血清总胆汁酸及其肝纤维化五项指标检测在慢性肝病诊断中的价值

目的 :探讨血清总胆汁酸 (TBA)、Ⅲ型前胶原 (PCⅢ )、Ⅳ型胶原 (Ⅳ -C)、透明质酸 (HA)、甘胆酸 (CG)及层粘连蛋白 (LN)联检在慢性肝病诊断中的价值。方法 :1 1 8例乙型肝炎患者和 31例健康对照组采用放射免疫分析法 (RIA)测定PCⅢ、Ⅳ -C、HA、CG及LN和全自动酶法测定血清TBA。结果 :肝纤维化组血清TBA及肝纤维化五项指标水平较正常组明显升高 (p <0 0 1 ) ,而各组间随肝病组织炎症程度增加 ,检测指标水平也相应增高。结论 :血清TBA与肝纤维化五项指标的联检对肝纤维化的诊断、治疗及预后判断有重要意义。     

病毒性肝炎肝纤维化的临床与病理研究

为了解血清肝纤维化指标与临床及病理的关系，研究病毒性肝炎肝纤维化发生的机制，我们对４９例病毒性肝炎进行了肝组织病理学检查，并检测了其血清Ⅲ型前胶原（ＰＣⅢ）、Ⅲ型前胶原肽（ＰⅢＰ）、层粘蛋白（ＬＮ）、透明质酸（ＨＡ）以及Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ－Ｃ）等，同时对其肝组织进行了ＬＮ、Ⅳ－Ｃ、ａ－平滑肌肌动蛋白（ａ－ＳＭＡ）、细胞角蛋白（ＣＫ）等免疫组化研究。血清学检测结果表明，肝硬变慢性重型肝炎组，各项指标明显高于慢性肝炎组及急性肝炎组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。慢性肝炎组各项指标随着肝纤维化程度的加重，均有不同程度的升高，但以Ⅳ－Ｃ升高明显，重度（Ｓ４）患者显著高于轻度（Ｓ０～２）患者（Ｐ＜０．０１）。肝组织ａ－ＳＭＡ、Ⅳ－Ｃ、ＬＮ的表达亦随肝纤维化程度的加重逐渐明显。作者认为，肝纤维化的诊断应结合临床综合判定。     

肝纤维化标志物在慢性肝病中的临床意义

为探讨肝纤维化标志物Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、透明质酸(HA)、Ⅳ型胶原(C-Ⅳ)和层粘连蛋白(LN)在慢性肝病肝纤维化的诊断和疗效观察中的临床意义, 采用RIA对52例慢性肝病患者, 42名健康对照者, 38例慢性肝病患者经保肝抗纤维化治疗后血清中的PCⅢ、HA、C-Ⅳ和LN进行检测, 同时与对照组和治疗后进行对比分析.慢性肝病患者血清PCⅢ、HA、C-Ⅳ和LN有不同程度升高, 与对照组比较差异显著(P＜0.05),38例慢性肝病治疗后血清PCⅢ、HA、C-Ⅳ和LN都有不同程度的下降, 与治疗前比较差异显著(P＜0.05).血清PCⅢ、HA、C-Ⅳ和LN的测定对慢性肝病肝纤维化的诊断及疗效观察具有重要的临床意义.     

肝纤维化血清标志物在肝病诊断中的意义

目的 :探讨肝纤维化血清标志物Ⅳ型胶原 (Ⅳ -C)、层粘蛋白 (LN)、透明质酸 (HA)、Ⅲ型前胶原 (PCⅢ )在肝病诊断中的意义。方法 :采用放射免疫分析 (RIA)对 36 1例肝病患者、5 2例健康体检者血清中Ⅳ -C、LN、HA、PCⅢ进行检测 ,同时与对照组比较。结果 :慢性迁延型肝炎 (CPH)、慢性活动型肝炎 (CAH)、肝炎后肝硬化 (LC)血清中Ⅳ -C、LN、HA、PCⅢ含量与对照组相比均有不同程度升高 (p <0 0 1或p<0 0 0 1 ) ,且随着病程的发展逐渐升高 ,肝硬化时升幅最大 ,其中以HA升高幅度最为明显。结论 :血清Ⅳ -C、LN、HA、PCⅢ测定可较好地反映肝纤维化程度 ,在肝硬化诊断中以HA价值最高     

肝纤维化指标的检测及临床意义

目的 研究血清纤维化指标透明质酸（HA）、IV型胶原（Ⅳ-c）、Ⅲ型前胶原肽（PCⅢ）、层粘连蛋白（LN）水平与肝纤维化指标的关系.方法 对确诊的慢性乙型肝炎及肝硬化患者124例和健康人18例,测定血清纤维化指标水平,33例患者进行肝穿行肝组织炎症及肝纤维化分期.血清纤维化指标行统计学分析.结果 血清中HA与CIV水平在慢性肝炎各相平行,而LN与PCⅢ在慢性肝炎病理分期相同时结果一致,在G4期时PCⅢ结果与正常对照相近.四项指标与对照组比较有明显升高.结论 血清纤维化指标与肝纤维化有一定的相关性,这些指标与临床结合对肝纤维化有一定的价值.LN与PCⅢ在慢性肝炎患者分期G_4前与纤维化程度相一致,联合多项指标检测可在一定程度上提高肝纤维化诊断.     

血清肝纤维化指标酶联免疫分析实验和增强化学发光免疫分析系统检测的评价

目的 评价增强化学发光免疫分析系统(Enhanced Chemiluminescence Immunoassay, ECLIA)与酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),测定血清透明质酸(HA)、层黏蛋白含量(LN)、Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)和Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)方法与患者肝纤维化程度的相关性.方法 以患者肝穿病理结果为金标准,分别用ECLIA和ELISA法检测253例患者的4项血清纤维化指标,并分别与病理结果进行比较.结果 两种方法的检测结果均能反映患者从肝炎到肝硬化的肝纤维化逐渐加重的趋势.但与ELISA法比较,ECLIA方法检测的结果与病理结果的相关性较好.结论 ECLIA系统检测血清肝纤维化四项指标,可以更好的反应肝硬化的发展程度.     

甲亢患者血清HA、LN、PCⅢ及Ⅳ.CRIA

血清透明质酸(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)及Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ.C)的测定目前主要是作为判断肝纤维化程度的重要指标,并已在临床上广泛应用。但应用于甲亢患者的测定及报道较少,我们测定了部分甲亢患者的血清四项肝纤维化标志物的含量,现将结果报告如下。     

评价HA,LN,PⅢNP,IV—C在肝纤维化中的作用

本文采用放射免疫分析法分别对240例急、慢性肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌患者的血清透明质酸(HA)、层粘蛋白(LN)、三型胶原氨基端肽(PⅢNP)、四型胶原(Ⅳ-C)测定,并结合临床初步评价这四种1995年中华医学会<病毒性肝炎防治方案>推荐[1]的肝纤维化指标在肝纤维化的诊断中的意义.     

HA、LN及PⅢP检测在CHB患者肝纤维化的早期诊断中的价值分析

目的:探讨透明质酸(Hyaluronic Acid,HA)、人层黏连蛋白(Laminin,LN)及三型前胶原末端肽(Pciiinp,PⅢP)检测对慢性乙型肝炎(Chronic Hepatitis,CHB)患者肝纤维化的早期诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析2019 年 8 月-2021 年 3 月期间收治经穿刺活检证实CHB患者 63 例的临床资料.另选取同期健康体检者 58例为对照组.分析CHB患者的进展阶段;比较各阶段CHB患者和对照组血清HA、LN及PⅢP水平、肝纤维化分期与HA、LN及PⅢP的水平关系、肝功能(Child-Pugh,CHILD)分级与血清HA、LN及PⅢP的水平关系;HA、LN及PⅢP联合检测对CHB患者肝纤维化的诊断价值.结果:以组织穿刺活检为金标准比较,HA、LN 及 PⅢP 联合检测诊断准确率、灵敏度、特异度分别为 83.82%(57/68)、94.82%(55/58)、40.00%(2/5).肝硬化组血清HA、LN及PⅢP水平均显著高于慢性乙型肝炎重度组、中度组、轻度组和对照组(P＜0.05).肝纤维化分期S4 期血清HA、LN及PⅢP水平均显著高于S2-S3、S0-S1 期和对照组(P＜0.05).CHILD分级C级组血清HA、LN及PⅢP水平均显著高于S2-S3、S0-S1 和对照组.结论:血清HA、LN及PⅢP参与CHB患者肝纤维化的发生与发展,能作为早期疾病诊断CHB肝纤维化和评估病情严重程度的重要指标.     

IL-17在慢性HBV感染及肝炎肝纤维化患者中表达升高

目的 探讨IL-17与HBV感染特别是肝纤维化发生的相关性.方法 酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)及反转录-多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)法测定血清中IL-17浓度和外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中IL-17 mRNA的水平.免疫组化法及ELISA法测定肝组织中IL-17的表达和IV型胶原、层黏连蛋白(LN)、透明质酸(HA)及Ⅲ型胶原的水平.结果 4组患者中血清IL-17和PBMC中IL-17 mRNA水平表达均高于正常对照组(P<0.005);与其他各组相比,IL-17及其mRNA水平在肝硬化患者中明显升高(P<0.005).肝组织IL-17表达强度及血清肝纤维化指标水平在肝硬化组高于慢性乙肝组,慢性乙肝组高于携带者组(IL-17表达强度P<0.01,肝纤维化指标P<0.001);肝组织IL-17染色位于汇管区,与纤维化高度相关;淋巴细胞、成纤维细胞及血窦内皮细胞染色阳性.肝组织IL-17表达强度与血清Ⅳ型胶原、LN、HA、Ⅲ型胶原呈正相关(r=0.883、0.834、0.793、0.722,P<0.01).结论 IL-17可能参与慢性HBV感染尤其是肝纤维化的发生过程.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.