社鼠能量与营养代谢的初步研究

饲养条件下，社鼠每日摄入干物质０．０７５ｇ／ｇ体重，摄入能量２４５．０３６千卡／ｋｇ０．７５；每日每只摄入蛋白质０．５０８ｇ、脂肪１．９２３ｇ、碳水化合物１．３６８ｇ。社鼠对于物质、能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的表现消化率分别为９２．９７％、９４．１２％、８７．９９％、９６．８８％、９２．３９％，同化率为８２．３２％。社鼠喜食高脂肪食物，对脂肪的消化能力高，选择高脂肪基饵，可能是提高灭鼠效果的一条途径。     

青藏高原地区高原鼢鼠寄生蚤调查

目的 调查高原鼢鼠寄生蚤种类,在种群水平分析蚤的组成和空间分布,为进一步明确高原鼢鼠寄生蚤的区系特征提供科学依据。方法 用鼢鼠死捕弓箭诱捕鼢鼠,梳检每只鼢鼠的所有寄生蚤,在实验室进行种类鉴定和统计分析。结果 在18个样点中共捕获高原鼢鼠282只,其中染蚤鼠203只,总染蚤率为71.99%;共检获体表寄生蚤835匹,总体蚤指数为2.96匹/只;聚类分析显示,所有样点聚成3大支系,其中A支系副规新蚤占优势,B支系鞍新蚤占优势,C支系感染的总蚤数最少。结论 副规新蚤在青海湖周边占绝对优势,青海省东南部地区是鞍新蚤特有的分布区,黄河并未对寄生蚤的区系产生影响。     

3种无线发射器在高原鼢鼠生态学研究中的效果测试

目的高原鼢鼠是青藏高原高寒草甸区优势危害鼠种之一,但由于栖息于地下,使其研究手段受到限制,进而影响到高原鼢鼠的基础研究。无线电追踪技术是目前用于小型啮齿动物生态学研究的一项新技术,但目前很少用于高原鼢鼠种群生态学研究,为此将该项技术进行效果测试。方法选取英国Biotrack、新西兰Sirtrack和墨西哥Telenax3家公司所产的无线发射器,通过测定其无线信号的发射深度、发射距离、频率范围以及高原鼢鼠对佩戴方式的适应性等指标,对其进行综合评价。结果英国Biotrack公司所产的无线发射器性能优异,地下目标动物佩戴时间长达3个月以上。水平测试中,信号追踪距离达到50m,信号强度为25．00。深度测试中,在地下2．5m处仍能追踪到发射器信号,信号衰减程度为76．74％。其他2种发射器在该深度均无信号。结论选择性能优异的无线发射器并正确佩戴,无线追踪技术完全可用于高原鼢鼠生态学研究,也可为其他类似地下鼠研究提供参考依据。     

球形芽孢杆菌发泡块剂灭致乏库蚊幼虫的效果

作者应用球形芽孢杆菌Ｂｓ－９４１发泡块剂（由本所生产）和Ｂｓ－Ｆｔ发泡块剂（德国提供），在实验室和现场进行灭致乏库蚊的效果比较。室内生物测定结果显示：Ｂｓ－９４１发泡块剂ＬＤ_（６０）为０．０１９３μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｂｓ－Ｆｔ发泡块剂ＬＤ_（６０）为０．００７μｇ／ｍｌ．在３．６～４．０ｍ￣２的现孳生地水池中，两种发泡剂使用剂量为０．５，１．０和１．５ｇ／ｍ￣２，制剂４８ｈ的灭蚊效果均可达１００％，当剂量为０．５ｇ／ｍ￣２时，Ｂｓ－９４１发泡块剂持效达１７天，而Ｂｓ－Ｆｔ发泡块剂只有９天；当剂量上升到１．５ｇ／ｍ￣２时，两种发泡剂的持效均可达到２１天。对照组乳剂Ｂｓ－Ｃ_（３ｃ－４１）的浓度为０．９２μｌ／ｌ（与１．５ｇ／ｍ￣２相当）时，持效为９天，说明本所生产的Ｂｓ发泡块剂在中小型挛生地中比Ｂｓ乳剂持效长，并且超过德国Ｂｓ发泡块剂的效果和持效。     

亚急性氯化汞经口染毒大鼠体内汞的滞留及经尿和粪的排泄

亚急性氯化汞经口染毒大鼠体内汞的滞留及经尿和粪的排泄［英］／ＭｏｒｃｉｌｏＭＡ…∥ＢｉｏＭｅｔａｌｓ．－１９９５，８（４）．－３０１～３０７将２４只体重１３０ｇ雄性大鼠分为４组，分笼饲养，以便分别收集粪、尿样本。实验开始时，每只大鼠每日给予标准实验室...     

三硝基甲苯对小鼠精子的影响

三硝基甲苯对小鼠精子的影响李建秀作者选用体重为２０～２４ｇ的健康昆明种雄性小白鼠４０只，随机分为４组。实验组用ＴＮＴ玉米油混悬液灌胃，灌胃量０．１ｍｌ／１０ｇ体重，每天清晨灌胃１次，连续３０天。对照组仅给予等量玉米油。于末次给药２４小时后，处死动物。...     

高原鼢鼠对草场的危害及防治阈值的探讨

本文通过高原鼢鼠对草场形成危害的途径及造成牧草损失的测算,根据投入与产出的价值,建立高原鼢鼠防治的经济阈值模型(Economic threshold mould),进而求得海北高寒草甸上高原鼢鼠的防治阈限为x=4.18。确定地下害鼠经济阈值的方法具有普遍性,本防治阈值模式适用于高寒草甸草场,为我们对该害鼠的综合治理提供了依据。     

蛋白质水平对大鼠胚胎期脑发育的影响

成年雌性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠３０只，体重２４０±２６．５ｇ，等分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ３个组。各组蛋白质分别占饲料的４０％，２０％和８％。饲养４３天（受孕前２１天），观察饲料中蛋白质水平对胚胎期大鼠脑发育的影响。结果表明，新生幼鼠体重和脑重，Ⅰ组最重，分别为６．９５ｇ和２４０．９ｍｇ；Ⅱ组次之，分别为６．５７ｇ和２３７．８ｍｇ，Ⅲ组最轻，分别为５．６２ｇ和２１０．９ｍｇ。各组间体重均有显著差别（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅲ组脑重明显低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。各组脑中蛋白质含量依次为１０．０３ｍｇ、９．０９ｍｇ和７．４６ｍｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１或＜０．０５），脑中ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ水平以及每ｇ脑组织中ＲＮＡ含量也是Ⅰ组最高，Ⅲ组明显低于其它两组。说明蛋白质水平不同对大鼠胚胎期脑生长发育有一定影响。     

实验性眼炎家兔房水蛋白浓度与眼压的关系的探讨

１材料１．１试剂与仪器 双氯芬酸胆碱滴眼液（自制），５ｇ／Ｌ醋酸可的松滴眼剂（潜江市制药厂 ９８０７０１），９ｇ／ＬＮａＣ１生理水（郑州化学药业有限公司　９８０９２２），花生四烯酸（Ｆｌｕｋａ瑞士）以下简称ＡＡ，５０ｇ／Ｌ花生四烯酸，５００ｇ／Ｌ牛血清蛋白储备液，０．ｌｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ，２０ｇ／ＬＮａ２ＣＯ３、２０ｇ／Ｌ ＣｕＳＯ４、铜试剂、０．１０００ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的 Ｆｏｌｉｎ的酚试剂。１．２动物　新西兰大白兔３０只，健康、无眼疾、体重２．５±０．５ｋｇ雌雄兼用（河南医科大学动物中心）１．３样品的…     

臭氧对小鼠血清脂质过氧化物及心脑脂褐质水平的影响

在本研究中，小鼠暴露于低浓度臭氧（１．１±０．３ｍｇ／ｍ~３）环境中７天。第８天，小鼠心、脑脂褐质含量（１０．９±１．７、８．６±１．７μｇ／ｇ）明显高于对照组（８．２±１．５、６．９±１．６μｇ／ｇ）（ｐ＜０．０１）。然而，血清脂质过氧化物含量（２．０±０．５ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｌ），与对照组（１．９±０．２ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｌ）相比，无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.