一氧化氮合酶抑制剂减轻哮喘模型小鼠气道炎性反应

目的 探究一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂对哮喘小鼠的治疗效果。方法 将雌性BALB/c 5～6周小鼠50只，随机分为5组，每组10只。1)对照组；2)哮喘组：用卵清蛋白(OVA)致敏小鼠建立哮喘模型；3)S-甲基异硫脲硫酸盐(SMT)组：给予SMT干预；4)N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)组：给予L-NAME干预；5)NG-单甲基-L-精氨酸(L-NMMA)组：给予L-NMMA干预。用HE染色进行组织病理学分析。使用乙酰甲胆碱激发试验评估气道反应性。用ELISA检测血清及肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中一氧化氮(NO)及细胞因子的水平。结果 哮喘组与对照组相比，可见杯状细胞增生、黏液分泌增加，气管血管周围大量的炎性细胞浸润，气道阻力明显升高，给予NOS抑制剂后好转，尤其是SMT组。哮喘组与对照组相比，血浆、肺泡灌洗液及肺组织匀浆中NO水平明显升高(P<0.05),血浆、肺泡灌洗液IL-2、IL-4、IL-17、TNF-α水平均明显升高(P<0.05)。SMT组与哮喘组相比，血浆、BALF及肺组织匀浆中NO水平明显下降(P<0.05),血浆、BALF IL-2、IL-4、...     

慢性应激对大鼠空间学习记忆和海马一氧化氮的影响

目的 :探讨慢性应激对大鼠空间学习记忆和海马NO的影响。方法 :采用电击足底结合噪声建立慢性应激大鼠模型 ,Morris水迷宫观察动物的学习和记忆能力 ,同时检测海马NO含量和NOS活性。结果 :慢性应激大鼠在Morris水迷宫的空间学习和记忆能力明显下降 ,海马NO含量和NOS活性 (3 87± 0 47nmol/mgpro和 10 2 64± 13 33pmol/mgpro/min)显著高于对照组大鼠 (2 76± 0 43nmol/mgpro和 78 2 5± 10 67pmol/mgpro/min)。结论 :慢性应激损害大鼠空间学习和记忆能力 ,可能与其海马内NO增多有关     

内源性一氧化氮对哮喘大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞钾通道的影响

目的：观察体内应用一氧化氮（NO）前体左旋精氨酸（L-Arg）对哮喘大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞（BSMC）钾通道电生理特性的影响，为哮喘治疗提供理论基础。 方法： 雄性SD大鼠，随机分为对照组、哮喘组和哮喘L-Arg(300 mg/kg)治疗组（L-Arg组）。急性酶消化法分离获得大鼠单个BSMC。用常规全细胞膜片钳技术记录3组BSMC的静息膜电位（Em）、钙激活钾通道(BKCa)电流和电压依赖性钾通道（Kv）电流的差异。 结果： （1）哮喘组的静息膜电位为(-29.4±5.6) mV，显著低于对照组(-34.8±6.2)mV, (P<0.05)；L-Arg治疗组的静息膜电位为(-36.1±6.8) mV, 与哮喘组差异显著(P<0.05)。（2）钙激活钾通道电流：+50 mV电压刺激时，方波刺激模式下哮喘组大鼠BSMC的BKCa峰值电流密度［(43.8±16.5) pA/pF, n=8］低于对照组［(72.5±19.9)pA/pF, n=8］,(P<0.01)；L-Arg组的BKCa电流密度［(58.7±12.4) pA/pF, n=8］则高于哮喘组(P<0.05)。（3）电压依赖性钾通道电流：+50 mV电压刺激时，方波刺激模式下哮喘组大鼠BSMC的Kv峰值电流密度为［(32.4±8.7)pA/pF, n=8］，显著低于对照组［(57.7±9.8)pA/pF, n=8］ (P<0.01)；L-Arg组的Kv峰值电流密度［(43.6±7.9)pA/pF, n=8］，显著高于哮喘组［(32.4±8.7)pA/pF, n=8］ (P<0.05)。结论： 体内应用L-Arg可增加钙激活钾通道和电压依赖性钾通道电流，明显改善哮喘大鼠BSMC的静息膜电位，从而降低气道平滑肌细胞的兴奋性，可能具有抑制气道高反应性的作用。     

磷脂酰肌醇3激酶对哮喘大鼠气道上皮细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的调控作用

目的： 探讨磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（PI3K）抑制剂wortmannin对哮喘大鼠支气管上皮细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）表达的影响。方法: 24只成年哮喘大鼠随机分成对照组、哮喘组以及PI3K抑制剂wortmannin干预组。对支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）细胞总数及嗜酸性粒细胞进行计数,免疫组织化学检测大鼠支气管上皮细胞iNOS蛋白的表达,RT-PCR检测肺组织iNOS mRNA的表达,分光光度计检测肺组织PI3K活性、iNOS活性及NO含量。结果: 哮喘组大鼠BALF细胞总数计数及嗜酸性粒细胞分类均高于对照组;PI3K抑制剂wortmannin干预组BALF嗜酸性粒细胞计数及分类明显低于哮喘组,差异显著。哮喘组肺组织PI3K活性、iNOS活性及NO含量高于对照组,PI3K抑制剂wortmannin干预组肺组织PI3K活性、iNOS活性及NO含量低于哮喘组。哮喘组大鼠支气管上皮细胞iNOS蛋白及肺组织iNOS mRNA表达较对照组明显增强,但PI3K抑制剂wortmannin组iNOS蛋白及mRNA表达均明显弱于哮喘组。结论: PI3K可调节哮喘大鼠气道iNOS表达,影响哮喘气道炎症反应。     

脑室内注射BDNF抗体对大鼠海马NOS表达的影响

探讨脑室内注射脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)抗体阻断内源性BDNF对大鼠海马一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)阳性神经元的影响。脑室内注射BDNF抗体一周后 ,采用Morris水迷宫进行行为检测 ;并用NADPH 黄递酶组化染色方法观察海马NOS阳性神经元数目的变化。与对照组相比 ,实验组大鼠空间学习和记忆能力明显下降 (P <0 0 1) ;实验组大鼠海马CA1区NOS阳性神经元数目 (38 37± 5 2 3)明显少于对照组 (4 9 5 3± 5 74 ) (P <0 0 1) ;实验组DG区NOS阳性神经元数目 (4 8 77± 5 5 1)明显少于对照组 (6 0 4 0± 7 39) (P <0 0 1)。脑室内注射BDNF抗体可导致大鼠空间学习记忆能力下降 ,海马NOS阳性神经元数目减少 ,提示BDNF对学习和记忆的影响可能与海马NOS阳性神经元数目的变化有关     

脑挫伤后一氧化氮合酶阳性细胞及一氧化氮含量的变化

目的　探讨脑挫伤后一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)阳性细胞和一氧化氮 (NO)的变化和意义。方法　采用自由落体法致Wistar大鼠顶叶皮质挫裂伤动物模型。伤后 2 4h、72h和 7d取脑 ,制作冰冻切片 ,采用NADPH组织化学染色 ,显示脑挫伤区NOS阳性细胞。用硝酸还原酶法测定血液和脑组织中NO含量。结果　脑挫伤后 72h ,NOS阳性细胞数密度 (Nv)和面密度(Sv)明显增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而且 7d时仍无明显下降。血液和脑中NO含量也增高 ,并与NOS细胞呈平行关系。结论　脑挫伤后不同时间NOS细胞数目和NO含量有明显改变 ,提示NOS和NO参与了脑挫伤的病理过程     

牛磺酸对失血性休克复苏家兔肺组织NOS活性及NO含量的影响

探讨失血性休克复苏时肺组织中一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)活性、一氧化氮 (NO)含量的变化及牛磺酸对其的影响。新西兰种兔 2 4只随机分为三组 (n =8) :对照组、休克复苏组、牛磺酸治疗组。采用失血性休克复苏动物模型。结果发现 :休克复苏 3h肺湿重 肺干重、肺水含量、肺通透指数 (LPI)、肺泡灌洗液 (PALF)中蛋白含量、肺组织中NOS活性、NO含量均升高 (均P <0 0 1)。同时 ,血浆中NOS、LDH活性及NO含量均有显著升高 (均P <0 0 1)。预先给予牛磺酸 (静脉注射 ,4 0mg kg体重 )可显著缓解上述变化 (均P <0 0 1)。提示失血性休克复苏时NOS的激活和NO的大量释放 ,对休克复苏所致肺损伤的发生发展起重要作用 ,牛磺酸对这种肺损伤具有明显的保护作用     

一氧化氮合酶与缺氧复氧所致神经细胞凋亡及银杏叶提取物的保护作用

目的　探讨一氧化氮 (NO)在缺氧复氧诱导神经细胞凋亡中的作用及中药银杏叶提取物的保护机制。方法　实验使用胎龄 16～ 17日Wistar大鼠的大脑皮层神经细胞进行原代分离培养 ;采用Wright Giemsa染色 ,光镜、透射电子显微镜观察 ;原位末端标记法确立缺氧复氧神经细胞凋亡病理模型 ;应用NADPH d组织化学方法检测神经细胞一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)的表达并用计算机图像分析系统进行定量检测。　结果　缺氧复氧可以使大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞发生凋亡 ,随缺氧时间的延长 ,凋亡细胞数渐多 ,至缺氧 8h复氧 18h达高峰 ;在缺氧 2h(H2 R0 组 )和缺氧 8h复氧 18h(R8R1 8)组中神经细胞NOS表达均显著增高 ,与正常对照组比有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1;P <0 0 5 )。EGB能显著抑制此双时相NOS活性的增强 ,并明显降低神经细胞凋亡率。　结论　缺氧复氧损伤可诱导培养的大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞发生凋亡。NOS表达增强从而使NO产生增加可能是缺氧复氧诱导神经细胞凋亡的机制之一。银杏叶提取物 (EGB)经下调NOS表达活性 ,抑制NO的产生保护培养的大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞免于凋亡。     

雌激素对去卵巢大鼠血清NO、NOS及ET-1水平的影响

观察雌二醇 (E2 )替代疗法对去卵巢大鼠血清一氧化氮 (NO)、一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)及内皮素 - 1(ET - 1)水平的影响。选择 2 1只SD雌性大鼠 ,体重 (2 0 0± 10 ) g ,随机分为假手术组 ,去卵巢组 ,去卵巢 +E2 治疗组。一个月后将大鼠处死 ,测血清NO、NOS及ET - 1的含量。结果表明同假手术组相比 ,去卵巢大鼠血清NO与NOS显著降低 ,ET - 1水平显著升高 ;去卵巢 +E2 治疗组大鼠血清NO与NOS显著升高 ,而ET - 1显著下降(P <0 .0 5 )。结果显示 :E2 能对血管内皮NO、NOS及ET - 1起调控作用 ,这可能是E2 对抗动脉粥样硬化的作用机制。     

兔急性上颌窦炎早期一氧化氮合酶的表达及意义

目的 :探讨一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)在兔急性上颌窦炎 (AMS)窦粘膜中的表达及其意义。方法 :健康新西兰白兔 36只 ,分为空白、阴性对照组和AMS组。通过阻塞窦口并注入 1.0ml的肺炎链球菌悬液 (10 9CFU)建立AMS模型 ,观察时间点为自手术第 5、10天。应用黄递酶———NADPH组织化学技术 ,以NADPH脱氢酶特异性测定NOS在空白、阴性对照组和AMS组兔上颌窦粘膜中的分布及不同时间点AMS组NOS活性表达。结果 :正常和急性上颌窦炎兔窦粘膜酶化学染色均有反应 ,主要分布于粘膜上皮、血管内皮和腺体细胞 (染色程度与正常组相比 ,P<0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。结论 :正常兔上颌窦粘膜存在NOS ,一氧化氮 (NO)与上颌窦急性炎症有关 ,炎症时NOS活性明显增高 ,过多的NO会对组织或细胞产生损伤 ,提示NO在AMS发病机制中有重要意义     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.