胆道梗阻经内镜引流术的体会

目的探讨经内镜胆道引流治疗胆道梗阻的可行性和疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2003年3月~2004年10月对96例胆道梗阻病例进行103例次内镜下胆道引流的诊治经过,分析其黄疸改善情况、支架通畅率及生存期。结果操作成功率为93.6%。良性胆道梗阻者总有效率为86.7%,恶性梗阻者为88.0%。ERBD组3、6、12月生存率分别为45.8%、33.3%、0;EMBE组分别为100%、76.9%、30.7%。EMBE支架通畅率与平均引流时间均优于ERBD者(P<0.01)。结论经内镜胆道引流治疗老年人良、恶性胆道梗阻疗效确切,可达到减黄、减压、延长生存期的目的。     

肝外胆道变异与医源性胆管损伤

医源性胆道损伤(iatrogenic bile duct injury)是每一位胆道外科医生职业生涯中难以回避的困扰,发生率约0.5%.究其原因与肝外胆道的解剖变异较为复杂密切相关,胆囊和肝外胆道的解剖变异发生率可高达50%.本文就肝外胆道变异与胆管损伤的关系加以探讨.     

恶性胆道梗阻的经皮胆道介入治疗

目的　探讨如何改进恶性胆道梗阻的介入治疗。方法　对 35例确诊为恶性胆道梗阻的患者 ,先经皮肝穿刺胆道造影确定梗阻部位 ,再选择合适的胆管穿刺 ,置入导丝至十二指肠 ,经导丝放置引流管行胆道内外引流。其中 6例立即放置可膨式金属支架 ,8例 2周后放置。结果　 3例术后1个月后死亡 ,其余术后血胆红素、碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶较术前下降明显。随访 32例 ,6个月生存率占 5 6 %。结论　对于恶性梗阻性黄疸 ,经皮胆道介入治疗能延长生存时间 ,减轻痛苦 ,改善生活质量     

Preoperative biliary drainage for biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

We posed six clinical questions (CQ) on preoperative biliary drainage and organized all pertinent evidence regarding these questions. CQ 1. Is preoperative biliary drainage necessary for patients with jaundice? The indications for preoperative drainage for jaundiced patients are changing greatly. Many reports state that, excluding conditions such as cholangitis and liver dysfunction, biliary drainage is not necessary before pancreatoduodenectomy or less invasive surgery. However, the morbidity and mortality of extended hepatectomy for biliary cancer is still high, and the most common cause of death is hepatic failure; therefore, preoperative biliary drainage is desirable in patients who are to undergo extended hepatectomy. CQ 2. What procedures are appropriate for preoperative biliary drainage? There are three methods of biliary drainage: percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) or endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD), and surgical drainage. ERBD is an internal drainage method, and PTBD and ENBD are external methods. However, there are no reports of comparisons of preoperative biliary drainage methods using randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Thus, at this point, a method should be used that can be safely performed with the equipment and techniques available at each facility. CQ 3. Which is better, unilateral or bilateral biliary drainage, in malignant hilar obstruction? Unilateral biliary drainage of the future remnant hepatic lobe is usually enough even when intrahepatic bile ducts are separated into multiple units due to hilar malignancy. Bilateral biliary drainage should be considered in the following cases: those in which the operative procedure is difficult to determine before biliary drainage; those in which cholangitis has developed after unilateral drainage; and those in which the decrease in serum bilirubin after unilateral drainage is very slow. CQ 4. What is the best treatment for post-drainage fever? The most likely cause of high fever in patients with biliary drainage is cholangitis due to problems with the existing drainage catheter or segmental cholangitis if an undrained segment is left. In the latter case, urgent drainage is required. CQ 5. Is bile culture necessary in patients with biliary drainage who are to undergo surgery? Monitoring of bile cultures is necessary for patients with biliary drainage to determine the appropriate use of antibiotics during the perioperative period. CQ 6. Is bile replacement useful for patients with external biliary drainage? Maintenance of the enterohepatic bile circulation is vitally important. Thus, preoperative bile replacement in patients with external biliary drainage is very likely to be effective when highly invasive surgery (e.g., extended hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma) is planned.     

Multiple intrahepatic biliary cysts in children with biliary atresia

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, clinical course, and outcome of multiple intrahepatic biliary cysts in patients with biliary atresia. Methods: From 1992 to 2000, 154 patients with biliary atresia were examined for intrahepatic cysts. They were followed and examined routinely using abdominal ultrasonography. Results: Twenty-three patients had single intrahepatic cysts, and 16 patients had multiple cysts. The incidence of intrahepatic cysts in these patients were 25.3% (39 of 154) for all kinds of cysts and 10.4% (16 of 154) for multiple intrahepatic cysts. Of the 16 patients with multiple cysts, 13 (81.3%) had jaundice, and 15 (93.8%) had a history of cholangitis before cysts were detected. Image studies showed multiple discrete ovoid or round intrahepatic biliary cysts with various sizes along the biliary trees. The cysts decreased in size or number in 7 patients after antibiotic treatment and disappeared in only one patient. The mortality rate was higher in patients with multiple cysts than in those with single cysts (P = .037). Conclusions: Multiple intrahepatic biliary cysts are a common complication in patients with biliary atresia and suggests a poor prognosis. Prolonged parenteral antibiotics treatment should be administered when signs of biliary infection appear. J Pediatr Surg 37:1183-1187.     

胆道术后胆漏处理的体会

为探讨胆道手术时胆漏发生的原因和处理方法，笔者回顾性分析了21例胆漏患者的临床资料。21例中手术治疗16例（76.2%）：初次手术中及时发现胆漏及胆管损伤，经胆肠吻合一次治愈2例，T管引流（3~6个月）治愈5例；再手术9例（42.9%），其中胆囊管残端再结扎、腹腔引流2例，再次总胆管探查、T型管引流3例，肝管空肠吻合3例，肝管外引流1例。近期疗效满意7例。近、远期死亡各1例。拒绝再手术1例（4.7%）。非手术治疗4例(19%)。拒绝治疗1例，胆漏发生后6d死亡。胆漏的合理处理是：术中发现胆管损伤，应争取一期修复，并放置胆管内支撑管引流3～6个月。术后发现少量胆汁沿T管或腹腔引流管渗漏，若无明显腹膜炎表现，可尝试非手术治疗。如果胆汁性腹膜炎明显，应果断再手术，局部炎症水肿较轻时，可一期修复；局部炎症水肿严重时，宜先引流近端胆道，放置通畅的腹腔引流，积极抗感染、支持治疗，3个月后再择期手术。拔除T管后发生的胆漏，根据情况可经内镜行Oddi括约肌切开或经鼻胆管引流，或再手术治疗。     

Adjuvant therapies using biliary stenting for malignant biliary obstruction

The aim of this study was to analyze the patency of expandable metallic stents in malignant biliary obstruction and to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant therapy accompanied by biliary stenting. We analyzed 29 patients in whom bile duct stenting was performed for malignant biliary obstruction. Their types of disease were: hilar ductal carcinoma (n = 8), gallbladder carcinoma (n = 11), and pancreatic carcinoma (n = 10). Initially, 46 expandable metallic stents were placed in 29 patients. In 23 of the 29 patients, adjuvant therapy was administered. Seventeen patients underwent radiotherapy, and 16 patients received various systemic chemotherapies. In principle, hyperthermia was performed twice a week, simultaneously with radiotherapy. Patient survival and the probability of stent patency were calculated using actuarial life table analysis. There was no significant difference in stent patency among the patients according to type of disease. Hyperthermia did not influence the stent patency rate. The median stent patency time was significantly greater in the chemo-radiation group than in the no-adjuvant therapy group: 182 days versus 68 days, respectively (P = 0.017). Moreover, a significant increase was seen in the median survival time in the chemo-radiation group: 261 days versus 109 days (P = 0.0337). Complications occurred in 9 patients (31.0%). Stent occlusion occurred in 6 patients (20.7%), with all of these patients managed successfully using a transhepatically placed new expandable metallic stent, employing the stent-in-stent method. Stent migration occurred in 2 patients after radiotherapy. Adjuvant therapies such as radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy, in combination with stent insertion, resulted in an increase in the patency period of expandable metallic stents and in increased patient survival time. Received: August 18, 2000 / Accepted: December 1, 2000     

医源性胆管狭窄:胆道外科之痛

损伤性胆管狭窄多是涉及胆道外科时医源性引起.其导致的严重后果仍然是胆道外科之痛.随着肝脏外科与移植外科的发展和LC的广泛诮,损伤性胆管狭窄的模式正在改变.将胆道系统作为一个整体器官来对待和更多地保存其生理功能的完整性,可能是治疗损伤性胆管狭窄的发展方向.文中介绍了我们简化胆管损伤和胆管狭窄分类的建议.     

Congenital biliary atresia and congenital biliary dilatation in siblings.

Congenital biliary atresia or congenital biliary dilatation in siblings have been reported, although the genetic influences in these diseases are considered to be obscure. We report a case of congenital biliary atresia and congenital biliary dilatation in sisters.     

内镜下胆管引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）加鼻胆管引流（ENBD）、塑料支架置入引流（ERBD）或金属支架置入引流（EMBE）治疗恶性胆道梗阻的疗效比较。方法 136例恶性胆道梗阻患者,分为：ENBD组、ERBD组和EMBE组,观察各组疗效、支架通畅时间及生存时间。结果 三组总体置管成功率95.4%;治疗1周内肝功能及临床症状较术前明显好转,引流总体有效率为91.0%;并发症发生率为5.4%。ERBD组平均通畅时间（88.0±21.9）d,EMBE组平均通畅时间（200.6±46.6）d,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.0 1）;ERBD组平均生存时间（215.4±111.3）d,EMBE组平均生存时间（271.8±100.8）d,两组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 经ERCP对恶性胆道梗阻患者给予鼻胆管引流及支架置入是一种安全有效的姑息性治疗方法。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎胆道疾病的外科处理

目的:探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎(ABP)患者胆道疾病手术治疗的方法及时机。方法:回顾性分析206例ABP行胆道疾病处理的患者临床资料,其中轻型192例,中重型2例,重型12例;手术方式包括胆囊切除术、胆总管切开取石T管引流术、ERCP、肝叶部分切除术等。结果:中重型及重型ABP患者均在非手术治疗后早期行外科处理;轻型ABP患者中与早期手术者(起病2周内)抗生素使用时间、总住院时间、住院费用较延期手术者(起病2周后)明显减少,同期手术者抗生素使用时间、总住院时间、总费用较择期手术者明显减少(P0.05)。结论:ABP患者胆道手术方式需根据患者情况选择,轻型患者应在同次住院期间且起病早期行胆道手术治疗;重型患者应在非手术治疗整体情况缓解后尽早行手术治疗;如有胆道梗阻或胆管炎无论轻重均应急诊手术或ERCP。     

Postoperative biliary peritonitis

An analysis of results of surgical treatment of 91 patients with postoperative biliary peritonitis has shown that frequency of postoperative biliary peritonitis depended on the volume and character of operative interventions, as well as on technical errors made at the preoperative period and during operation. The presence of latent hepatic insufficiency made for the development of polyorganic insufficiency, had negative influence on the course of the disease and might be one of the causes of high postoperative lethality (up to 23.1%) in this category of patients.     

Primary biliary peritonitis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to debate the epidemiologic and clinical features of primitive biliary peritonitis (PBP) as much as a rare pathology; and especially to obtain a more comprehensive view of factors associated with a severe prognosis. METHOD: It is a retrospective survey of 15 patients, collected from 2000 to 2003. Only primitive biliary peritonitis has been included. RESULT: It is a series of 15 patients, 6 men and 9 women, with a mean age of 62 years. Biliary lithiasis was incriminated in 14 cases. Clinical picture was an acute peritonitis in every case. Six patients were operated on by median incision, the others by costal one. The death rate is of 26,6%, all death were a direct complication of PBP. Factors associated with a higher mortality are an IGS II score superior or equal than 31 and a number of organ failures superior or equal to 3. CONCLUSION: PBP is a rare and severe pathology that concerns aged women. Biliary lithiasis is the main etiology. Treatment is essentially surgical, in association with active per-operative resuscitation.