血管内皮功能与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内中膜厚度的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)与血管内皮功能的关系。方法选取71例T2DM患者根据颈动脉血管彩色多普勒超声探查结果分为,颈动脉IMT正常组(A组)38例,颈动脉IMT增厚组(B组)33例,正常对照组(N组)30例。采用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法,检测代表血管内皮功能的血浆单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP)-1、血管性假血友病因子(vWF)水平,同时检测血压、血脂、空腹胰岛素血糖、糖化血红蛋白、颈动脉IMT。结果 N组与A、B组比较血浆MCP-1、vWF水平差异显著(P0.01),A、B组间比较血浆MCP-1、vWF水平差异显著(P0.01)。血浆vWF与糖尿病病程(r=0.356,P=0.002)、IMT(r=0.699,P0.001)、总胆固醇(TC)(r=0.351,P=0.003)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)(r=0.459,P0.001)、MCP-1(r=0.965,P0.001)、收缩压(SBP)(r=0.472,P0.001)、舒张压(DBP)(r=0.252,P=0.034)呈正相关,MCP-1与糖尿病病程(r=0.367,P=0.02)、IMT(r=0.701,P0.001)、TC(r=0.351,P=0.003)、LDL(r=0.459,P0.001)、SBP(r=0.472,P0.001)、DBP(r=0.252,P=0.034)呈正相关。结论颈动脉增厚T2DM患者代表血管内皮功能的血浆vWF、MCP-1水平增高,血浆MCP-1、vWF与IMT呈显著正相关,血管内皮功能可能参与颈动脉粥样硬化的发生。     

2型糖尿病一级亲属血清脂联素、瘦素及其比值与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的 研究血清瘦素、脂联素与2型糖尿病(T2DM)一级亲属胰岛素抵抗(IR)相关性,探讨二者在T2DM发病中作用.方法 收集既往无糖耐量异常史的T2DM一级亲属, 分为糖耐量正常(NGT)组174例、空腹血糖受损(IFG)或糖耐量低减(IGT)组55例,及新发T2DM组71例;以其无糖尿病家族史的配偶或亲友中OGTT正常者114例作为正常对照组(NC).酶联免疫法测定上述人群的血清真胰岛素(TI)、瘦素和脂联素水平.用HOMA-IR评价胰岛素抵抗(IR)状态.结果 从NC至NGT、IGT/IFG到DM组,IR进行性加重(HOMA-IR分别为1.3±0.7、1.7±1.5、 2.2±1.4 和3.2±2.8,P＜0.01);血清瘦素水平进行性增高(P＜0.01),瘦素水平与HOMA-IR正相关(r=0.35, P＜0.01);血清脂联素水平进行性降低(分别为20±12、17±11、13±8和10±6mg/L,P＜0.01),与HOMA-IR负相关(r=-0.41,P＜0.01);脂联素/瘦素比值进性行降低,与HOMA-IR负相关(r=-0.53, P＜0.01). 结论 T2DM一级亲属在NGT时即存在瘦素水平升高和脂联素水平明显下降.脂联素/瘦素比值下降趋势与IR和糖调节受损的严重程度密切相关,推测该比值的变化可能是糖尿病一级亲属存在的固有遗传缺陷的一种表现,可能在IR和T2DM的发生发展中起重要作用,因而渴望作为预测T2DM发病的早期观察指标.     

血清脂联素水平与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内中膜厚度变化关系的研究

目的 探讨血清脂联素水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)变化之间的关系.方法 应用酶联免疫法测定140例IMT≤1 mm的T2DM患者及80例正常对照者的血清脂联素水平,糖尿病组在生活方式干预的基础上,给予抗血小板聚集、强化血糖、血压、血脂治疗,随访12个月后重新测定IMT,按IMT分为两组(DM1组IMT≤1 mm,DM2组IMT＞1 mm),分析血清脂联素水平与IMT变化之间的关系.结果 (1)T2DM组血清脂联素水平低于对照组(6±3 vs 13±7 mg/L, P＜0.01).(2)DM1组与DM2组相比较,腰臀比(0.90±0.07 vs 0.93±0.05,P=0.024)、HDL-C(1.28±0.36 vs 1.11±0.22 mmol/L, P=0.013)、血清脂联素水平(6.07±3.31 vs 4.06±2.71mg/L, P=0.003),差异均有统计学意义.(3)Logistic回归分析显示,血清脂联素含量降低、年龄增长、HDL-C降低是T2DM患者IMT增厚的危险因素.结论 低血清脂联素水平是T2DM患者动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素.     

2型糖尿病患者血清尿酸胆红素测定的临床意义

目的探讨尿酸、胆红素浓度与2型糖尿病的关系。方法采用全自动生化分析仪,检测并比较65例2型糖尿病患者(其中血管病变患者32例)和57例健康者(对照组)血清总胆红素、直接及间接胆红素浓度和UA水平。结果 T2DM患者血清总胆红素(TBIL)、直接及间接胆红素含量明显低于对照组(P 0.05),血清UA含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。血管病变的患者中血清TBIL10μmol/L的例数高于对照组(χ~2=13.2,P0.01),尿酸≥430μmol/L的例数高于对照组(χ~2=32.6,P0.01)。结论检测T2DM患者血清TBIL和UA水平对预测评估病情及预后T2DM有一定临床价值。     

慢性肾脏病患者晚期氧化蛋白产物血症及其与动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的　观察慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者循环中晚期氧化蛋白产物(AOPP)水平,并探讨其与动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法　断面队列研究。选109例CKD患者和71例健康对照者,用高分辨B超测颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、切面内膜中层面积及粥样斑块。测血清AOPP、丙二醛、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶活性(GSHPx)和C 反应蛋白水平。结果　CKD患者血清AOPP水平明显高于健康对照者(P<0 01), 62例透析者血清AOPP水平明显高于47例未透析者(P<0 01);未透析者血清AOPP水平与内生肌酐清除率呈负相关(r=-0 292, P<0 05)。38例有颈动脉粥样斑块者血清AOPP水平明显高于71例无颈动脉粥样斑块者(P<0 01)。单因素相关分析和多因素逐步回归分析均显示,血清AOPP水平与颈动脉IMT、切面内膜中层面积呈正相关(r=0 332,r=0 288,P值均小于0 05;β=0 313,P<0 001;β=0 301,P<0 01)。CKD患者血清AOPP水平与丙二醛、C 反应蛋白呈正相关(r=0 300,P=0 01;r=0 255,P<0 05 ),与血清GSHPx呈负相关(r=-0 647,P<0 01 )。结论CKD患者普遍存在高AOPP血症,血清AOPP水平随肾功能减退而增高,并与CKD患者动脉粥样硬化密切相关。     

枳实对急性冠脉综合征病人血管内皮功能及血小板活化的影响

目的 探讨枳实对急性冠脉综合征(ACS)病人血小板活化及血管内皮功能的影响.方法 67例急性冠脉综合征病人随机分成枳实组(n=34)、常规组(n=33).所有病人分别于入院时及用药3周后取血行血小板胞质内α-颗粒膜糖蛋白(CD62p)、血清一氧化氮(NO)、血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)测定.另选本院同期健康体检者30名作为正常组,要求采血前两周内未服用任何药物.结果 治疗后枳实组与常规组NO水平分别为(20.63±5.80)μmol/L、(16.25±5.14)μmol/L,显著低于正常组的(30.79±3.28)μmol/L(P＜0.01),ET-1与CD62p水平分别为(49.56±13.07)pg/mL、(60.61±10.49)pg/mL与18.74%±8.68%、18.98%±4.58%,明显高于正常组的(33 98±7.41)pg/mL、11.85%±2.67%(P＜0.01).治疗3周后两病例组血清NO水平显著升高、血浆ET-1水平明显降低,枳实组效果显著优于常规组(P＜0.01),但两组的NO、ET-1水平与正常组仍有统计学意义(P＜0.01);CD62p两组治疗后较治疗前均明显降低(P＜0.01),治疗后两组无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 枳实能够改善急性冠脉综合征病人内皮功能,而对血小板活化无明显影响.     

手术前后补硒对大肠癌患者的免疫功能及抗氧化功能的影响

目的观察大肠癌患者的免疫功能及抗氧化功能的情况,以及手术前后服用酵母硒对大肠癌患者的免疫功能及抗氧化功能的影响.方法将大肠癌患者40例,随机分成治疗组(n=20)和对照组(n=20).对照组给予一般的酵母片,而治疗组给予含硒酵母(每日服用硒600μg).时间共2wk.观察实验前后血清硒浓度、T淋巴细胞亚群、血清中免疫球蛋白及血氧自由基,和细胞因子TNFα的变化.结果大肠癌患者的血硒水平(0.76±0.17)μmol/L,低于正常(1.23±0.28)μmol/L,P＜0.01;经补硒后,血硒(0.82μg/L±0.15μg/L)明显升高(P＜0.05).对照组和治疗组的血淋巴细胞亚群中CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8,及血中氧自由基GSH,GSH-Px和SOD均明显低于正常平均值,经补硒后,CD4,CD8的比例和GSH,GSH-Px和SOD的活性随血硒升高有一定改善(P＜0.05).但其血中的免疫球蛋白含量与血硒的变化无关.结论大肠癌患者经过补硒可明显地改善免疫功能和抗氧化能力,而增强机体的防癌和抗癌的作用.     

不稳定型心绞痛患者血管内皮功能与同型半胱氨酸及颈动脉内膜中膜厚度相关

目的探讨不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者血管反应性充血指数(RHI)与血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)及颈动脉内膜中膜厚度(IMT)的相关性。方法选取245例接受冠状动脉造影的患者为研究对象,冠状动脉造影阳性者中分为稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组49例和不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组131例,冠状动脉造影阴性者65例为对照组,利用Endo-PAT2000仪器采用外周动脉张力测定(PAT)技术评价血管内皮功能,计算RHI;通过超声检测患者颈动脉IMT;采用循环酶法测定Hcy水平。结果 RHI在对照组、SAP组和UAP组依次减低(1.78±0.45、1.65±0.33和1.45±0.27),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);IMT在对照组、SAP组和UAP组依次增加(分别为0.76±0.24 mm、0.90±0.31 mm、1.05±0.18 mm),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);SAP组的Hcy与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),UAP组的Hcy与对照组及SAP组相比差异均有统计学意义(17.61±6.79μmol/L比14.16±4.54μmol/L和14.31±4.53μmol/L,P0.01);UAP患者RHI与血清Hcy及颈动脉IMT均呈显著负相关(r=-0.494,r=-0.513,P0.01);通过回归分析得到UAP患者IMT(X1)、收缩压(X2)、BMI(X3)与RHI(Y)成线性回归关系。结论血管内皮功能、IMT、Hcy与冠心病患者病情相关;UAP患者RHI值与血清Hcy及IMT有明显负相关关系。     

高血压患者血清脂联素与游离脂肪酸、糖及脂代谢

目的研究不同糖耐量原发性高血压患者(EH )血清脂联素水平、游离脂肪酸(FFA)谱特征及与其他糖脂代谢参数间关系.方法用放射免疫分析法测定122 例EH 患者与43 例正常对照组血清脂联素水平,同时用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用法测定其血清FFA 成分水平.结果EH 患者血清脂联素水平[(7.2±4.7)mg/L]低于正常对照组[(9.2±4.3)mg/L, P<0.05],伴有糖耐量受损(IGT)、伴有糖尿病(DM)亚组病人血清脂联素均显著下降(P<0.05～0.01).EH患者血清总脂肪酸[TFA(1291.6±503.7 vs 1064.6±470.3)μmol/L]和多不饱和脂肪酸[PUFA(712.5±284.3 vs 517.3±216.3)μmol/L, P<0.05～0.01] 水平显著高于正常对照组.IGT和DM组的TFA和PUFA也显著高于正常对照组和单纯高血压糖耐量正常亚组(P<0.01).脂联素与BMI、腹围(WC)、腹/臀围比(WHR)、TG 呈负相关(r=-0.217, -0.227, -0.172, -0.193,P<0.01～0.05),与HDL-C 呈正相关(r=0.361,P<0.01).结论脂联素水平与游离脂肪酸代谢紊乱,可能在原发性高血压、特别是在伴有糖代谢异常的高血压发病中起重要作用.血清脂联素水平下降可能是原发性高血压伴有糖代谢异常的特征性生化指标之一.     

2型糖尿病患者血清GH、IGF-I浓度改变及相关因素的研究

目的通过放免测定方法了解2型DM患者GH／IGF-I轴的改变与1型DM患者有何不同。方法对19例1型DM和98例2型DM患者的血清基础GH及IGF-I浓度进行测定。将2型DM患者血清IGF-I浓度与其各项临床及生化指标进行多元相关回归分析。结果1型DM患者GH水平(2.53士0.51μg/L)明显高于对照组(1.36士0.27μg／L,P＜0.05);IGF-I水平(191.5±14.1μg/L)则显著低于对照组(266.3士17.7μg/L,P＜0.01)。2型DM患者GH(0.60±0.11μg/L)水平与对照组(0.74士0.07μg/L)无显著性差异(P＞0.05),IGF-I(126.1士3.2μg/L)水平较正常(153.4士8.3μg/L)明显降低(P＜0.05)。2型DM患者血清IGF-I浓度与年龄(P＜0.05)及HbA1c(P＜0.05)呈负相关,与平均动脉压(P＜0.05)和空腹胰岛素(P＜0.01)呈正相关。结论2型DM患者血清基础GH和IGF-I改变与1型DM患者有所不同,这种异常改变可能与持续高血糖水平有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.