内服左氧氟沙星治疗非淋菌尿道炎32例

探讨口服左氧氟沙星治疗非淋菌尿道炎的疗效 ,并与强力霉素比较。左氧氟沙星组 32例 ,服用左氧氟沙星 0 .2 g,bid,7～ 1 4d;强力霉素组 1 8例 ,服用强力霉素 0 .1 g,bid,7～ 1 4d。结果两组疗效比较差异无显著意义 ,有效率均为 91 %。     

左氧氟沙星联合头孢曲松治疗肺水肿并发下呼吸道感染的疗效观察

目的观察左氧氟沙星联合头孢曲松与单独应用左氧氟沙星治疗急性肺水肿并发下呼吸道感染的疗效差异。方法对照组21例给予左氧氟沙星治疗,观察组32例给予左氧氟沙星联合头孢曲松治疗。比较两组治疗总有效率、平均给药天数。结果总有效率对照组为85．7％,观察组为96．9％,差异无统计学意义（X2=0．95,P〉0．05）;平均给药天数对照组为（6．1±2．6）d,观察组为（5．7±2．1）d,差异无统计学意义（t=0．62,P〉0．05）。结论单独应用左氧氟沙星与其联合头孢曲松治疗急性肺水肿并发下呼吸道感染疗效无显著差异,因此应尽量避免联合用药。     

阿奇霉素联合左氧氟沙星治疗社区获得性肺炎的临床效果评价

目的对阿奇霉素联合左氧氟沙星治疗社区获得性肺炎的临床效果进行评价。方法随机将2014年4月至2017年3月在本院接受治疗的58例社区获得性肺炎患者分成两组。对照组29例,单纯采用左氧氟沙星治疗,观察组29例,采取阿奇霉素联合左氧氟沙星的治疗方案。对比两组社区获得性肺炎患者临床症状改善情况和不良反应发生情况。结果观察组患者发热消失时间(2.32±0.69)d、咳嗽消失时间(5.12±0.64)d、血常规恢复时间(4.20±0.72)d、肺部X线恢复时间(9.64±2.12)d、肺部音消除时间(3.10±1.02)d以及失眠发生率(3.45%)、恶心呕吐发生率(3.45%)、腹部不适发生率(3.45%)均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论阿奇霉素联合左氧氟沙星治疗社区获得性肺炎安全有效。     

山西省严重急性呼吸综合征就诊与诊断及时性分析

目的　分析山西省严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)就诊的及时性以及临床诊断情况 ,对临床就治水平做出评估。方法　用疫情资料、临床上报资料等对患者发病、就诊、住院时间以及医院诊断为 SARS可疑病例、临床确诊病例的时间进行统计分析。结果　病人从发病到就诊的平均天数为 2 .6 4 d,就诊到住院的平均天数为0 .94 d;从住院到做出疑似诊断平均 1.2 4 d,从疑似诊断到临床诊断的平均天数为 5 .2 3d;住院到临床诊断的平均天数为 5 .37d。结论　随着时间的推移 ,社会人群对 SARS危害性的认识在不断提高 ,病人发病后就诊、住院的时间以及医院对收治病人后做出诊断所用的时间越来越短 ,且临床就治水平在不断提高 ,病死率仅为 5 .36 % ,低于全国平均水平。     

静脉滴注阿奇霉素治疗非淋菌性泌尿生殖道炎106例

目的 :观察静脉滴注阿奇霉素治疗非淋菌性泌尿生殖道炎 (NGU )的临床效果。方法 :2 97例NGU病人 [男性 193例 ,女性 10 4例 ,年龄 (2 7±s8)a]分为 3组治疗。静脉滴注阿奇霉素组 (治疗组 )10 6例 ,用阿奇霉素粉针剂 0 .2 5 g加氯化钠注射液2 5 0mL ,iv ,gtt ,qd ;静脉滴注氧氟沙星组 (对照 1组 ) 73例 ,用氧氟沙星注射液 4 0 0mg加氯化钠注射液 2 5 0mL ,iv ,gtt ,qd ;口服阿奇霉素组 (对照 2组 )118例 ,用阿奇霉素片 0 .5 g ,po ,qd。 3组用药均首次加倍 ,疗程均为 7～ 10d。结果 :3组痊愈率分别为 80 .2 % ,6 0 % ,74 .6 % ,治疗组和对照 2组疗效差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,并均高于对照 1组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :2种阿奇霉素制剂治疗NGU效果均优于氧氟沙星 ,可作为目前治疗NGU的首选药物 ,静脉滴注阿奇霉素胃肠道反应较轻 ,可选择性用于对口服制剂不适应的病人     

学龄前期儿童感染肺炎支原体及药敏结果分析

目的为了解0～6岁儿童住院患者疑似肺炎支原体感染及对抗生素耐药情况分析。方法对500例0～6岁疑似支原体感染的住院患者进行肺炎支原体培养鉴定及对11种抗菌药物敏感性试验(强力霉素、美满霉素、交沙霉素、阿齐霉素、罗红霉素、克拉霉素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、壮观霉素)。结果支原体对11种药物敏感性较高的是强力霉素、美满霉素、壮观霉素,对药物耐药较高的是克拉霉素、罗红霉素、左氧氟沙星。结论强力霉素、美满霉素、壮观霉素敏感性分别高于克拉霉素、罗红霉素、左氧氟沙星。结果表明:由于肺炎支原体药敏结果各地均不完全相同,对肺炎对原体感染,应尽量做培养对药敏试验,指导,临床合理使用抗生素。     

阿齐霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床疗效观察

目的:观察阿齐霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法:将66例患儿随机分为两组,即阿齐霉素组和红霉素组。阿齐霉素组给予门冬氨酸阿齐霉素8～10mg.(kg.d)-1加入5%葡萄糖注射液静脉注,qd,疗程为4～5d,有肺外表现者5～7d。红霉素组给予红霉素20～30mg.(kg.d)-1加入5%葡萄糖注射液静脉滴注,qd,疗程为7～14d。比较两组总有效率、临床症状、不良反应的差异。结果:总有效率阿齐霉素组92.1%,红霉素组82.1%,差异有显著性(P<0.05);两组临床症状比较阿齐霉素组优于红霉素组,不良反应发生方面阿奇霉素组明显低于红霉素组(P<0.05)。结论:阿奇霉索是治疗小儿支原体肺炎的一种安全有效的抗生素,值得进一步推广应用。     

阿奇霉素和左氧氟沙星治疗女性非淋菌性泌尿生殖道感染各45例比较

目的 :比较阿奇霉素和左氧氟沙星治疗女性非淋菌性泌尿生殖道感染的有效性和安全性。方法 :采用随机、开放、对照研究 ,试验组 4 5例 ,d 1用阿奇霉素 ,0 .5 g ,po ,bid ,次日 0 .5 g ,po ,qd ,连服1wk ;对照组 4 5例 ,用左氧氟沙星 0 .2 g ,po ,qd ,连服 1wk。结果 :2组痊愈、有效、无效病例分别为4 0 ,4 ,1和 2 7,9,9例 ,经Ridit分析差异有显著意义(P <0 .0 5 ) ;不良反应发生率分别是 2 2 %和 2 4 % ,差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :口服阿奇霉素在治疗女性非淋菌性泌尿生殖道感染优于左氧氟沙星且安全。     

左氧氟沙星治疗成人肺炎支原体肺炎42例临床观察

目的 评价左氧氟沙星治疗成人肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效及安全性.方法 有选择的2010年9月至2011年4月收治的支原体肺炎病例42例.左氧氟沙星组20例,阿奇霉素组22例.以7~14 d为一个疗程观察左氧氟沙星的疗效及阿奇霉素的耐药.结果 左氧氟沙星治疗组共20例,其中痊愈13,例显效 4例,有效率85.00%,阿奇霉素治疗组共22例,其中痊愈10例,显效4例,有效率63.64%.结论 在本作者的临床治疗过程中对42例MP患者分成左氧氟沙星组和阿奇霉素组,经过临床观察有效率是 85.00%和63.64%,两组数据比较差异有统计学意义.我国MP对大环内酯类耐药现象更为严重.左氧氟沙星对MP的体外抗菌活性良好在MP的治疗中,临床疗效肯定.用药2次/d,程短,依从性疗高,不良反应较轻安全性好值得推广.     

左氧氟沙星与奈替米星联合治疗呼吸道铜绿假单胞菌感染

随机开放性研究左氧氟沙星与奈替米星联合治疗呼吸道铜绿假单胞菌感染 ,并与头孢他啶进行临床疗效的比较。 6 5例病人随机分为治疗组 35例 ,左氧氟沙星片 0 .2 g,bid,奈替米星针 0 .2～ 0 .3g,qd;对照组 30例 ,头孢他啶针 3～ 4,qd;均为 7～ 14d;评价其临床疗效及安全性。结果治疗组与对照组的用药天数分别为 (9.4± 3.3) d和 (8.5± 3.3) d(P>0 .0 5 ) ,两组资料无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;治疗组的临床总有效率为88.6 % ,对照组为 86 .6 % (P>0 .0 5 ) ;细菌清除率治疗组为 89.1% ,对照组为 87.0 % ,治疗期间未见明显与药物有关的不良反应。结论 ,左氧氟沙星、奈替米星和头孢他啶在治疗呼吸道绿铜假单胞菌感染方面有效、安全 ,临床疗效一致 ,值得推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.