Determinants of blood pressure in Jerusalem schoolchildren

In 1982, 113 first- and second-graders attending an elementary school in West Jerusalem had their blood pressure (BP), height, weight, and resting pulse measured. Three successive BP readings were taken. The mean of the second and third readings was used for data analysis. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 98.30 +/- 8.51 mm Hg and mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 67.63 +/- 6.85 mm Hg. An analysis of covariance was performed in order to determine the contribution of each independent variable (height, weight-for-height, sex, age, and resting pulse) to the variance in BP, while adjusting for all other independent variables. Height, weight-for-height, and resting pulse were all found to be significantly associated with both SBP and DBP. Children in the upper quartile of weight-for-height had a mean adjusted SBP that was 10.2 mm Hg higher than those in the lower quartile and a mean adjusted DBP that was 7.9 mm Hg higher. Children in the upper quartile of height (for age) had mean adjusted SBP and DBP that were 6.1 and 4.7 mm Hg higher, respectively, than those of children in the lower quartile. Sex and age showed no significant association with SBP. The associations between DBP and both sex and age were not statistically significant (P less than 0.10), but there was a trend for girls and older children to have a slightly higher DBP. In a subsample of 93 children who had both resting pulse and recovery index measured (using the Modified Harvard Step Test for children).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Physical Activity and Blood Pressure Patterns: A Cross-Sectional Study on Portuguese School Children Aged 8 Through 13 Years Old

The relation between blood pressure and physical activity was examined. A sample of 474 children (242 boys and 232 girls), aged 8 through 13 years were involved in this study. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated. An adapted version of the Weekly Activity Checklist was applied to the sample for diagnosis of their physical activity. SBP and DBP increased from 8 to 13 years in both sexes (boys: SBP, 114.8 10.9 to 120.5 9.4 mmHg and DBP, 59.1 8.3 to 62.3 6.8 mmHg; girls: SBP, 115.2 12.1 to 120.2 10.9 mmHg, and DBP, 58.9 9.3 to 60.5 9.6 mmHg). Correlations, after adjustment for age, of physical activity index with SBP (r = -.20, p < .05) and DBP (r = -.17, p < .05) were significant in boys, whereas in girls no significant association was found. This article provides some preliminary data on the blood pressure and physical activity patterns of school children in the Porto (Portugal) region.     

Relation between birthweight and blood pressure among 7-8 year old rural children in India

BACKGROUND: Fetal malnutrition has been proposed as a cause of higher blood pressure. However, some studies have shown no or little effect of birthweight on blood pressure. Confounding and selection bias have been a problem in some of the studies. The ideal approach for avoiding selection bias is to conduct a prospective cohort study with minimal loss during follow-up. Therefore, the relationship of birthweight with blood pressure was examined in a cohort born during 1992-1993. METHODS: A cohort of 214 babies, born to usual residents in 10 villages of Haryana state in India on weekdays from September 1992 to November 1993 whose birthweight had been recorded by a trained field worker within 24 hours of delivery, were followed up during 2000-2001. During the 7-8 year period, 17 children had died and 12 had migrated. A trained public health nurse examined the remaining 185 children and measured their weight, height, and blood pressure. RESULTS: Mean birthweight was 2.7 kg and 21.1% had low birthweight (<2500 g). Current weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were associated with birthweight (P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased significantly with rise in current weight and height. Relationship of SBP with birthweight seems to be a U-shaped distribution. Compared with the middle birthweight tertile group, in the lowest and highest birthweight groups boys have higher SBP in the higher BMI category (>or=13.5 kg/m(2)) and girls have higher SBP in both lower and higher BMI categories. ANOVA analysis showed that SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were not significantly different in birthweight tertile groups among boys, but for SBP the difference was statistically significant among girls (P = 0.03). However, multivariate linear regression analysis that included socioeconomic status and current anthropometeric measures (weight, height, BMI) revealed that birthweight is not associated with SBP or DBP, and the interaction between birthweight and gender was also not significant for SBP and DBP (P = 0.09). CONCLUSION: The findings of this population-representative cohort from rural India with 94% follow-up suggest that birthweight is not associated with blood pressure among 7-8 year old children.     

Blood Pressure at Age 3–24 Years in a Rural Community in Anhui, China

PURPOSE: This community-based study in Anhui, China examined the sex-specific pattern of blood pressure (BP) and its major determinants between age 3 and 24 years.

METHODS: BP, height, weight, and related covariates were obtained from all eligible subjects by consistent methods. A generalized additive model was used to explore independent relations between BP and covariates. The sample for analyses included a total of 14,277 subjects (7244 males and 7033 females).

RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure (SBP)increased linearly with age to an apparent plateau around the age of 15 years in girls and 20 years in boys. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) essentially paralleled SBP. Until the age of 10, both SBP and DBP were similar in boys and girls; thereafter, values for boys surpassed those for girls with an average difference of 9 mmHg and 4 mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively, at 20 years of age. This sex difference appeared to persist into early adulthood. The independent relation between BP and each of the three major determinants (age, height, and weight) was nonlinear over the age range studied. Sex-specific regression models with linear terms for age, height and weight were developed for each of four age groups (3–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–24 years). The 5th, 10th, 90th, and 95th percentiles based on the percentage of predicted values can serve as the cutoffs for low, normal-low, normal-high, and high BP. The predicted values were derived from the above regression models that take into account an individual’s sex, age, height, and weight.

CONCLUSIONS: This analysis provided important basis for classification of hypertension status and subsequent investigation of environmental risk factors in this population.     

Relation of mass screening blood pressure to usual 24-hour working day blood pressure variation and left ventricular hypertrophy]

Fifty-three regularly employed hypertensive men (HT group) aged 38 to 68 years, whose blood pressure measured at a health evaluation clinic was systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than or equal to 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 95, and 21 age-matched normal controls (NC group), whose SBP was less than 140 and DBP was less than 90 had their blood pressure monitored over 24 hours during a usual working day. Age and clinical pressure were 53.1 +/- 7.1 years (mean +/- SD) and 147 +/- 18/97 +/- 10 mmHg (SBP/DBP) in the HT group, and 52.7 +/- 8.9 and 117 +/- 8/78 +/- 7 in the NC group. In the HT group, blood pressure during work (146/96 mmHg) was similar to clinical blood pressure, while blood pressure at home (135/89 mmHg) was considerably lower than clinic measured values. In contrast, blood pressure variabilities in the NC group during non-sleep hours were less, and clinical measurement was lower than that at home (122/80 mmHg), and during work (126/82 mmHg). For those examined by echocardiogram (46 in HT and 21 in NC), end-diastolic left ventricular wall thickness (LVT), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) correlated most strongly with pressure during work by partial correlation analysis with age as a covariant (LVT:: SBP: r = 0.47, DBP: r = 0.53 both p less than 0.001, and LVMI:: SBP: r = 0.29, DBP: r = 0.25 both p less than 0.25). Clinical blood pressure as well as blood pressure at home and during sleep correlated significantly with LVT. These findings suggest that the blood pressure measurements obtained at a mass screening clinic, although infrequent, have important implications in relation to cardiac organ damage and for providing an estimate of blood pressure during work for hypertensives.     

Noise-induced hearing loss and blood pressure

Summary A sample of 188 male and 92 female engineering industry workers was investigated. Pure-tone audiometric measurements were used as an estimator of prolonged noise exposure. Using the air conductance thresholds at frequencies of 3,4 and 6 kHz, subjects were classified into three hearing classes. Their systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was measured.In the older age group (41–64 years), the mean SBP of subjects with moderate hearing loss was 12 mmHg higher among men (n=35) and 18 mmHg higher among women (n=7) than among subjects with normal hearing (n=27). The mean DBP levels of subjects with moderate hearing loss were 5 mmHg and 4 mmHg higher, respectively. However, in the class of severe hearing loss (n=38; only male workers) the mean SBP was only 2 mmHg and the mean DBP only 1 mmHg higher than among subjects with normal hearing. In the younger age group (26–40 years) no differences in either SBP or DBP between the hearing classes were found.     

An inverse relationship between serum vitamin C and blood pressure in a Japanese community

To examine the relationship between serum vitamin C concentration and blood pressure level, a cross-sectional study was conducted. The subjects were 919 men and 1,266 women aged 40 years and over in a Japanese provincial city, Shibata, Niigata Prefecture. The mean and standard deviation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) were 134.0 +/- 20.0 mmHg for men and 128.3 +/- 20.8 mmHg for women, and those of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 81.0 +/- 11.7 mmHg and 75.8 +/- 11.4 mmHg, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of serum vitamin C were 42.5 +/- 18.6 mumol/L for men and 56.8 +/- 16.5 mumol/L for women. SBP and DBP were both inversely correlated with serum vitamin C concentration. The means of SBP or DBP were calculated for quartiles of serum vitamin C, and the significant inverse relationship was observed in any sex and age group. The inverse association persisted after adjustment for possible confounders: body mass index, serum total cholesterol, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, antihypertensive medication, and dietary intake of salt, calcium, and potassium. Serum vitamin C appeared to be inversely related with both SBP and DBP in this Japanese population, although further intervention and experimental studies were required to establish the cause-effect relationship.     

儿童青少年血尿酸和血压升高的相关性研究

目的 分析探讨儿童青少年人群血尿酸( uric acid,UA)水平与血压变化及升高的关系,为进一步探讨儿童青少年高血压的病因及早期预防提供科学依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法共抽取972名宿迁市沭阳县5 ～15岁儿童青少年为研究对象.测定其身高、体重、UA和血压等指标,并对学生家长进行问卷调查,获得其行为生活方式等资料.数据主要采用单因素t检验、x2检验、相关分析和多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 随年龄的增长,儿童青少年的平均血压水平逐步增加,同时UA水平与年龄呈负相关(r=-0.08,P=0.015);但UA与收缩压、舒张压均无统计学关联(均有P＞0.05);进一步分析发现,UA正常组和UA升高组间的收缩压和舒张压水平差异均无统计学意义,血压正常组和血压升高组间的UA水平差异也无统计学意义(均有P＞0.05).多因素Logistic回归结果也表明,UA与血压无统计学关联.结论 UA变化及高尿酸血症与儿童青少年血压水平及血压升高均无关联,结果有待于进一步前瞻性研究加以验证.     

Relationship of blood pressure to cardiovascular death: the effects of pulse pressure in the elderly

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship of systolic and diastolic blood pressure to fatal myocardial infarction, fatal stroke and other death related to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS: The study was based on a prospective longitudinal study conducted by the Veterans Administration at the Boston Outpatient Clinic. Participants are male volunteers from the greater Boston area. Main outcome measures are fatal myocardial infarction, fatal stroke and other deaths related to cardiovascular diseases. The method of pooled logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: For younger men (age 21-59), after adjusting for effects of other risk factors, when systolic and diastolic blood pressure were considered separately, SBP was predictive of cardiovascular death (SBP: RR = 1.23; 95% CI = (1.05, 1.45) per 10 mmHg of increase), and DBP showed a nonsignificant positive trend in relation to cardiovascular death (DBP: RR = 1.27; 95% CI = (0.95, 1.69) per 10 mmHg of increase). For older men (age 60-85), when SBP and DBP were considered separately, SBP (RR = 1.26; 95% CI = (1.02, 1.55) per 15 mmHg of increase) was directly related, but DBP (RR = 1.05; 95% CI = (0.83, 1.32) per 8 mmHg of increase) was not related to cardiovascular death. However, for the elderly group, when SBP and DBP were considered jointly in the regression model, then the regression coefficient of DBP (beta = -0.018, p = 0.30) was of approximately the same absolute magnitude as that of SBP (beta = 0.021, p = 0.02) but opposite in sign. For younger men, when SBP and DBP were considered jointly, SBP (beta = 0.021, p = 0.049) but not DBP (beta = -0.001, p = 0.953) was positively related to cardiovascular death. CONCLUSIONS: We found that, for the elderly, pulse pressure (SBP-DBP) may be a more accurate predictor of cardiovascular death than either SBP or DBP alone. The relative risk per 35 mmHg of increase of pulse pressure, which equals the approximate interval from the 10th to the 90th percentile in the elderly group, is 2.1 with 95% CI = (1.1, 3.8). In younger subjects, SBP, but not DBP, is an independent predictor of fatal CVD.     

吸烟与高血压相关关系研究

目的探讨吸烟与收缩压、舒张压及血压级别的确切的相关关系,为高血压防治和烟草控制提供理论依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法和KISH表法,共抽取江苏省14个调查点的4 480名15～69岁调查对象,调查内容主要包括性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯及体力活动等;并测量身高、体重、腰围、血压等指标;共获有效问卷4 318人。数据处理采用SPSS统计软件,率的比较用χ2检验,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果男性的平均收缩压、舒张压显著高于女性,吸烟者的收缩压、舒张压也显著高于不吸烟者。相关分析结果显示,男性吸烟量与收缩压（r=0.067,P=0.004）、舒张压（r=0.075,P=0.001）及血压级别（r=0.053,P=0.022）有非常显著的相关关系。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,在调整了年龄、性别、体质指数和腰围等因素后,吸烟与不吸烟组比较OR值为1.196,95%可信区间为1.056～1.355,且随着吸烟量的增加OR值逐渐增加。结论吸烟与收缩压、舒张压及血压分级有非常显著的相关关系,吸烟可增加高血压患病风险。     

山东省4326名7～1 2岁儿童体成分指数与血压水平的相关性研究

目的 探讨儿童体成分指数与血压水平的相关性.方法 对4326名7～12岁儿童进行身高、体重、血压和皮褶厚度测量,采用回归方程推算体脂比(BF%),用公式计算脂肪组织指数(FMI)=BF%×体重/身高2和非脂肪组织指数(FFMI)=(体重-BF%×体重)/身高2.结果 FMI、FFMI与收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)呈一定程度正相关,7～12岁儿童FMI与SBP的相关系数为0.432～0.531(男生)、0.413～0.485(女生),与DBP的相关系数为0.316～0450(男生)、0.345～0.421(女生).FFMI与SBP的相关系数为0.214～0.366(男生)、0.108～0.383(女生);与DBP的相关系数为0.090～0.250(男生)、0.063～0.214(女生).血压与FMI的相关性高于FFMI.血压偏高儿童的体成分指数显著高于正常儿童,以FMI差距最大.结论 预防儿童高血压应从控制体脂肪、预防肥胖做起.     

巢湖地区部分农村学龄前儿童血压分布状况

目的了解安徽省巢湖地区农村学龄前儿童血压的分布及变化趋势,为学龄前儿童高血压的诊断和预防提供科学依据.方法采用整群抽样调查的方法随机抽取了巢湖市3个乡镇的1 245名3～6岁的学龄前儿童,由专业人员对血压进行测量,并对相关因素进行问卷调查.结果儿童血压的分布呈正态分布;3岁与5～6岁组组间儿童的收缩压(SRP)和舒张压(DBP)差异均具有显著性(P＜0.01),且学龄前儿童的血压有随年龄增长而升高的趋势,性别间的差异不明显.血压偏高的检出率为5.9%,其中男性为5.0%,女性为7.3%.农村幼儿血压偏高的诊断参考值标准为110/70 mmHg.结论 3～6岁儿童血压的分布呈正态分布,且有随年龄增长而升高的趋势;建议对农村幼儿血压偏高情况进行早期防治.     

Trimester-specific blood pressure levels in relation to maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index

We evaluated the influence of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), based on reported pre-pregnancy weight and height, on blood pressure (BP) levels during pregnancy by using information from a prospective cohort of 1733 women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation. Maternal antenatal BP values were abstracted from medical records, and we evaluated the mean BP differences according to BMI group in regression models, using generalised estimating equations to account for repeated BP records within each pregnancy. In each trimester, mean systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) values were positively associated with maternal pre-gestational BMI. This association persisted after adjustment for maternal age, parity, smoking, education, marital status and physical activity. Overweight women (25-29 kg/m(2)) had first-, second- and third-trimester mean SBPs that were 8.1, 7.7 and 8.2 mmHg, respectively, higher than values observed in lean women (<20 kg/m(2)). Mean DBP values were 4.5, 5.4 and 5.6 mmHg higher for each successive trimester in overweight vs. lean women. Obese (>30 kg/m(2)) women consistently had the highest mean SBP and DBP values. Trimester-specific mean SBP values were 10.7-12.0 mmHg higher among obese women vs. lean women. Corresponding trimester-specific mean DBP values were 6.9-7.4 mmHg higher in obese vs. lean women. Similar patterns were observed when trimester-specific average mean arterial pressures were evaluated. Elevated pregnancy BPs associated with maternal pre-gestational BMI are consistent with a large body of literature that documents increased pre-eclampsia risk among overweight and obese women.     

Temporal Associations between Tri-Ponderal Mass Index and Blood Pressure in Chinese Children: A Cross-Lag Analysis

Background: No longitudinal studies have explored the relationship between tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) and blood pressure (BP) in children. This study is aimed to investigate the temporal associations between TMI and BP among children in China. Methods: A longitudinal study was carried out with Chinese children from 2014 to 2019. Data of the anthropometric examination and blood pressure were collected annually. TMI was calculated by dividing weight by the cube of height. BP was measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. We investigated temporal associations between TMI and BP with a cross-lagged panel model using repeated measure data from 2014 (Wave 1), 2016 (Wave 2), and 2018 (Wave 3). Results: Results of the cross-lagged panel model showed that TMI was associated with subsequent BP. Participants with higher levels of TMI presented higher levels of BP (Wave 1: β = 0.737 for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and β = 0.308 for diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Wave 2: β = 0.422 for SBP and β = 0.165 for DBP, p < 0.01). In addition, children with higher BP could also present higher TMI (Wave 1: β = 0.004 for SBP and β = 0.006 for DBP, Wave 2: β = 0.003 for SBP and β = 0.005 for DBP, p < 0.01), but the cross-lag path coefficient indicated that the influence of TMI on BP was stronger than the influence of BP on TMI. Conclusions: There was a temporal association between TMI and BP in Chinese children. Higher TMI predicted higher subsequent BP rather than the reverse relationship.     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者增强指数的变化及影响因素

目的 应用增强指数(AI)检测持续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者的动脉弹性,分析影响AI的因素,评估CAPD患者的动脉弹性功能状况.方法 测量46例CAPD患者(CAPD组)及42例健康者(对照组)的身高、体重、血压,检测血液指标,应用桡动脉压力波形分析仪测定AI,分析影响AI的因素.结果 CAPD组患者的收缩压、舒张压、脉压、中心动脉压和心率换算成75次/min的AI值(AIP75)明显高于对照组.CAPD患者女性的AIP75明显高于男性[(96.67±8.95)%比(89.89±6.46)%,P=0.022].简单相关分析显示,CAPD患者的AI与性别、年龄、收缩压、舒张压、脉压、中心动脉压呈正相关,与身高、体重、体重指数呈负相关,与各项血液指标及透析龄无相关性.多元线性回归分析显示,CAPD患者的AI与性别、年龄、身高、舒张压及中心动脉压存在线性回归关系.结论 CAPD患者动脉弹性降低,动脉硬度增加,其AI与年龄、身高、舒张压及中心动脉压密切相关,是部分反映动脉弹性的一个无创指标.中心动脉压与动脉弹性、僵硬度密切相关,临床测定中心动脉压对于预防心血管事件具有重要意义.     

Oral contraceptives: a risk factor for uncontrolled blood pressure among hypertensive women

The objective of the study was to assess the association between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and the use of oral contraceptives (OC) in hypertensive women. In a prospective cross-sectional study, we evaluated 171 women who were referred to the Hypertension Outpatient Clinic of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; 66 current users of OC, 26 users of other contraceptive methods and 79 women who were not using contraception. The average of six blood pressure readings was used to establish the usual blood pressure of the participants. Current OC users were compared with users of other methods and with patients not using contraception. Main outcome measures were SBP and DBP among the different groups, and prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension (SBP >or= 140 mmHg and DBP >or= 90 mmHg). DBP was higher in OC users (100.2 +/- 15.9 mmHg) than in patients using other contraceptive methods (93.4 +/- 14.7 mmHg) and not using contraceptives (93.3 +/- 14.4 mmHg, p = 0.016). Women using OC for more than 8 years presented higher age-adjusted blood pressure levels than women using OC for shorter periods. Patients using OC had poor blood pressure control (p for trend = 0.046) and a higher proportion of them presented moderate-severe hypertension. These results were independent of antihypertensive drug use. In a logistic regression model, we found that current OC use was independently and significantly associated with prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension. It is concluded that hypertensive women using OC present a significant increase in DBP and poor blood pressure control, independent of age, weight and antihypertensive drug treatment.     

Body size,fat distribution,menarcheal age and blood pressure in 14-year-old girls

Background: The relationships between body size and fatness and blood pressure are generally acknowledged. The majority of the few studies that have examined the effect of fat distribution and maturation rate on blood pressure have used secondary sex characteristics as the measure of maturity. The aim of the present study is to examine the associations between blood pressure and relative weight, fat distribution, recalled menarcheal age and occurrence of menstruation (yes/no) in a sample comprising of 1149 14-year-old girls. Methods: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), height, weight and body circumferences were measured using standard protocols. Fatness was expressed as body mass index (BMI, kg/m²), whereas fat distribution was estimated by using waist-to-hip ratio. The girls' maturity status was assessed from exact recalled date of menarche. One-way analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the strength of association among systolic blood pressure (SBP), DBP and BMI, menarcheal age and indices of fat distribution. Results and conclusion: Height and BMI are significantly associated with SBP. Relative weight is the most important factor related to SBP independently of chronological age and maturity status. Height and age at menarche are significantly associated with DBP. Height of 14-year-old girls shows the same strength of association with SBP and DBP, whereas maturity status negatively correlates with DBP. Fat distribution shows no effect on the level of DBP in girls.     

儿童期Korotkoff第Ⅳ、Ⅴ音的差异及对成年高血压的预测价值

目的 探讨儿童青少年期Korotkoff第Ⅳ音(K4)与第Ⅴ音(K5)的差异及对成年高血压的预测价值,为选择血压测量方案和制定儿童血压评价标准提供依据.方法 2005年追访1987年建立的"北京儿童血压研究"队列人群,基线儿童期K4、K5作为舒张压(DBP),采用WHO 1996年标准诊断基线儿童期高血压;成年期记录K5作为DBP,采用《中国高血压防治指南(2005年修订版)》诊断成年期高血压.比较儿童期K4、K5的差异及对成年高血压的预测价值.结果 1987年基线调查6～17岁学龄儿童2505人,2005年追访到412人.基线K4-K5差值的几何均数为(10.1±1.7)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),并随年龄增长而下降;除青春期外,其他年龄男女之间K4-K5的差异无统计学意义.各年龄组K4-K5差值的分布构成有统计学意义(P＜0.001),6～9岁、10～12岁、13～15岁、16～17岁分别有59.6%、60.5%、56.3%和45.1%的儿童K4与K5差值大于10 mm Hg.按WHO标准,采用K4、K5为DBP诊断高血压检出率分别为5.0%和2.4%.儿童期K4与成年期血压的相关程度优于K5;且能预测成年期高血压.结论 当使用汞测压计测量儿童血压时,采用K4记录DBP,能更真实地反映儿童血压水平,使不同儿童的DBP水平具有可比性;并且K4与成年DBP的关联度更高,即轨迹现象更强,更能体现儿童血压水平对成年高血压的预测价值.     

城区学龄前儿童肥胖与血压的关系

  目的  调查青岛市城区学龄前儿童血压现状，明确学龄前儿童肥胖与血压的关系。  方法  采用整群方便抽样，抽取青岛市城区13家中等规模幼儿园，测量大、中、小班儿童身高、体重、腰围、臀围和血压，评价体质指数（body mass index，BMI）、腰臀比、腰围身高比，分析儿童肥胖与血压间的关系。  结果  青岛市城区学龄前儿童收缩压（systoblic blood pressure，SBP）和舒张压（diastolic blood pressure，DBP）均值分别为（95.52±7.66）mmHg和（62.78±6.52）mmHg；调查儿童中高血压检出率为13.50%；儿童SBP和DBP与BMI、腰围、臀围和腰围身高比均呈正相关；BMI和年龄与血压存在线性回归关系；超重组和肥胖组儿童高血压患病风险分别为正常体重组的5.191和2.824倍。  结论  青岛市城区学龄前儿童高血压发病率较高，超重和肥胖是其血压升高的危险因素，因此在防控学龄前儿童肥胖的同时，学龄前儿童血压监测与高血压早期干预应尽快提上工作日程。     

Trajectory of systolic blood pressure in children and adolescents

PURPOSE: Rapid height and weight changes during childhood contribute markedly to blood-pressure change during children's physical growth. This article evaluates the differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) growth or changes between four gender-ethnic groups: African American males (AM), Caucasian males (CM), African American females (AF), and Caucasian females (CF). METHODS: Subjects 6-9 years old at entry (n = 1302) were followed for 12 years. The repeated-measure data of SBP were analyzed using the Gompertz growth model with random coefficients. RESULTS: Mean SBP (mmHg) at age 6 years was lowest in African American girls (82.23 +/- 0.76) and highest in Caucasian boys (102.83 +/- 0.5). And for both ethnic groups, girls had lower levels at which SBP growth stopped. The peak growth ages (years) also differed by group: 9.30 +/- 0.73, 9.91 +/- 0.28, 10.00 +/- 0.82, and 10.60 +/- 0.22 for African American girls, African American boys, Caucasian girls and Caucasian boys, respectively. CONCLUSION: SBP growth differed among gender-ethnic groups with respect to mean SBP level at age 6, the level at which SBP growth stops and the mean age at which SBP growth rate was at its peak.