冠状动脉介入术中的监测

目的：总结冠脉介入术中的经验。方法：1997年10月至2002年12月在我院做冠状动脉介入术共320例患者，总结手术中的压力及心电监测的结果。结果：1例病人术中前下壁心肌梗死，室颤，经多次除颤，抢救成功。1例冠状动脉穿孔，急性心包填塞，经心包穿刺引流，抢救成功。造影剂反应5例，室性心律失常20例，低血压6例，均经处理好转。结论：冠状动脉介入手术有一定的危险，术中注意监测压力及心电监测指标的变化，找出原因，积极处理，就能保证手术的安全。     

冠状动脉介入期间心室颤动的原因分析

目的:分析冠状动脉介入中发生心室颤动(VF)的原因。方法:选择2005年1月～2006年12月行冠状动脉介入的患者1086例,回顾性总结冠状动脉介入检查、术中心电、压力监测等资料。结果:13例VF(发生率1.2)均为男性,其中因急性心肌梗死行急诊手术11例,择期手术2例。造影发现单支血管病变4例,2支病变4例,3支病变5例。VF发生在右冠状动脉10例,前降支冠状动脉1例。2例VF出现于冠状动脉造影术中,4例出现于冠状动脉介入治疗术中,6例出现于急性下壁心肌梗死PCI术前预防性安置心脏临时起搏器时。所有患者均经非同步直流电复律1次或多次、以及胸外心脏按压、用肾上腺素后抢救成功。结论:冠状动脉介入时发生的VF更多见于对右冠状动脉的操作中,其发生与急性心肌梗死、冠状动脉病变的严重程度、临时起搏电极的安置以及操作者的经验等因素有关。及时发现和处理得当,临床预后较好。     

急性心肌梗死冠状动脉介入治疗术的护理

目的总结急性心肌梗死行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后的护理要点。方法急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗患者87例,护士配合医生认真做好术前准备,术中配合和术后病情观察和护理。结果87例顺利完成急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术,康复出院86例(99％),仅1例术后在第3日死于再次心肌梗死。结论快速做好术前准备;术中密切监测患者的症状、心电图和血流动力学改变;术后护理注意维护心功能,及时发现并发症,做好心理护理与健康指导,有助于手术的安全和治疗效果。     

经尺动脉穿刺行冠状动脉介入治疗的护理

目的探讨经尺动脉径路行冠状动脉介入治疗的护理。方法总结2008年6月—2011年3月我科36例疑似冠心病患者经桡动脉径路穿刺失败后改经同侧尺动脉径路行冠状动脉介入术的护理方法。结果 33例患者经尺动脉穿刺行冠状动脉介入术获得成功,3例因尺动脉严重迂曲痉挛、硬化而穿刺失败,改为股动脉穿刺成功。术后无严重并发症发生。结论 充分做好术前准备和术中护理,术后加强尺动脉穿刺部位的护理,是提高经尺动脉径路行冠状动脉介入手术成功率,防止并发症发生的关键。     

冠状动脉造影和介入治疗中室颤发生的临床分析

目的探讨冠脉造影和冠脉介入治疗中心室颤动(室颤)出现的特征和处理对策。方法1994年3月至2006年5月我院完成冠脉造影及冠脉介入治疗1620例次,回顾性总结术中发生心室颤动病例,临床资料和抢救体会,并分析其原因。结果1620例冠脉介入术发生室颤7例(0.4%),6例除颤后转为窦性心律,1例抢救失败。室颤均发生于多支血管病变,发生室颤前均有冠状动脉压力下降。结论室颤易发生于多支血管病变的患者,术中应密切监测压力及心电图变化,及早实施电除颤是抢救成功的关键。     

野战微创介入救治方舱内行经皮冠状动脉介入术的护理

目的探讨野外复杂环境下在野战微创介入救治方舱(简称方舱)内行经皮冠状动脉介入术的护理方法。方法 2012年4月至9月在辽宁省岫岩县、凌源市两个地区医院在方舱内完成经皮冠状动脉介入手术17例,均经桡动脉途径,其中男性11例,女性6例,年龄54~82(61.14±10.61)岁。总结术前、术中和术后的护理方法和对策。结果 9例冠状动脉造影患者术后24 h出院,5例冠状动脉支架置入术患者术后72 h出院,3例急诊手术患者1周后出院,术后局部伤口均无感染发生。结论在方舱内行经皮冠状动脉介入术,合理有效的护理方法促进手术成功。     

经尺动脉途径行冠状动脉介入术的临床应用

目的:分析经尺动脉途径行冠状动脉介入术的临床应用价值和安全性。方法:回顾总结2006年6月至2007年5月51例疑似冠心病患者经桡动脉途径穿刺失败后改经尺动脉途径行冠状动脉介入术的资料。结果:47例患者经尺动脉穿刺行冠状动脉介入术获得成功,成功率92.2%,手术无冠脉开口损伤、穿刺口血肿和肌间血肿等严重并发症发生。结论:经尺动脉途径行冠状动脉介入术成功率高,无严重并发症,是一种安全、有效的冠状动脉介入检查和治疗方法。     

冠状动脉介入检查和治疗中发生血管迷走神经反射的临床分析

目的探讨冠状动脉介入检查和治疗中引发血管迷走神经反射发生的特点,寻求有效处理方法。方法总结59例冠状动脉介入检查和治疗中发生血管迷走神经反射患者的临床资料,分析其发生特点及处理方法。结果59例患者中,冠状动脉造影10例,冠状动脉介入术(PCI)49例。PCI中7例,术后拔鞘管前发生3例,拔管后30min内发生39例。51例在15~60min恢复,超过12h者8例。结论血管迷走神经反射发生多见于PCI者,及时有效诊治可避免发生严重后果。     

法舒地尔在心脏介入诊疗术中预防桡动脉痉挛的有效性和安全性

目的 观察法舒地尔在心脏介入诊疗术中预防桡动脉痉挛的临床疗效.方法 对住院经桡动脉行冠状动脉介入诊疗的患者481例于置鞘成功后经鞘内注入相应预防桡动脉痉挛的药物,组Ⅰ予以法舒地尔5 mg,组Ⅱ予以硝酸甘油200 μg,组Ⅲ予以维拉帕米1 mg,观察是否出现桡动脉痉挛及血压、心电的变化,观察有无局部及全身并发症.结果 经桡动脉介入治疗时,应用法舒地尔可以更有效防治桡动脉痉挛的发生;并且对心率、血压和心电的影响小,全身症状及局部症状发生率低.结论 盐酸法舒地尔在心脏介入诊疗术中预防桡动脉痉挛安全有效,值得推广.     

心脏介入术中血管迷走反射的预防和处理

血管迷走性反射常见于腹部外科手术中 ,临床表现为患者面色苍白、恶心、出汗、心率减慢和血压下降 ,严重者可发生晕厥。血管迷走反射在心血管介入术中发生报道少见 ,作者在经历 30 0余例心脏介入术中遇到 10例患者有血管迷走性反射 ,经积极处理转危为安 ,特报道如下。　　 10例患者中 ,男 5例 ,女 5例 ,最小年龄 17岁 ,最大年龄5 9岁 ,平均年龄 45岁。选择性冠状动脉造影术中发生迷走反射 5例 ,射频消融术中 1例 ,右心导管术 4例。作者认为术中术后发生血管迷走反射应积极处理以保证介入术的安全。　　认真做好术前检查及用药 :对有异常心电…     

Prognosis of patients with ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation: role of the underlying etiology

The prognosis of 149 patients with ventricular tachycardia (n = 108) or ventricular fibrillation (n = 41) was analyzed to assess the importance of the underlying etiology of the arrhythmia. Seventy-three patients (Group I) had a previous myocardial infarction and documented late sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Thirty-five (Group II) also had a previous myocardial infarction but had late ventricular fibrillation. There were 41 patients (Group III) without coronary artery disease: 9 patients with right ventricular dysplasia, 26 with idiopathic sustained ventricular tachycardia and 6 with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. The mean follow-up period for all patients was 22 to 57 months. The total mortality rate in Group I (16%) and Group II (34%) and the arrhythmic mortality rate in Group I (5%) and Group II (11%) were significantly higher than the rates in Group III. In the latter group the total mortality rate was 4% for those with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia and 11% for those with right ventricular dysplasia, and there were no deaths due to arrhythmia (p less than 0.05). Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was significantly higher in Group I and Group II than in Group III. There were nonfatal recurrences of ventricular tachycardia in 33 to 56% of patients, and the number of these episodes did not differ significantly in those with and without coronary artery disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

静滴地尔硫(艹卓)治疗冠脉重建术围手术期心绞痛128例疗效分析

目的　观察静滴地尔硫 艹卓 对冠脉血管重建术围术期心绞痛的临床有效性和安全性。方法　对 12 8例行冠状动脉血管重建术围术期顽固性心绞痛患者给予静滴地尔硫 艹卓 治疗。通过观察心绞痛、血压和心率变化及2周内心脏急性事件来判定疗效。结果　 (1)心绞痛发作情况 :91例在用药期间未再有心绞痛发作 ,37例心绞痛程度明显减轻。 (2 )血压、心率 :与用药前相比 ,用药 30min内均明显下降 ,1h、2h、6h、12h时间段均分别较其前的时间点下降 ,P <0 0 5 ,但用药后 2 4h、4 8h与用药后 12h相比无显著下降 (P >0 0 5 )。 (3)病人转归 :12 8例中 85例接受了介入治疗 ,手术全部成功 ,术后 1～ 3周内出院 ;4 3例接受CABG ,4 1例手术成功出院 ,2例CABG术后 72h死于室颤及泵衰竭。 (4 )所有患者用药期间未见到药物相关的副作用。结论　对于其它内科药物治疗无效的冠脉重建术围手术期的顽固性心绞痛 ,联合应用静脉滴注地尔硫 艹卓 可以取得较为良好的、安全的效果 ,临床上具有实用性 ,值得推广。     

选择性冠脉造影术并发心室颤动的原因及预防对策

目的：分析选择性冠状动脉造影（SCA）术中发生心室颤动（VF）的原因及其预防措施。方法：回顾性分析5050例SCA术中发生VF病例的资料。结果：SCA术中,7例发生VF（均为右冠造影时）,其中桡动脉造影5例;用5F Terumo TIG造影导管4例;三支冠脉病变2例、双支冠脉病变1例;右冠脉发育细小3例、导管进入窦房结动脉1例、导管插入过深2例;5例患者存在不同程度造影剂滞留现象;5例患者发生VF前首先表现为冠脉内压力下降,2例无冠脉内压力下降。所有患者均1次电复律成功。结论：右冠细小、造影剂滞留、器材选择及操作不当是冠脉造影发生室颤的主要原因,充分认识并避免之可防止VF发生。     

Relationship between sympathetic neural activity, coronary dynamics, and vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion

The relationship between neural sympathetic discharge and vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion was studied in 26 chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Preganglionic cardiac sympathetic impulse activity and ventricular fibrillation thresholds were separately determined before and during a 10-minute period of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and during release-reperfusion. Within 2 minutes of occlusion the ventricular fibrillation threshold was significantly decreased (from 25 +/- 1.3 to 16 +/- 2.3 mA, p less than 0.05) corresponding with the period of maximal activation of cardiac sympathetic preganglionic fibers (from 4.4 +/- 0.2 to 6.3 +/- 0.5 impulses/sec). Coronary sinus blood flow and oxygen tension decreased significantly. All these changes persisted for 5 to 6 minutes, thereafter returning to control levels despite continued obstruction of the coronary artery. A transient but significant reduction in ventricular fibrillation threshold also occurred with release of the occlusion but was unaccompanied by increases in sympathetic neural discharge. Bilateral stellectomy completely prevented the ventricular fibrillation threshold changes observed during coronary artery occlusion. However, there was no change in coronary sinus oxygen tension or blood flow. During reperfusion, stellectomy increased rather than decreased vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation. Stellectomy augmented the reactive hyperemic response to release-reperfusion. These findings indicate that enhanced cardiac sympathetic neural activity contributes to ventricular vulnerability associated with coronary artery obstruction. An opposite action results during release-reperfusion. Cardiac sympathetic neural discharge, by reducing the magnitude of reactive hyperemic response through influence on coronary vascular tone, exerts an antifibrillatory effect.     

Complications of transesophageal echocardiography with dobutamine

The transesophageal echocardiographic approach improves the diagnostic power of transthoracic stress echocardiography. However, it is a seminvasive test and its safety is not well established. Our objective was to compare the incidence of complications of transesophageal and transthoracic dobutamine echocardiography. We collected data from 63 patients with inadequate transthoracic window, who underwent transesophageal dobutamine echocardiography and were compared with 100 patients in whom the transthoracic approach was diagnostic. Baseline blood pressure and heart rate were higher in the first group. There were no differences in those parameters at the end of the test. Neither were atropine administration and side effects more frequent in any of the groups. There were no cases of ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, acute myocardial infarction, intractable angina or intolerance to the probe. Side effects were equally present in both groups. Transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography is a safe test that can be used in patients with coronary artery disease and poor transthoracic window.     

Effects of acute atrial fibrillation on the vasodilator reserve of the canine atrium

Acute atrial fibrillation appreciably alters atrial physiology by increasing atrial blood flow and atrial oxygen consumption. To determine the effects of atrial fibrillation on atrial vasodilator reserve atrial fibrillation was produced in dogs by electrical atrial stimulation. Reactive hyperaemic responses were measured using Doppler crystals fixed to the sinus node artery and to an adjacent right ventricular branch artery during sinus rhythm, after 20 minutes of atrial fibrillation, and after systemic administration of chromonar (a potent coronary dilator) during atrial fibrillation. During sinus rhythm the peak to resting blood flow velocity ratio after a 20 s occlusion of the sinus node artery was 3.2(1) (mean(SEM)). A 20 s occlusion of a right ventricular branch artery during sinus rhythm resulted in a significantly larger response (5.9(0.7). The repayment to debt area ratio in response to a 20 s occlusion was 1.1(0.2) for the sinus node artery but 3.9(1.0) for a right ventricular branch. During atrial fibrillation the peak to resting velocity ratio was substantially decreased in the sinus node artery (2.3(0.6)) but was not significantly changed in the right ventricular branch (4.4(0.6)). Atrial fibrillation plus chromonar abolished reactive hyperaemia in both the sinus node artery and the right ventricular branch vessel. Right atrial blood flow (microspheres) increased from 45(4) in sinus rhythm to 106(19) ml X min-1 X 100 g-1 in atrial fibrillation and to 208(22) ml X min-1 X 100 g-1 after chromonar administration during atrial fibrillation. Thus the quantitative characteristics of coronary reactive hyperaemia in the right atrium were substantially different from those in the right ventricle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Site of myocardial infarction. A determinant of the cardiovascular changes induced in the cat by coronary occlusion.

The influence of site of acute myocardial infarction on heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance (TPR), cardiac rhythm, and mortality was determined in 58 anesthetized cats by occlusion of either the left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex or right coronary artery. LAD occlusion resulted in immediate decrease in cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure, an increase in TPR, and cardiac rhythm changes including premature ventricular beats, ventricular tachycardia, and occasionally ventricular fibrillation. The decrease in cardiac output and increase in TPR persisted in the cats surviving a ventricular arrhythmia. In contrast, right coronary occlusion resulted in a considerably smaller decrease in cardiac output. TPR did not increase, atrioventricular condition disturbances were common, and sinus bradycardia and hypotension persisted in the cats recovering from an arrhythmia. Left circumflex ligation resulted in cardiovascular changes intermediate between those produced by occlusion of the LAD or the right coronary artery. Mortality was similar in each of the three groups. We studied the coronary artery anatomy in 12 cats. In 10, the blood supply to the sinus node was from the right coronary artery and in 2, from the left circumflex coronary artery. The atrioventricular node artery arose from the right in 9 cats, and from the left circumflex in 3. The right coronary artery was dominant in 9 cats and the left in 3. In conclusion, the site of experimental coronary occlusion in cats is a major determinant of the hemodynamic and cardiac rhythm changes occurring after acute myocardial infarction. The cardiovascular responses evoked by ligation are related in part to the anatomical distribution of the occluded artery.     

地尔硫(艹卓)在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后的作用

目的探讨静脉应用地尔硫(艹卓)(Diltiazem)在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后的作用。方法 200例急性心肌梗死和不稳定心绞痛择期行PCI患者分为2组,105例PCI术后立即给予持续静脉泵入地尔硫(艹卓)(1-1．5 ug/kg/min)72小时,95例未给予地尔硫(艹卓)泵入。分析两组一般临床特征及术后心血管事件发生率,用药前后心率、血压的变化和不良反应。术后5-7天作超声心动图检查, 对比左心室射血分数(LVEF),左心室舒张末期容积指数(EDVI),左心室收缩末期容积指数(ESVI) 以评价对心功能影响。结果两组在一般临床特征方面差异无显著性意义(P>0．05),应用地尔硫 (艹卓)组术后发生不稳定心绞痛较未应用地尔硫(艹卓)组明显降低(4．70％vs 18．94％,P<0．05),但对心功能无影响。结论 PCI术后静脉泵入地尔硫(艹卓)可安全、有效地减少术后因冠状动脉痉挛引起的胸痛。     

急性前壁心肌梗死墓碑型心电图改变临床探讨

目的探讨急性前壁心肌梗死（AMl）与墓碑型心电图改变的关系及临床意义.方法对64例前壁AMI病例进行回顾性分析.墓碑组12例,非墓碑组52例,对比分析两组临床特征、冠脉造影表现和血管重建方法.结果墓碑组肌酸激酶-MB峰值、住院并发症（死亡、泵衰竭、心源性休克和心室颤动）、经血运重建治疗（溶栓和经皮冠脉介入治疗）明显高于非墓碑组（p＜0.05）,LVEF明显降低（p＜0.01）,而心绞痛、心率、血压、血脂、血糖、急性肺水肿、室性心动过速、传导阻滞、住院总天数两组间差异无显著性意义（p＞0.05）.结论虽然对前壁AMI患者墓碑型心电图改变者已做到早期识别危险分层与积极干预治疗,但预后仍不良,提示墓碑型心电图改变的机制可能与侧支循环建立不良及内皮损伤有关.     

冠心病冠状动脉支架置入术住院死亡33例分析

目的探讨分析冠状动脉支架置入术治疗中住院死亡病因。方法1994-012004-03对广东省人民医院的3252例冠心病病人,行冠状动脉支架置入术治疗术中及术后33例住院死亡患者作回顾性分析。结果其中4例死于术中,其余29例患者死于术后,主要死亡原因依次为:心源性休克、室颤、急性左心衰、多器官衰竭、心脏破裂、急性肾衰,住院病死率为1·01%。结论冠心病冠状动脉支架置入术死亡主要原因是心源性休克、室颤、急性左心衰等。通过一些措施,可以进一步降低住院患者病死率。