ADC值鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性

目的 探讨MR DWI的ADC值鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 回顾性分析27例(40个病灶)经病理证实的甲状腺结节患者资料,术前均接受常规MR、脂肪抑制增强扫描明确病变实性部分;单次激发自旋平面回波成像(SS SE-EPI)DWI扫描(b值取0、500 s/mm²),测量实性部分的平均ADC值。依据病理结果将结节分为良性组及恶性组,比较其ADC值差异,绘制ROC曲线,确定诊断阈值,评价筛检效能。结果 40个结节中,甲状腺恶性结节15个,平均ADC值为(1.22±0.27)×10^－3 mm²/s,95%可信区间(1.07~1.37)×10^－3 mm²/s;良性结节25个,平均ADC值为(2.20±0.40)×10^－3 mm²/s,95%可信区间(2.04~2.37)×10^－3 mm²/s。恶性组平均ADC值显著低于良性组(P＜0.05)。ROC曲线下面积为0.98、诊断阈值1.49×10^－3 mm²/s时,诊断敏感度为86.70%,特异度为100%,准确率为95.00%。结论 甲状腺良恶性结节的ADC值显著不同,MR DWI可鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性。     

DWI诊断小儿幕下脑肿瘤

目的 评价扩散加权成像(DWI)和表观扩散系数(ADC)值诊断及鉴别诊断小儿幕下脑肿瘤的价值。方法 58例经病理证实的幕下脑肿瘤患儿均接受常规MR平扫、增强和DWI扫描,并测量实质病变的ADC值。结果 髓母细胞瘤25例,ADC均值(6.73±1.55)×10^-4 mm²/s;星形细胞瘤(Ⅰ~Ⅱ级)24例,ADC均值(14.80±2.61)×10^-4 mm²/s;室管膜瘤8例,ADC均值(11.08±1.60)×10^-4 mm²/s;少突胶质瘤1例,ADC均值(15.10±2.73)×10^-4 mm²/s。对前三种肿瘤实质部分ADC值进行方差分析(F检验)和t检验,其ADC值差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 DWI及ADC值可评估小儿幕下脑肿瘤实质病变,是术前诊断及鉴别诊断后颅窝肿瘤的简单可靠的检查方法,对鉴别诊断髓母细胞瘤与星形细胞瘤有明显优势。     

扩散加权成像对前列腺外周带炎症和肿瘤T2低信号的鉴别作用

目的 通过磁共振DWI探讨前列腺炎和前列腺癌患者前列腺外周带T2低信号区ADC值的变化特点,定量评价DWI在鉴别前列腺外周带T2低信号区炎症和肿瘤中的价值。方法 收集103例MRI显示为前列腺外周带T2信号减低的初诊患者,根据超声引导下穿刺活检结果分为前列腺炎组(50例)和前列腺癌组(53例),测定T2低信号区的平均ADC值和最低ADC值;采用独立样本t检验对两组ADC值进行比较。结果 前列腺炎组平均ADC值为(1.33±0.20)×10^－3 mm²/s,前列腺癌组平均ADC值为(0.86±0.12)×10^－3 mm²/s,差异有统计学意义(t=14.70,P＜0.05)。前列腺炎组最低ADC值为(1.22±0.19)×10^－3 mm²/s,前列腺癌组最低ADC值为(0.68±0.15)×10^－3 mm²/s(t=16.45,P＜0.05)。结论 应用DWI定量评价和鉴别外周带T2低信号前列腺炎和前列腺癌是可行的。     

磁共振扩散加权成像评估乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效

目的 探讨MR DWI评估乳腺癌新辅助化疗(NAC)疗效的价值。方法 对36例经穿刺病理证实的乳腺癌患者在NAC前、后不同疗程末行DWI。依据手术病理结果分为有效组和无效组,比较有效组和无效组化疗前ADC值的差异及化疗前、后不同疗程肿瘤ADC值的差异。结果 36例中,有效组(24例)化疗前肿瘤平均ADC值为(0.98±0.18)×10^-3 mm²/s,无效组(12例)化疗前肿瘤平均ADC值为(0.95±0.15)×10^-3 mm²/s(t＝0.694,P＝0.411)。有效组化疗后ADC值升高,化疗前肿瘤ADC值与化疗第2~8个疗程后比较差异均有统计学意义;无效组化疗前、后肿瘤ADC值差异无统计学意义。有效组化疗前20例患者的对侧正常乳腺组织平均ADC值为(1.98±0.30)×10^-3 mm²/s,化疗4个疗程后12例患者的对侧正常乳腺组织平均ADC值为(1.96±0.28)×10^-3 mm²/s,差异无统计学意义。结论 化疗有效组乳腺癌ADC值较化疗前升高;根据ADC值可以早期预测乳腺癌NAC疗效。     

多次激发平面回波成像DWI鉴别乳腺良恶病变

目的 探讨基于多次激发平面回波成像（rs-EPI）技术的DWI诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值。方法 收集经病理证实的乳腺占位性病变患者20例,分别行基于单次激发平面回波成像（ss-EPI）技术的DWI和rs-EPI DWI,比较两种采集方法及不同病变组织间ADC值差异,绘制ROC曲线,比较两种DWI诊断乳腺良恶性病变效能。结果 ss-EPI DWI和rs-EPI DWI中正常腺体组织、良性病灶及恶性病灶ADC均值分别为（1.89±0.15）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.36±0.26）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.10±0.27）×10^-3 mm²/s和（1.89±0.16）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.41±0.23）×10^-3 mm²/s、（0.96±0.25）×10^-3 mm²/s。相同方法不同组织间ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,两种方法所获得各组织ADC值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。ss-EPI DWI中以1.25×10^-3 mm²/s、rs-EPI DWI中以1.20×10^-3 mm²/s为ADC诊断乳腺恶性病变阈值,敏感度、特异度和曲线下面积分别为80%、69%、0.775和90%、84%、0.925。结论 与ss-EPI DWI相比,rs-EPI DWI可提高鉴别乳腺良恶病变的敏感度和特异度。     

磁共振弥散加权成像:正常宫颈与宫颈癌表观弥散系数

目的 探讨磁共振弥散加权表观弥散系数(ADC)值是否可有效地定量区分正常宫颈、正常宫颈腔分泌物和宫颈癌。方法 对经活检或术后病理证实的34例宫颈癌患者及21名正常健康女性行常规MR及DWI,比较正常宫颈、正常宫颈腔分泌物和宫颈癌的ADC值。结果 正常宫颈DWI表现为内、中、外带三层结构,平均ADC值分别为(1.41±0.26)×10^－3 mm²/s、(1.38±0.32)×10^－3 mm²/s、(1.40±0.16)×10^－3 mm²/s;正常宫颈腔分泌物平均ADC值为(1.45±0.27)×10^－3 mm²/s;宫颈癌平均ADC值为(1.05±0.14)×10^－3 mm²/s,宫颈癌平均ADC值明显小于宫颈各层及宫颈腔分泌物平均ADC值(P＜0.05),宫颈内、中、外带及宫颈腔分泌物平均ADC值差异无统计学意义。结论 ADC值可有效地定量区分宫颈癌与正常宫颈、宫颈腔分泌物,但无法有效区分正常宫颈三层结构及宫颈分泌物。     

DWI鉴别诊断实质性肝脏肿瘤的价值

目的 探讨DWI鉴别诊断实质性肝脏良性与恶性肿瘤的价值。 方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的7例肝腺瘤、14例肝局灶性增生(FNH)及32例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者(25例肝癌和7例转移瘤)的DWI定量分析结果,比较肝脏FNH和腺瘤与肝脏恶性肿瘤ADC值的差异。 结果 7例肝腺瘤9个病灶的平均ADC值为(1.05±0.28)×10^-3 mm²/s,14例FNH 18个病灶的平均ADC值为(1.13±0.46)×10^-3 mm²/s,32例肝脏恶性肿瘤49个病灶的平均ADC值为(0.96±0.29)×10^-3 mm²/s(b＝800 s/mm²)。FNH、肝腺瘤与肝脏恶性肿瘤的平均ADC值之间差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。 结论 ADC值对实质性肝脏良性肿瘤(FNH和肝腺瘤)与肝脏恶性肿瘤的鉴别无帮助。     

读出方向分段采样DWI鉴别舌良恶性病变

目的 探讨读出方向分段采样（RESOLVE）DWI对舌良恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经临床及病理证实的120例舌部病变患者的资料,患者术前均接受常规MR检查及RESOLVE DWI。测量病变的ADC值,比较舌良恶性病变间ADC值的差异,应用ROC曲线评价ADC值的诊断舌良恶性病变的价值。结果 120例舌部病变均单发,其中良性病变56例,恶性病变64例。良性病变ADC值为（1.81±0.45）×10^-3 mm²/s,恶性病变为（1.02±0.24）×10^-3 mm²/s,二者差异有统计学意义（t''=12.21,P<0.001）。以ADC值诊断舌部良恶性病变的ROC曲线AUC为0.976（P<0.001）,以ADC值=1.25×10^-3 mm²/s为临界值,诊断舌良恶性病变的敏感度为94.64%（53/56）,特异度为93.75%（60/64）。结论 RESOLVE DWI鉴别诊断舌良恶性病变具有一定参考价值。     

3.0T磁共振扩散加权成像ADC值在浸润性乳腺癌分级中的应用

目的 探讨扩散加权成像ADC值在评估浸润性乳腺癌肿瘤分级中的应用价值。方法 选取经手术后病理学确诊的浸润性乳腺癌患者81例,术前均采用具备双边、四通道乳腺线圈的3.0T MR行DWI,分析浸润性乳腺癌的肿瘤分级、组织学与ADC值的关系。结果 81例患者中,共检出101个恶性病灶,DWI检测到恶性病灶99个,检出率为98.02%(99/101)。肿瘤Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的ADC值分别为(1.12±0.19)×10^-3 mm²/s、(1.02±0.16)×10^-3 mm²/s、(0.89±0.15)×10^-3 mm²/s,三者差异有统计学意义(F=19.078,P<0.001)。ADC值与肿瘤分级呈负相关(r=-0.450,P<0.01)。结论 ADC值与浸润性乳腺癌的肿瘤分级具有相关性,可用于评估其恶性程度。     

采用神经血管线圈和体线圈测量颈部良性淋巴结表观弥散系数值的稳定性

目的 观察神经血管线圈和体线圈接收信号测量的颈部良性淋巴结的ADC值与指数化ADC(eADC)值是否存在差异。 方法 对15名健康志愿者于同日内分别采用8通道神经血管线圈和体线圈行颈部DWI扫描,b值均取0、800 s/mm²,对比双侧(30个)及左右分侧(各15个)良性淋巴结DWI图、ADC图及eADC图特点,分别测量两种线圈测量出的淋巴结ADC及eADC值,并进行比较。 结果 对15名受检者采用两种线圈扫描均获得可测量ADC的图像。神经血管线圈测量出的淋巴结平均ADC值为(0.892±0.165)×10^-3 mm²/s,平均eADC值为(0.425±0.068)×10^-3 mm²/s;体线圈测量出的淋巴结的平均ADC值为(0.857±0.142)×10^-3 mm²/s,平均eADC值为(0.432±0.057)×10^-3 mm²/s。采用两种线圈所获双侧或左右分侧淋巴结的ADC值、eADC值之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 采用神经血管线圈或体线圈接收信号对颈部良性淋巴结DWI ADC值的测量无影响。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.