高。血浆chemerin水平增高以及对胰岛素敏感性调节所产生的综合效应可能是诱导GDM发生或促进其发展的因素之一。     

妊娠期糖尿病与妊娠期高血压疾病相关性的研究进展

妊娠期糖尿病与妊娠期高血压疾病是妊娠期特有且常见的疾病,对母婴都能产生不良影响。研究表明,妊娠期糖尿病患者并发妊娠期高血压疾病的危险性明显升高,这可能与胰岛素抵抗、高血糖、肥胖等因素密切相关。及早进行妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期糖耐量异常的诊断,严密监测妊娠期血糖、血压,控制饮食,适量运动,可降低妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠期高血压疾病的发生率。     

视黄醇结合蛋白4在妊娠期糖尿病孕妇不同孕周中的表达及其与糖代谢指标的相关性

目的:了解妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇在不同孕周(孕中期、孕晚期)血清视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)水平的变化及其与糖代谢等指标的相关性。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法测定168例GDM患者(GDM组)及35例糖耐量正常孕妇(对照组)孕中期及孕晚期的血清RBP4、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、不同孕期的体质量指数(BMI)数值等,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),并进行比较,采用Pearson分析两组孕妇RBP4与以上指标的相关性,并对GDM组中孕晚期是否使用胰岛素情况进行分组,比较两组FINS、HOMA-IR、BMI、RBP4值。结果:①GDM组在孕中期及孕晚期时的FINS、HOMA-IR及RBP4均明显高于对照组(P0.01)。②GDM组孕妇孕晚期RBP4值高于孕中期(P0.01),FPG及HOMA-IR值低于孕中期(P0.01)。对照组孕妇FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、RBP4在孕中期与孕晚期比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。③两组孕妇血清RBP4在孕中期及孕晚期时与FINS及HOMA-IR均呈中度或高度正相关(r0.60,P0.01),而与BMI值及FPG均无相关性(P0.05)。孕中期仅GDM组孕妇血清RBP4值与服糖后1小时、2小时的血糖值呈低度正相关(r=0.16,r=0.23;P0.05),而对照组无相关性(P0.05)。结论:RBP4与胰岛素抵抗及GDM发病密切相关,RBP4数值不受即时空腹血糖高低的干扰,但可能反映出GDM孕妇服糖后糖代谢的紊乱,且随孕周增加其数值增高的现象,可能反映出GDM的发展程度。     

Risk factors for postpartum glucose intolerance in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objectives: To determine the risk factors for glucose intolerance (GI) during the postpartum period in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods: This prospective cohort study included 72 Japanese women with GDM who underwent 75?g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) at 12 weeks after delivery. These women were divided into the GI group and the normal group based on postpartum OGTT. Risk factors for GI, including levels of blood glucose (BG), area under the curve (AUC) of glucose, AUC insulin, HbA1c, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA-β, insulinogenic index (II) and the oral disposition index (DI) in antepartum OGTT, were analyzed by logistic regression analyses.

Results: Of the 72 women, 60 (83.3%) were normal and 12 (16.7%) had GI. By univariate logistic regression analyses, fasting BG, AUC glucose, HOMA-β, II and oral DI were selected as risk factors for GI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the level of II in antepartum OGTT was a significant factor that predicted GI after delivery (odds ratio, 0.008; 95% CI, 0.0001–0.9; p?Conclusions: II measured by OGTT during pregnancy might be a useful predictor of GI within the early postpartum period in women with GDM.     

糖代谢异常孕妇胰岛素抵抗程度与巨大儿的关系

目的探讨糖代谢异常孕妇中胰岛素抵抗（IR）和胰岛β细胞功能的关系,以及胰岛素抵抗程度与巨大儿发生的关系。方法测定35例妊娠期糖耐量异常孕妇（GIGT）和12例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇（GDM）的空腹血糖、胰岛素,采用稳态模型评估法（HOMA）计算GIGT和GDM的胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和胰岛β细胞功能指数（HBCI）。结果GIGT、GDM两组孕妇HBCI无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,而HOMA-IR差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;HOMA-IR与巨大胎儿的发生没有显著相关性。结论GDM较GIGT孕妇存在更为明显的胰岛素抵抗,没有发现胰岛素抵抗指数与巨大儿的发生相关。     

Resistance exercise decreases the need for insulin in overweight women with gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the effects of circuit-type resistance training on the need for insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-two patients with gestational diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned either to a group that was treated with diet alone or to a group that was treated with diet plus resistance exercise. RESULTS: The number of women whose condition required insulin therapy was the same, regardless of treatment. However, a subgroup analysis that examined only overweight women (prepregnant body mass index, >25 kg/m(2)) showed a lower incidence of insulin use in the diet-plus-exercise group (P<.05). Women in the diet-plus-exercise group were prescribed less insulin (P<.05) and showed a longer delay from diagnosis to the initiation of insulin therapy (P<.05), compared with the diet-alone group. CONCLUSION: Resistance exercise training may help to avoid insulin therapy for overweight women with gestational diabetes mellitus.     

非肥胖孕妇血清C-反应蛋白水平与妊娠期糖尿病相关性研究

目的 探讨非肥胖孕妇血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的相关性,了解CRP对妊娠期糖尿病是否存在临床预测意义。方法 选取2011年8月至2012年12月大连大学附属中山医院和中山区妇保院孕前基础体重指数均<25的孕妇,分为妊娠期糖尿病组(GDM组)、正常组(NGT组),每组各90例。比较不同组别之间指标的差异及影响血清CRP的相关因素。结果 GDM组血清CRP水平明显高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。血清CRP水平与胰岛素抵抗指数、孕期体重增长、空腹血糖、孕前基础体重及孕前体重指数均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.377、0.333、0.276、0.278、0.300(均为P<0.01)。通过多元线性回归分析,采用Backward法,其CRP (y)的直线回归方程为y=0.323X1+0.1X2+0.244X3-3.918,r2=0.263（X1胰岛素抵抗指数,X2孕期体重增长,X3孕前体重指数）。结论 血清C-反应蛋白对妊娠期糖尿病的独立影响不能被证实。控制孕期体重增长有助于预防妊娠期糖尿病的发生。     

Serum hepcidin is associated with parameters of glucose metabolism in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Objectives: Hepcidin is considered a major regulator of iron metabolism. Despite previous studies showing elevated ferritin and hepcidin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), no study has investigated hepcidin levels in pregnant women with gestational DM (GDM).

Methods: A case-control study was conducted in 30 cases of GDM, 47 pregnant women with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 72 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (control) between April 2009 and July 2011. Serum hepcidin and other iron metabolism parameters were analyzed in all groups.

Results: Serum ferritin and serum iron were significantly elevated in the GDM group compared to controls (p?=?0.014, p?=?0.018, respectively) and to the IGT group (p?=?0.021, p?=?0.008, respectively). Hepcidin levels were elevated significantly in the diabetic patients compared to the IGT group (p?=?0.011) and controls (p?=?0.002). We found no correlation between hepcidin and other iron metabolism parameters (Hb, serum iron and ferritin), whereas positive correlations were found between hepcidin and parameters of glucose metabolism (fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin level and glucose value response to glucose challenge test).

Conclusions: Serum hepcidin concentrations were increased in pregnant women with IGT and GDM and this was not related to inflammation parameters.     

Twin pregnancy outcomes for women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared with glucose tolerant women

OBJECTIVE: To examine pregnancy outcomes for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and a twin pregnancy compared with glucose tolerant women with a twin pregnancy. DESIGN: Comparison of selected pregnancy outcomes. SETTING: Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. POPULATION: Women with GDM seen over a 10-year period by an endocrinologist, and women from a selected year of an obstetric database including Wollongong and Shellharbour Hospitals. METHODS: Examination of pregnancy outcome data from the two sources. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fetal birthweights and method of delivery. RESULTS: There were 28 GDM women with a twin pregnancy from 1229 consecutive referrals (2.3%) of women with GDM for medical management. For comparison there were 29 glucose tolerant women with twin pregnancies evaluable who had delivered over a 1-year period. For the women with GDM and a twin pregnancy there were no significant differences in demographics or outcomes except for a higher rate of elective Caesarean section. CONCLUSION: The higher rate of Caesarean section appeared to be related to the combination of a twin pregnancy and GDM rather than the twin pregnancy or the GDM independently.     

Risk factors of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism after pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: In gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) abnormal glucose metabolism normalizes soon after delivery. However, the history of GDM predisposes to carbohydrate intolerance in the future. The aim of the study was to explore risk factors and to evaluate risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in women with a history of GDM. Methods: 155 patients entered this case-control study. Participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria: a history of GDM, perinatal care in the study center. Medical and family history and laboratory findings were analyzed. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Results: 18.1% of patients presented impaired fasting glucose during the study, 20% presented impaired glucose tolerance and 23.2% presented diabetes mellitus. Gestational age at diagnosis of GDM, the results of OGTT during pregnancy, serum HbA1c concentration at 2nd and 3rd trimester, serum fructosamine concentration, symptoms of diabetic fetopathy in the neonate, the need for insulin therapy after delivery, maternal age at diagnosis of GDM and maternal body mass index before pregnancy were the significant risk factors of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes in the future. Conclusion: GDM increases the risk of diabetes mellitus. Several risk factors of impaired carbohydrate metabolism can be distinguished in patients with a history of GDM.     

Serum levels of nesfatin-1 are increased in gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: To analyze the concentrations of nesfatin-1 in maternal and cord serum, to evaluate the expression of nesfatin-1 in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

Methods: We studied a total of 50 GDM and 50 NGT subjects. The clinical features, serum nesfatin-1, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profiles were measured at the third trimester of pregnancy. The expression of nesfatin-1 in the SAT was determined by western blot.

Results: Compared with the NGT group, the GDM group showed greater levels of serum nesfatin-1, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (AFABP), and leptin; a greater level of cord blood nesfatin-1; and a higher level of expression in SAT (p?p?b?=?0.317, p=?0.022) and body mass index (BMI) before delivery (b?=?0.367, p=0.008) were independently associated with serum nesfatin-1. Nesfatin-1 was the independent risk factor for GDM.

Conclusions: The GDM group had higher levels of maternal serum and cord blood nesfatin-1, and greater nesfatin-1 expression in SAT. Nesfatin-1 is closely related to obesity and IR in pregnancy.     

Metabolic disorders in patients with recent gestational diabetes mellitus

AIM: To determine metabolic disorders in patients with recent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared with controls. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with recent GDM and treated with a diabetic diet only, and 33 controls with normal pregnancies, were included in the study. An oral glucose tolerance test, with corresponding insulin and hormone levels, was performed; the homeostatic model assessment scores were calculated to estimate insulin resistance; prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound scan was assessed; and results were recorded 10-15 months after delivery. RESULTS: Waist : hip ratio and fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in women with recent GDM; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not differ between groups. Fasting, 1-h and 2-h plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in the GDM group; no statistically significant difference was found between groups regarding fasting insulin levels, 1-h and 2-h insulin response, and homeostatic model assessment scores. Serum hormone levels did not differ between groups. The prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology was greater in women with GDM. There was no difference in any metabolic parameter between women in the GDM group with polycystic ovaries and those with normal ovaries. CONCLUSIONS: We found a higher prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology in women with GDM than in controls. Among women with recent GDM, higher waist : hip ratios and fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride levels may indicate metabolic syndrome. In women with recent GDM managed by diet only, insulin resistance may not be detected in the short term.