北京市某写字楼内甲醛污染及对人体健康的影响

目的了解北京市某写字楼内甲醛污染状况及对人体健康的影响。方法调查写字楼内甲醛污染的影响因素以及办公人员的情况,同时依据国家标准利用仪器对办公楼内甲醛浓度进行检测。结果共检测写字楼内25家公司,甲醛的平均浓度为0．088mg/m62,超标率为20％;墙面用普通涂料与用环保涂料装修的公司之间甲醛超标率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;有新进家具与没有新进家具的公司之间甲醛的超标率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;不同的装修档次、不同的办公家具档次之间甲醛的超标率有差异;有绿色植物的公司与无绿色植物的公司之间甲醛超标率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;暴露人群与非暴露人群发生不良反应的情况差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论甲醛是办公人员出现不良反应的因素之一;有新进办公家具、墙面用普通涂料装修、地面用木制地板装修,是甲醛的主要污染源;绿色植物有一定的净化空气的作用;时间对甲醛浓度的影响不是很大。     

膳食铁摄入与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的探索膳食铁摄入与2型糖尿病的相关性。方法选择2型糖尿病患者作为病例组和正常人群作为对照组进行病例对照研究。通过问卷调查、膳食调查和铁负荷水平检测,比较病例组与对照组膳食铁摄入量和铁负荷指标的差异,并采用多因素回归分析法计算2型糖尿病与高铁膳食摄入的OR值。结果2型糖尿病病例组膳食铁摄入量显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。病例组血清中铁蛋白含量平均值为（280．3±107．2）μg/L,超过血清中蛋白含量的正常值水平,与对照组[（180．42±90．45）μg／L]比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。高膳食铁摄入与2型糖尿病患病风险的0R值为3．72（置信区间为3．23～4．12）。结论高水平膳食铁摄入与2型糖尿病的患病风险存在正相关。     

亚慢性乐果染毒对大鼠脑组织及血清中单胺类神经递质的影响

[目的]探讨有机磷农药乐果90d染毒对大鼠脑组织及血清中单胺类神经递质的影响。[方法]48只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分成4组，分别使用生理盐水，5、10、20mg／kg的乐果灌胃给药，每周染毒5d，每天1次，实验周期90d。染毒结束后断头处死大鼠，分离血清及脑组织皮层、海马，高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography，HPLC）联用电化学检测器（electrochemical detector，ECD）测定大鼠脑组织及血清中单胺类神经递质去甲肾上腺素（noradrenalinebitartrate，NE）、肾上腺素（epinephrine，E）、多巴胺（dopamine，DA）、5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT）含量。[结果]低、中、高剂量组大脑皮层的NE含量明显低于对照组，分别约为对照组水平的48．7％（P〈0．01）、56．8％（P〈0．01）和76．5％（P〈0．05），与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义，大脑皮层的5-HT含量也明显低于对照组，分别约为对照组水平的65．4％、32．8％（P〈0．01）、40．1％（P〈0．05），中、高剂量组与对照组的差异有统计学意义。除中剂量组大脑皮层E含量明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）外，低、中、高剂量组和对照组大脑皮层E和DA水平无明显差异。大鼠海马各单胺类递质水平有随染毒剂量的升高而降低的趋势，呈现一定的剂量-效应关系；低、中、高剂量组的NE水平分别约为对照组水平的96．9％、85．6％、76．9％（P〈0．05）：E水平分别约为对照组水平的87．3％、85．5％、76．2％（P〈0．05）；DA水平分别约为对照组水平的81.4％、69．1％、42．0％（P〈0．05）；5-HT水平约为对照组水平的81.4％（P〈0．01）、33．9％（P〈0．01）、32．9％（P〈0．01），且与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。乐果染毒组与对照组血清NE和DA水平无明显差异（P〉0．05）；低、中、高剂量组血清中E和5-HT含量明显     

制革工业园区周围小麦和玉米的铬污染评价

[目的]了解制革工业园区周围粮食的铬污染程度,为粮食铬污染防治策略制定提供背景数据。[方法]采集制革园区周围农田所产粮食（36份）和对照区种植粮食样品（22份）,分别检测其铬含量,采用《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2005）计算其超标率,采用单因子污染指数法评价粮食中铬污染程度。[结果]制革工业园区周围农田所产粮食的铬含量为0．74mg／kg,而对照区为0．18mg／kg,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）;该工业园区周围种植粮食铬超标率为16．66％,明显高于对照区（0％）（P〈0．05）;小麦和玉米单因子污染指数平均值均小于l。[结论]该制革工业园区周围部分种植点粮食受到了铬污染,可能会对暴露人群构成危害。     

卫生监督盐南宁市居室装修后室内空气污染检测结果分析

目的了解居室装修对室内空气质量的影响情况。方法分别用气相色谱-溶剂解析法检测苯系物（苯、甲苯和二甲苯）、纳氏试剂分光光度法测定氨、酚试剂分光光度法测定甲醛。结果73户装修室内空气污染监测中,甲苯超标率为9．6％,氨超标率为56．2％,甲醛超标率达47．9％;7-9月的氨、甲醛含量与1-3月比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;主卧室的氨含量与客厅比较差异有统计学意义（t=4．59,P〈0．01）,主卧室的甲醛含量与客厅比较差异有统计学意义（￡=2．96,P〈O．05）。结论南宁市居室装修室内空气污染物比较严重,提醒人们加强健康防护。     

职业性噪声暴露对工人血脂水平的影响

目的通过比较职业性噪声暴露人群与非职业性噪声暴露人群的血脂各项指标之间的差异,探索噪声对血脂的影响规律,为预防和减轻噪声作业对工人的影响提供科学依据。方法通过检测血脂中总胆固醇（CHO）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL．C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL．c）指标的含量水平进行横断面研究,比较职业性噪声暴露人群与非职业性噪声暴露人群的血脂各指标差异。结果血脂异常检出率观察组为51．18％,对照组为43．38％,差异有统计学意义（χ2=5．674,P〈0．05）;噪声观察组工人血脂成分中TG、CHO、LDL-C含量与对照组比较明显提高,HDL—c含量较对照组低,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;随着工龄的增加,TG、CHO、LDL—C含量也增高,各工龄之间,TG、CHO、LDL．C、HDL—c差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,工龄5-9年组和10年一组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论长期噪声接触可使工人血脂代谢紊乱,应加强对噪声暴露人员的宣传教育与防治。     

不同加热方式和包装材料对食品中酞酸酯类含量的影响

了解不同加热方式和包装材料对食品中酞酸酯类含量的影响。[方法]实验A的10种食品样品均购自某集体食堂,分别采用普通烤箱与电烤箱2种方式加热后放入预先准备的同种食品塑料袋中;实验B的5种食品样品均购于街边大排挡,分别以摊主提供的食品塑料袋包装（实验组）和未以塑料袋包装（对照组）。取样食品用天平准确称重后结合超声波振荡、有机溶剂回流提取及低温浓缩方法进行前处理,采用毛细管柱气相色谱-质谱联用的选择离子检测技术（GC—MS-SIM）对酞酸酯类含量进行检测。[结果]实验A的食品（除普通烤箱、电烤箱组的蛋塔和普通烤箱组的虾仁外）均检出酞酸二丁酯（DBP）（0．02—1．31μg／g）;而酞酸二异辛酯（DEHP）仅在用电烤箱加热的虾仁制品中检出。2种方式加热的烤鸭、猪大排的DBP含量差异无统计学意义;普通烤箱加热的青菜、牛肉炒河粉较电烤箱加热的上述食品中DBP含量高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;而电烤箱加热的其他食物较普通烤箱加热的食品中DBP含量高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。实验B的5种食品中,DBP未在对照组和实验组的糖糕中检出;油炸臭豆腐在实验组和对照组的DBP含量差异无统计学意义,其余3种食品在实验组中DBP含量较对照组高（P〈0．01）。而DEHP未在实验组的麻辣烫、对照组和实验组的油条中检出,其余食品的DEHP含量在实验组中均较对照组高（P〈0．01）。[结论]食品塑料包装袋中的增塑剂可通过直接接触逸散到食品中。     

马鞍山市2010—2011年食品化学性污染物及有害因素监测分析

目的了解马鞍山市售食品中化学性污染物的污染状况,为逐步建立食品化学性污染监测和预警系统,制定监管和控制措施提供科学依据。方法按国家《化学性污染物及有害因素监测工作手册》要求进行分层抽样,抽取13类食品,1078份样品。对食品添加剂、重金属、农药残留、乳制品中黄曲霉素M1等项目,共2304个指标进行检测并根据数据类型进行χ^2或秩和检验比较数据之间的差异,P〈0．05为差异有统计学意义。结果2010年重金属超标率从高到低分别为：油炸类食品（42．86％）、肉类（26．67％）、食用菌（20．00％）、蔬菜（13．3％）和水产品（6．67％）,2011年重金属超标率从高到低分别为：蔬菜（26．67％）、食用菌（10．00％）、肉类（6．67）和粮食（1．86）,超标的重金属主要是铅、镉、汞、铝;2010年检测的蜜饯类、炒货类、酒类和腌菜类食品添加剂超标率分别为20．00％、10．00％、6．67％、6．25％,超标添加剂种类为亚硝酸盐、二氧化硫、糖精钠和甜蜜素,2011年未检测到食品添加剂超标情况;2011年农药残留检出率和超标率（2．22％、0．00％）均较2010年（7．69％、1．29％）有下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义,检出的农药均为拟除虫菊酯类;乳制品中黄曲霉素M1含量符合国家标准,但2010年较2011年含量（0．046ng／g,0．131ng／g）差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;溴酸钾,瘦肉精,苏丹红等非法添加物在两年抽查中均未检出。结论食品生产经营过程中的化学污染物及有害因素超标仍是马鞍山市食品安全的主要问题之一,其中黄曲霉素M1和非法添加状况显示较好;食品添加剂超标和农药残留有下降趋势,应保持对其监测;食品中重金属残留超标需高度重视,并采取综合性防控措施。     

荆门市装修后居室空气质量的调查

目的了解荆门市装修后居室污染情况。方法选择2006-2008年装修时间在12个月以内的70户装修家庭,检测室内空气中的甲醛、氨浓度,并进行分析。结果氨均未检出,甲醛超标率为72．56％。卧室、书房、客厅超标率分别为85．91％、80．00％、48．57％,经χ2检验,三者间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。装修后3个月以内、3～6个月、7—12个月甲醛超标率分别为89．01％、66．67％,49．12％,经χ2检验,三者间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论居室装修导致的室内空气污染：以甲醛最严重,甲醛的浓度超标率因房间功能不同差异有统计学意义,并随着装修后时间的间隔延长而呈下降趋势。     

铅锌矿区铅和镉污染对职业人群健康的影响

目的了解铅锌矿区铅镉污染对职业人群健康的影响。方法于2006年3月-2007年3月,选择长期工作和生活在某铅锌矿区的380名职工作为暴露组,以距该矿区40km以外东河上游某镇316名居民作为对照组,进行人群一般状况、内外科常见病检查（包括：自觉症状问诊、阳性体征筛查等）、职业病中毒体征（齿龈铅线、口内金属味、肢端感觉异常等）的检查。结果随着工龄的增加,职业人群发中铅、镉含量也随之增加（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;暴露组人群头昏、胸闷、口内金属味、腹痛、肢端感觉异常及高血压发生率均高于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;暴露组发中铅、镉、锌含量均高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论铅锌矿区环境污染对职业人群健康有不良影响。     

The gathering and consumption of wild edible plants in the Campoo (Cantabria, Spain)

This paper discusses the traditional consumption of wild edible plants in the rural communities of the Campoo (Cantabria), a region in northern Spain. Through semi-structured interviews with key informants, data on the perception, gathering, preparation and use of 60 edible wild plant species were collected. Social, economic and cultural factors need to be taken into account when trying to understand why some wild foods and traditional vegetables continue to be consumed while others are not. Wild foods were traditionally important as a supplement to the diet (particularly during food shortages), to which they bring diversity and serve as a source of vitamins and minerals. However, only a few people who like the taste of wild species and enjoy gathering them continue to consume them. Many people consider wild food to be old fashioned, unprofitable, or too time-consuming, and prefer to cultivate or buy their food. The most frequently cited species in the region (Rumex acetosa, Origanum vulgare, Rosa canina, Vaccinium myrtillus, Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa) are widely consumed in the Mediterranean area. Unusual food species, such as Pedicularis schizocalyx, Romulea bulbocodium or Viburnum lantana, have also been gathered in the study area.     

The gathering and consumption of wild edible plants in the Campoo (Cantabria,Spain)

This paper discusses the traditional consumption of wild edible plants in the rural communities of the Campoo (Cantabria), a region in northern Spain. Through semi-structured interviews with key informants, data on the perception, gathering, preparation and use of 60 edible wild plant species were collected. Social, economic and cultural factors need to be taken into account when trying to understand why some wild foods and traditional vegetables continue to be consumed while others are not. Wild foods were traditionally important as a supplement to the diet (particularly during food shortages), to which they bring diversity and serve as a source of vitamins and minerals. However, only a few people who like the taste of wild species and enjoy gathering them continue to consume them. Many people consider wild food to be old fashioned, unprofitable, or too time-consuming, and prefer to cultivate or buy their food. The most frequently cited species in the region (Rumex acetosa, Origanum vulgare, Rosa canina, Vaccinium myrtillus, Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa) are widely consumed in the Mediterranean area. Unusual food species, such as Pedicularis schizocalyx, Romulea bulbocodium or Viburnum lantana, have also been gathered in the study area.     

复方乳鸽水解蛋白对创伤动物血清氨基酸浓度及创伤愈合的影响

本研究以乳鸽水解蛋白为基液，添加某些传统药用食品，配制成两种复方液。以手术创伤大鼠为动物模型，观察了乳鸽水解蛋白，复方乳鸽水解蛋白Ⅰ、Ⅱ三种水解蛋白液对创伤动物血清氨塞酸模式及创伤愈合的作用。结果显示：乳鸽永解蛋白氨基酸组成与鸡蛋白质接近，必需氨基酸占４０．６％，支链氦基酸占２０．９％，精氨酸的含量较高。三种口服液均可促使创伤动物血清氨基酸模式恢复正常，提高血清白蛋白含量及愈合伤口张力强度，增加新生皮肤羟脯氨酸含量，提示对创伤愈合有明显促进作用。三种水解蛋白液中，以复方乳鸽蛋白Ⅰ号液作用最明显，Ⅱ号液次之，不添加药用食品时，作用相对较差。     

维吾尔族常用传统食品和血糖生成指数测定

目的确定新疆维吾尔族常用传统食品的种类,测定其血糖生成指数（GI）。方法运用食物频率调查法进行问卷调查确定维吾尔族传统特色食品;根据食物碳水化合物的含量计算含有50克碳水化合物的食物量,用50克葡萄糖为对照量。受试者民族为维吾尔族,共分4个批次,每个批次为10人,测定他们的空腹血糖后服用试验物,测定2h内不同时点的血糖水平。根据Wolver方法计算食物的GI值。结果确定了15种新疆维吾尔族特色食品,并测定了其GI值。结论GI数据从一定程度上提示新疆维吾尔族糖尿病高发的原因。     

Correlation between a liking for fat-rich foods and body fatness in adult Japanese: a gender difference

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that Japanese adults who like fat-rich foods have more body fatness and higher serum lipid levels than those who do not. The subjects were 540 male and 492 female workers under 41 years of age. A self-administered questionnaire determined four levels of liking for fat-rich foods. Anthropometric measurements were employed yielding body mass index (BMI), waist to hip circumference ratio (WHR), and skinfold thickness. Anthropometric values were compared among the levels of liking for fat-rich foods using analysis of covariance. For males, a liking for fat-rich foods was associated with BMI, WHR, whole-body skinfold thickness, and abdominal skinfold thickness (p<0.0001). In particular, those who like fat-rich foods "quite a bit" or "very much" showed significantly higher values than those who answered "no" or "a little". Multiple regression analysis showed that a liking for fat-rich foods explains 7-9% of the variation in the anthropometric indices, even when other lifestyles were taken into account. For females, such findings were not evident. There is a gender difference in the association between a liking for fat-rich foods and body fatness. The difference may be due to a female-specific attitude toward high-calorie foods.     

Food intakes of adult Melbourne Chinese

Food intake patterns of 545 adult Melbourne Chinese were studied in 1988 and 1989 using a 220-item food-frequency questionnaire appropriate for Chinese eating practices. Men and women were compared, adjusting for age, time in Australia and education. Men consumed more rice and alcoholic beverages as energy. In women, the energy intake was derived from foods of traditional Chinese types. There were two types of consumption patterns: in the first group were those who acculturated towards an Australian way of eating by replacing some traditional Chinese foods, such as rice, pork, leafy green and cruciferous vegetables, soups and tea, with ‘new foods’, such as wheat products, red meats and coffee; in the second were those who limited their intake to a handful of traditional Chinese foods as the major source of energy. The educated, the professional and those with an administrative profession, the Australian-born and those with a longer length of stay fitted into the first group, and were more acculturated towards Australia than those born in the People's Republic of China or Vietnam and who migrated at an older age. The first group may benefit from the best of both worlds, but may risk the diseases of an industrialised society. The second group may be trapped at a cultural crossroads and may be unable to make appropriate food choices. Public health efforts in Australia, where one in every five is overseas-born, should provide for nutrition and health education for new and aged migrants of non-European cultural backgrounds.     

Traditional and contemporary Nuxalk foods

It is generally thought that the improvement of nutritional status of native people in North America should be accomplished with maximum utilization of locally-available foods traditional to their culture. Prior to initiating a program to enhance food use by the people of the Nuxalk Nation of coastal British Columbia, this research was carried out on the traditional and contemporary Nuxalk foods. The array of foods reported by elderly Nuxalk people to be used in former times is given with Nuxalk names, common names and scientific notation, as well as, with seasonal availability and frequency of use. Household interviews were used to document contemporary patterns of use of both traditional and marketed foods for reserve-resident (RR) and urban-resident (UR) families. In general, traditional food use was greater for RR than for UR families, with more fish and berries being used than foods in other categories. Nutrient analysis of one-day summer dietary recalls of young adult RR women revealed low intakes by many for folate, calcium, vitamins E and D, ascorbate, iron and copper. It was concluded that nutrient-rich traditional foods could be utilized to improve Nuxalk diets.     

我国中药保健品的发展现状及发展趋势

保健品是全球的朝阳产业,市场增长迅速。中医药是中华民族的瑰宝,在我国有着几千年的应用历史,中药保健品的发展在我国的潜力和空间都巨大。在本文中,对中药保健品的市场现状进行了分析和探讨,并对未来的发展趋势进行了预测。在国家和社会的共同努力下,未来中药保健品将会健康的发展,为人民的健康事业做出贡献。     

Nutrition knowledge, attitudes and dietary restriction behaviour of Taiwanese elderly

The purpose of this study is to understand knowledge about and general attitudes towards nutrition, dietary restriction attitudes, and dietary restriction behavior in the Taiwanese elderly, and the relationship of these various components to each other. Data from the Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1999-2000) were used for analysis and included 1937 elderly persons aged over 65. The results indicated that the elderly had poor nutrition knowledge, especially about the relationship between nutrition and disease. Elderly nutrition attitudes were fair; they tended to disagree with misconceptions about "healthy" or functional foods and also had quite positive general eating attitudes. However, the Taiwanese elderly hold quite strong attitudes influenced by Chinese traditional or food-texture-related dietary restrictions. Elderly people frequently avoid eating foods considered unhealthy by modern medical science (e.g. high fat/cholesterol foods) as well as foods forbidden by Chinese traditional medicine (e.g. "heating" foods, "cooling" foods). Most of the elderly regularly eat three meals a day, however, they seldom pay attention to dietary and nutrition information. The most important sources of nutrition information are offspring or family members, TV, and medical practitioners. In general, elderly men with a higher educational level and living in less remote areas had better nutrition knowledge, held more positive nutrition attitudes, and kept to dietary restrictions less frequently. Elderly people's nutrition knowledge was positively related to their health-care attitudes, general eating attitudes, high- fat or high-cholesterol food restriction behavior, fermented or pickled food restriction behavior, attention to nutrition information, and regularity of meals. However, nutrition knowledge was inversely related to Chinese traditional or food-texture-related dietary restriction behaviors. The results of this study suggest that education of elderly people about nutrition is important, and the design of such nutrition education programs should consider the low educational levels of the elderly. Children or other family members may also be included in the program. The use of TV as a medium for nutrition education of the elderly may also be important for nutrition educators.