Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complete staghorn calculi in preschool children

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for the management of complete staghorn calculi in children 相似文献   

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complex pediatric renal calculus disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pediatric renal calculus disease has been a management dilemma in view of the concern about the effects of the various treatment modalities on the growing kidney, the significant recurrence rate, and the long-term outcome. We report our experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) monotherapy in staghorn or complex pediatric renal calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the case records of 116 patients younger than 15 years who underwent PCNL. The stones included 56 complex calculi. We defined complex calculi as either staghorn (complete or partial) or those with a large bulk and involving more than one calix, the upper ureter, or both. RESULTS: Complete clearance was achieved in 50 patients (89.8%). Of these, 22 (39%) required a single tract, while 34 (61%) required multiple tracts. With subsequent SWL, the clearance rate increased to 96%. The average hemoglobin drop was 1.9 g/dL. Assessing the factors affecting the hemoglobin drop, the number of tracts and the size of tracts were found to be significant (P<0.01). The average change in the serum creatinine concentration between the preoperative and postoperative measurements was +0.03 mg/dL and was not different in patients with a single tract and those with multiple tracts (+0.02 and +0.04 mg/dL, respectively; P=NS). Intravenous urography done in 36 renal units postoperatively revealed good function in all. A DMSA renal scan in six children showed no scar. CONCLUSIONS: Monotherapy with PCNL is safe and effective in the management of staghorn and complex renal calculi in single hospital stay. Ultrasound-guided peripheral caliceal puncture and limiting the tract dilatation to 22F are important factors in reducing the blood loss. Multiple tracts increase the hemoglobin drop but are not associated with an increased risk of complications (bleeding, postoperative infection, and prolonged urinary leak). Also, there is no deterioration in renal function after either single- or multiple-tract PCNL.     

Multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large complete staghorn calculi

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of large complete staghorn calculi requires a sandwich combination of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) or sometimes open surgery. Many urologists hesitate to place more than 2-3 tracts during PCNL because of the belief that this may increase complications. We present data to support multi-tract PCNL for large (surface area >3,000 mm(2)) complete staghorn calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From July 1998 to October 2003, 121 renal units (103 patients) with large complete staghorn renal calculi were treated with PCNL. All procedures were performed in the prone position after retrograde ureteral catheterization. Fluoroscopy-guided punctures were made by the urologist followed by track dilation to 34 french. When multiple tracts were anticipated all punctures were usually made at the outset and preplaced wires were put into the collecting system or down the ureter. Stones were fragmented and removed using a combination of pneumatic lithotripsy and suction. Postoperative stone clearance was documented on X-ray KUB. RESULTS: 121 renal units of 103 patients (15 women and 88 men, mean age 43 years) were treated. Six patients had associated bladder calculi that were treated simultaneously. The stone surface area was 3,089-6,012 (mean 4,800) mm(2). 10 patients (9.7%) had renal insufficiency with a mean (range) serum creatinine of 3.0 (1.5-5.5) mg/dl. The number of tracts required per patient were 2 tracts in 11, 3 tracts in 68, 4 tracts in 39, and 5 tracts in 3, giving a total of 397 tracts in 121 renal units, over a total of 140 procedures (including second-look procedures in 19 renal units). The points of entry of these tracts were 121 upper calyx (30.4%), 178 middle calyx (44.8%), and 98 lower calyx (24.6%). All 121 units had one upper polar access tract of which 92 (76%) were supracostal. Complications were blood transfusion (n = 18), pseudoaneurysm (n = 2), fever (n = 22), septic shock (n = 1) and hydrothorax (n = 3). PCNL monotherapy achieved an 84% complete clearance rate that improved to 94% with SWL in 8 renal units with small residual fragments. Stone compositions were calcium oxalate (91%), uric acid (2%) and mixed (7%). CONCLUSION: Aggressive PCNL monotherapy using multiple tracts is safe and effective, and should be the first option for massive renal staghorn calculi.     

伴脊柱畸形上尿路结石的经皮肾镜取石术

目的 探讨应用超声定位经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗伴脊柱畸形上尿路结石的可行性及安全性.方法 伴脊柱畸形的上尿路结石患者35例.男19例,女16例.平均年龄32(22～64)岁.患者均经B超、KUB、CT检查确诊.左侧21例、右侧12例、双侧2例,共37侧.鹿角状结石7侧,多发结石21侧,单发结石9侧.结石长径平均26(12～45)mm.伴发脊柱畸形单纯侧凸3例,侧凸合并前、后凸32例.凸向患肾20侧,凸向健肾17侧.脊柱弯曲角度Cobb角>45°16例,<45°19例.脊柱畸形引发患肾形态改变13侧(35.1%),位置明显移位26侧(70.3%).引发胸廓畸形31例(88.6%).肺功能检查13例,通气和贮备功能下降11例.35例患者37侧肾脏手术,2例双侧结石间隔1周分2次完成手术.全身麻醉,手术取俯卧位9侧,侧卧位14侧,其他非常规体位14侧.应用实时彩色多普勒超声定位,一期成功建立24 F标准皮肾通道并应用气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统去除结石. 结果 一期单通道手术34侧(91.9%),一期双通道手术3侧(8.1%).通道建立时间(8.55±1.7)min,平均结石处理时间(39.3±14.6)min.一期结石清除32侧(86.5%),多期结石清除2侧,总净石率91.9%(34/37).3例有残石患者保守观察.输血2例.未发生脏器损伤和尿源性败血症. 结论 脊柱畸形可导致泌尿系统及胸廓的解剖异常,常规体位及定位穿刺与通道建立困难.设计合理的手术体位,彩色多普勒超声定位,伴脊柱畸形的上尿路结石PCNL治疗安全、有效.     

孤立肾肾结石经皮肾镜取石术安全性分析

目的 探讨孤立肾肾结石经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的安全性及临床疗效.方法 孤立肾合并肾结石患者156例,其中解剖性孤立肾35例,功能性孤立肾121例(对侧肾GFR＜10ml/min).肾功能异常71例(SCr＞115,μmol/L).鹿角状结石57例,多发结石83例,单发结石16例,其中有同侧开放手术史者11例.采用实时彩色多普勒超声引导穿刺,2步法扩张建立24 F标准通道,使用弹道联合超声碎石清石系统清除结石.结果 156例均一期建立通道.采用单通道143例(91.7%),双通道9例,三通道1例;多期多通道3例.平均手术时间(46.7±11.2)min,通道建立时间(4.5±0.8)min.术后实验室检查Hb平均下降5.3 g/L.输血5例,其中4例行超选择性肾动脉介入栓塞控制出血.71例肾功能异常者中34例(47.9%)术后SCr恢复到正常范围;SCr升高13例(18.3%),平均增高3%[(7.5±0.6)μmol/L].一期PCNL结石清除116例(74.4%),多期结石清除21例(13.5%).总体结石清除137例(87.8%).19例有残石者门诊行ESWL治疗或保守观察.未发生脏器损伤和感染性休克病例.结论 对于操作技术熟练的医生,功能性或解剖性孤立肾合并肾结石PCNL治疗安全、有效.     

B超引导下经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石1289例临床总结

目的 探讨B超引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石的有效性与安全性. 方法 2004年6月至2009年7月行超声引导下PCNL 1289例.其中输尿管上段结石386例;肾单发结石463例,多发结石355例,鹿角形结石85例.结石大小0.8 cm×1.2 cm～9.0 cm×5.3 cm,平均2.1 cm×3.1 cm.伴不同程度肾积水935例. 结果 1289例无中转开放及死亡.平均手术时间90(55～220)min,平均术中出血量175(60～800)ml.术中、术后输血31例,术后因出血行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术14例(1.09%).一期单通道取石1105例,二通道取石108例,三通道取石76例.一期结石取净率85.03%(1096/1289);193例结石残留者中,67例行ESWL,126例行二期PCNL,其中85例结石取净.总结石取净率91.62%(1181/1289).结论 B超引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石具有定位准确、工作通道建立安全简便、结石取净率高、创伤小、并发症少等特点,手术适应证选择、手术技巧掌握、相应配套设施的保障是PCNL成功的关键.     

Percutaneous management of caliceal diverticular calculi: technique and outcome

OBJECTIVE: Symptomatic renal calculi found within caliceal diverticula are difficult to treat. We present a single-surgeon cohort of 21 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous treatment of stones within caliceal diverticula over a 12-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Each patient was managed by a one-stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The majority of diverticula were situated at the upper pole. Access was gained via a direct target puncture, a Y puncture from a parallel calix, or through the diverticular stalk in the neighboring calix. The approach was commonly supracostal. A single-stage dilator was used to establish the track. Stones were removed intact or fragmented with ultrasonic lithotripsy, and the diverticular necks were treated with endoscopic division or dilation and splinted with a 22F nephrostomy tube for several days. RESULTS: Total stone clearance was obtained by PCNL alone in 95% of cases. The only case with incomplete clearance was cleared successfully with shockwave lithotripsy (SWL). Twenty patients were assessed with an intravenous urogram at 3 months and then annual plain films and clinical assessment. Further imaging was performed in selected cases. The diverticula were obliterated or had improved drainage in 85% of assessable cases. Three patients developed recurrent stones and were treated with SWL, laparoscopic diverticulectomy, on partial nephrectomy. One further patient required partial nephrectomy for poor drainage and ongoing pain. Of the 21 patients, 17 have remained stone, symptom, and infection free with clinical and radiologic follow-up ranging from 6 months to 12 years. CONCLUSIONS: This series demonstrates that percutaneous surgery can clear calculi from caliceal diverticula and, in most cases, correct or remove the underlying anatomic abnormality.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy requiring multiple tracts: comparison of morbidity with single-tract procedures

PURPOSE: To compare the morbidity of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) requiring multiple percutaneous tracts with that of procedures requiring a single tract for calculus clearance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 20 patients undergoing PCNL through two or more percutaneous renal tracts over a 1-year period were compared with a contemporary cohort of 20 patients undergoing PCNL requiring a single tract. The mean stone size was 2157 mm(2) v 423 mm(2) (P < 0.0001), the baseline serum creatinine concentration was 1.67 mg/dL v 1.13 mg/dL (P < 0.05), and the baseline hemoglobin concentration was 11.8 g/dL v 13.4 g/dL (P < 0.05) in the multiple- and single-tract groups, respectively. RESULTS: All single-tract and 95% of multiple-tract patients were rendered stone free. The mean drop in hemoglobin was similar in the two groups (2.3 g/dL for single tract v 2.1 g/dL for multiple tracts; P = 0.55). Complications occurred in two patients in each group. Four multiple-tract patients required blood transfusion. The need for transfusion correlated with lower preoperative hemoglobin and higher preoperative serum creatinine. There was a significant rise in serum creatinine (1.67 mg/dL to 1.91 mg/dL; P < 0.05) and drop in creatinine clearance (76.9 mL/min to 67.2 mL/min; P < 0.05) in the multiple-tract group; this was more pronounced in patients with existing renal insufficiency. No significant change in renal function was seen in the single-tract group. CONCLUSIONS: Monotherapy with PCNL utilizing multiple percutaneous tracts is highly effective in the treatment of staghorn and other large-volume renal calculi. Blood loss and complication rates with such an aggressive approach are comparable to those of PCNL incorporating a single percutaneous tract for more straightforward calculi.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in ectopic kidneys

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), although an accepted treatment modality in anatomically normal kidneys, is still not universally performed for calculi in pelvic ectopic kidneys. Fear of injury to abdominal viscera makes it a technically challenging procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have performed PCNL in nine patients with calculi in pelvic ectopic kidneys. Technical factors which made this procedure safe include ultrasound-guided puncture, use of a mature tract or an Amplatz sheath, routine postoperative double-J stenting, and nephrostogram prior to nephrostomy tube removal. RESULTS: Complete stone clearance was achieved in all cases. Six patients were treated in a single stage, while three patients required two stages. Seven patients needed only one tract, and two needed two tracts. No notable complications were encountered. The average hospital stay was 5.2 days. CONCLUSION: With proper precautions and meticulous technique, PCNL is a safe and effective modality to treat calculi in pelvic ectopic kidney.     

Percutaneous nephroscopic with holmium laser and ultrasound lithotripsy for complicated renal calculi

The aim of this work is to validate the clinical efficacy of the high-power holmium:YAG laser with percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) in combination with ultrasound lithotripsy for complicated renal calculi. From November 2006 to December 2007, 60 patients with complicated renal calculi were treated with PCNL, where an F24 standard renal access tract was established by percutaneous renal puncture under the guidance of B-mode ultrasound, and stones were fragmented and cleared by high-power holmium laser in combination with ultrasound under an F20.8 nephroscope. Of the 60 patients with complicated renal calculi, 20 were complete staghorn calculi and 30 were partial staghorn calculi, of which six patients were accompanied with renal insufficiency; two were solitary calculi, and eight were caliceal diverticular calculi. Calculi were removed by one attempt in 49 patients and by two attempts in 11 patients; through one tract in 50 patients and through two and three tracts in ten patients. The stone-free rate was 81.7%. No injury to the pleura and abdominal organs occurred during the intraoperative puncture. No postoperative blood transfusion was needed in any patient, nor did fever and secondary hemorrhage occur. The mean operation duration was 98 min (range, 60–150 min), and the mean lithotripsy time was 45 min (range, 30–85 min). Additional postoperative extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was performed on six patients. High-power holmium laser PCNL in combination with ultrasound lithotripsy is safe, effective, and minimally invasive, with a high stone-free rate, especially for complicated renal calculi.     

B超引导穿刺的标准通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗马蹄肾肾结石

目的评价B超引导穿刺的标准通道（F24）经皮肾镜碎石术治疗马蹄肾肾结石的安全性和有效性。方法2005年9月～2008年1月共收治马蹄肾肾结石44例（51侧肾结石）,其中单发结石24侧,多发结石18侧,鹿角状结石9侧,结石长径（24.4±5.8）mm。采用B超引导穿刺的标准通道（F24）经皮肾镜碎石术,超声粉碎并清除结石。结果44例均一期建立通道并碎石,其中单通道49侧肾,双通道2侧肾;经上盏建立通道31个,经中盏20个,经下组肾盏2个。手术时间（48.4±11.9）min,一期手术结石清除率88.2%（45/51）,接受二次手术清除残余结石3例。术后血红蛋白含量较术前下降（11.3±3.7）%。围手术期无输血,与手术相关的感染发生率为5.9%（3/51）,无气胸或腹腔脏器损伤。44例随访6～20个月,平均11.4月,1例残余结石排出,术后6个月结石复发率为2.0%（1/51）,1年结石复发率为6.5%（3/46）。结论B超引导穿刺的标准通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗马蹄肾肾结石有效、安全。     

复杂肾结石经皮肾镜取石术后结石残留的原因与处理

目的:探讨复杂肾结石PCNL术后结石残留的原因及处理方法.方法:回顾分析我院行二期PCNL取石的35例复杂肾结石患者的临床资料,既往有开放手术史17例,2例因术中出血影响视野改二期手术,合并肾盏憩室内结石2例.结果:除2例需辅助ESWL治疗外,其余33例在B超和输尿管镜辅助下,行二期PCNL全部成功取净残留结石.其中3例因残留结石所在肾盏位置远离经皮肾通道或在与皮肾通道平行的肾盏内,重新建立另一通道取石;1例行3通道取石.结论:术中出血、肾盏憩室内结石、既往开放手术史和肾内集合系统解剖异常,是PCNL术后结石残留的主要原因;术中B超及软镜的应用,可以清楚显示有无残留结石及其所在肾盏的位置;了解结石与经皮肾通道的位置关系,帮助引导最大限度地清除结石.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with kidney malformations

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for complex calculi within malformed kidneys can be challenging because of the abnormal anatomy. We present our 7-year experience with PCNL in such patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed PCNL on 16 patients with complex calculi and anomalous kidneys, including 7 with horseshoe kidneys, 5 with rotation anomalies, 3 with ectopic kidneys, and 1 with a small kidney. After appropriate preoperative evaluation, the procedure was performed by choosing either anterior or posterior approaches depending on the kidney anomaly. When required, ultrasonography, laparoscopy, or both were used, as well as fluoroscopy to control the procedures. RESULTS: A single-stage PCNL resulted in complete clearance in 13 patients (81%). A second-look procedure, alone or followed by shockwave lithotripsy, conferred stone clearance in one patient with a malrotated kidney and two with staghorn calculi in horseshoe kidneys. More than one tract was needed in two patients. The procedure was guided by laparoscopy in two patients with calculi in ectopic left kidneys. Serious complications were not encountered. CONCLUSION: Patients with malformed kidneys and complex calculi can be managed safely and effectively with PCNL when they are properly selected and appropriately assessed before operation.     

经皮F16与F24肾造瘘通道治疗上尿路结石（附156例报告）

目的 探讨与评价F16、F24两种经皮肾造瘘通道治疗上尿路结石的方法与疗效。方法分别采用F16与F24两种经皮通道治疗上尿路结石156例。结果采用Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期，F16与F24两种经皮肾造瘘通道、输尿管镜及F20．8的经皮肾镜，用气压弹道及三代超声气压弹道碎石设备，成功处理156例上尿路结石，其中包括鹿角状结石、多发性肾结石、体外冲击波碎石（extracor-poreal shock wave lithotripsy，ESWL）治疗失败、孤立肾、马蹄肾结石、开放取石术后复发及输尿管上段结石，肾结石清除率89．8％，输尿管结石清除率99％。结论合理选择F16及F24两种经皮肾通道治疗上尿路结石，具有微创、恢复快、并发症少、安全性高的特点，可有效避免出血、感染等严重并发症，并可提高手术效率，两者结合效果更佳。     

Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy with multiple mini tracts in a single session in treating staghorn calculi

There has been continuing controversy regarding multiple tracts in a percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) session that may bring more complications, especially severe bleeding need for transfusion, even nephrectomy. Little tracts may bring less trauma to renal parenchyma than standard PCNL tracts. We carried minimally invasive PCNL (MPCNL) in treating staghorn calculi with multiple 16Fr percutaneous tracts in a single session, in an attempt to get high stone free with little trauma, and compared the morbidity of standard PCNL procedures in a prospective trial. A total of 54 consecutive patients with staghorn calculi were prospectively randomized for MPCNL (29) and PCNL (25). The size and location of stone, operative parameters, number of tracts, stone-free rate, operating time, hospital stay and complications were analyzed. In MPCNL group, a total of 67 percutaneous tracts were established in 29 renal units, while 28 tracts in 25 renal units in PCNL group. Compared to PCNL, MPCNL was associated with higher clearance rate (89.7 vs. 68%, p = 0.049), less chance need for adjunctive procedure of SWL or second-look PCNL (24.1 vs. 60%, p = 0.007), while a similar complication rate (37.9 vs. 52%, p = 0.300). In conclusion, with the development of instruments and increased experience, judiciously made multiple percutaneous tracts in a single session of MPCNL for treating staghorn calculi were safe, feasible and efficient with an acceptable morbidity.     

螺旋CT三维重建技术在鹿角形肾结石经皮肾镜取石术中的应用价值

目的 评价螺旋CT三维重建技术在经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗鹿角形肾结石中的应用价值. 方法 鹿角形肾结石87例104侧.采用16排螺旋CT平扫,容积成像技术进行结石三维重建,根据重建结果设定穿刺目标肾盏,初步判断建立多通道的必要性,并计算结石体积.患者均接受B超引导下24 F PCNL,记录穿刺通道位置、数目以及其他手术技术参数,收集结石并测量结石体积,KUB判断有无结石残留. 结果术中实际穿刺肾盏与术前根据CT三维重建结果设计的目标肾盏选择完全一致,建立多通道数目与术前预测符合率为91.5%(43/47);一期手术结石取净率87.5%,二期或多期手术后取净率91.7%;清除结石体积平均(16.34±13.79)cm3,术前CT三维重建估算结石体积平均为(19.35±19.24)cm3,两者之间相关性分析r=0.993,P=0.000. 结论 螺旋CT三维重建技术可形象直观地显示鹿角形肾结石的立体结构,指导术前穿刺通道的选择,并可以准确计量结石体积.     

局麻下经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石1363例报告

目的 探讨局麻下经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的可行性及安全性.方法 局麻B超引导下行PCNL 1363例,其中复杂性肾结石475例,肾盂结石520例,输尿管上段结石368例.采用1%～2%盐酸利多卡因10～20 ml自穿刺点皮肤开始沿穿刺方向行浸润麻醉,深达肾筋膜区域.术中采用"0～10"疼痛强度量表评估疼痛程度.结果 1363例均一次穿刺成功并行一期PCNL,其中5通道2例,4通道4例,3通道9例,2通道25例,单通道碎石1323例.肾盂结石取净500例(96.2%),输尿管上段结石均取净(100.0%),复杂性肾结石取净428例(90.1%).疼痛评分0～3分者818例(60.0%),4～6分者409例(30.0%),7～9分者136例(10.0%).10%疼痛评分≥7分者局部予1%～2%盐酸利多卡因5～10 ml或盐酸哌替啶50～75 mg肌肉注射后缓解,无一例因疼痛难以忍受而变动体位或停止手术者,术中未发生肝、脾、胸腔、肠管损伤等严重并发症.结论 局麻B超引导下行PCNL术简单安全有效,值得临床推广运用.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the feasibility of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for treating upper urinary calculi under local anesthesia.Methods One thousand three hundred and sixty-three patients who suffered with upper urinary calculi were treated with PCNL, the puncture and tracts were created using local anesthesia and guided through ultrasound.Of the 1363 patients, 475 patients had complicated renal caluli, 520 patients had kidney pelvic calculi and 368 had upper uretere calculi.Results All of the patients successfully received PCNL under the local anesthesia.Of the 1363 patients five tracts were used in two patients, four tracts were used in four patients, three tracts were used in nine patients, double tracts were used in 25 patents and one tract was used in the remaining patients.The stone-free rate was 96.0% in the kidney pelvic calculi patients, 100.0% in the upper uretere calculi patients, and 90.1% in the complicated renal caluli patients.90.0% patients were find well throught the operation, 10.0% patients find a little pain and solved by another more 5 - 10 ml lidocaine local injection or 50 - 75 mg pethidine hydrochloride intramuscular injection.No case stop operation because of pain or position changed.All without any severe complications such as damaged of liver, spleen, thorax and intestine.Conclusion The PCNL handled under local anesthesia was simple safe and effective, deserved clinical popularizing use.     

单通道与多通道经皮肾镜取石术中肾盂内压的变化

目的探讨微通道经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）中皮肾通道数目对肾盂内压变化的影响。方法通过逆行置入肾盂的6F输尿管导管连接测压系统,保持平均灌注流量346mL/min,平均灌注压196mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）,监测102例不同数目通道下PCNL术中肾盂内压的变化,每秒钟采集一次数据,做统计学分析。结果单通道、双通道、三通道以及四通道下PCNL术中平均肾盂内压分别为（31.25±6.52）、（17.51±3.66）、（16.28±3.92）及（14.33±2.71）cmH2O（1cmH2O=0.098kPa）。单通道PCNL术中平均肾盂内压均高于多通道（P〈0.001）,而双通道、三通道和四通道PCNL术中平均肾盂内压无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论不同数目通道下PCNL术中肾盂内压均较低,小于引起肾实质返流的压力安全值（40cmH2O）。单通道PCNL术中肾盂内压高于多通道,而双通道和三通道、四通道PCNL术中肾盂内压无显著差异。通道数目的选择取决于结石形状及位置,处理铸型结石采用多通道PCNL,可降低因肾盂内高压状态累积致使返流达到一定限度而引起菌血症的风险。     

320排肾脏CTA在“腰肋悬空”仰卧位PCNL中的应用价值

目的:评价320排肾脏CTA(CT血管造影)"在腰肋悬空"仰卧位经皮肾镜碎石术中的应用价值及腰肋悬空仰卧位的影像解剖学特点。方法:2010年9月～2011年7月对23例肾结石患者术前行320排肾脏CTA及三维重建,明确肾脏分支血管分布情况及肾脏与周围脏器毗邻关系,进而设计最佳穿刺路径建立经皮肾穿刺通道。患者平均年龄(49.5±11.5)岁;最大径2～6cm,平均为(2.97±1.29)cm。均采用椎管麻醉;手术体位采用腰肋悬空仰卧位。在B超引导下穿刺肾盂或目标肾盏成功后,依次扩张通道至F16或F20,用钬激光或三代超声将结石完全击碎。术后复查320CTA验证穿刺路径及了解结石残留情况。结果:肾脏320排CTA可清晰显示肾内分支血管分布情况。本组23例患者全部穿刺成功,建立通道满意,一期清石率82.6%(19/23)。所有患者均未输血,无胸膜及内脏器官损伤。术后320排CTA检查显示肾造瘘管位于肾脏无血管区。结论:320排CTA可以明确结石、肾盂肾盏、肾分支血管分布及三者关系,真实反映肾脏与周围器官毗邻关系,以利于设计最佳通道,从而降低大出血及损伤邻近脏器风险。腰肋悬空仰卧位时经腋后线于水平方向进针,可通过肾脏无血管区建立通道。     

Multiple tracts percutaneous nephrolithotomy assisted by LithoClast master in one session for staghorn calculi: report of 117 cases

The objective of the study is to evaluate the safety, efficacy and outcome of multiple tracts percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) assisted by LithoClast master (the third-generation Electro Medical System) in one session for the treatment of staghorn calculi. From October 2011 to March 2013, 117 patients with staghorn calculi underwent multiple tracts PCNL in our hospital. The combined pneumatic and ultrasonic powered lithotripter (EMS LithoClast master) was used to fragment and remove the calculi. The data were retrospectively analyzed with regard to stone burden, number of tracts, operation time, total operative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, complications rate, and stone clearance rate. A total of 142 renal units in 117 patients (63 men and 54 women) were treated. Of the 142 renal units, 77 (54.2 %) had complete staghorn calculi, and 65 (45.8 %) had partial staghorn calculi. A total of 416 tracts were established in the 142 renal units. The mean number of tracts used in a single renal unit was 2.8 (range 2–4), most required three tracts. The mean (range) operating time is 72 (55–130) min. The mean (range) duration of postoperative hospital stay is 5.5 (3–9) days. Mean estimated operative blood loss is 150 (60–350) mL. The complications included blood transfusion in 9 (7.7 %) patients, high fever in 12 (10.3 %), sepsis in 5 (4.3 %), hydrothorax in 4 (3.4 %), and pseudoaneurysm in 3 (2.6 %). A complete stone clearance rate of 87.2 % (102/117) was achieved after one session of PCNL. This rate increased to 94.0 % after a secondlook procedure. In conclusion, multiple tracts PCNL assisted by EMS LithoClast master in one session is safe and effective in achieving a great stone clearance rate with acceptable morbidity for the treatment of staghorn calculi.