2004年全球艾滋病流行概况

世界卫生组织和联合国艾滋病规划署在2004年11月23日公布的《2004年艾滋病流行报告》统计数字显示,全世界的艾滋病感染人数2004年又创新高,突破3 900万人,新增感染者500万人,另有300多万患者在2004年死亡.尽管全世界艾滋病防治工作近2年取得了一些进展,但是就目前艾滋病的流行趋势看,防治形势依然很严峻.     

ASIA-The New Epidemic Zone for HIV/AIDS

Two articles that appear in this journal present unique ethnographic assessments of the commercial sex industry in Thailand. They discuss how culture, society, and organizations interact with respect to communication approaches, information dis semination , and organizational - behavior change in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Each of these articles provides important insights into the many factors that have intensified the epidemic as well as those identified opportunities for concerted community organization, behavioral reinforcement, and social structural approaches for HIV/AIDS prevention and control.     

南昌市HIV／AIDS流行特征分析

艾滋病自发现以来，由于其传播速度快，病死率高，且目前尚无治愈该病的药物，已成为全世界公认的公共卫生问题。南昌市地处中部欠发达地区，随着近年来经济的快速增长，贸易交流和劳动力输出的增多，人口流动的数量和频率都大幅增加；嫖娼、吸毒等高危行为在特定人群中广泛蔓延。该地虽处于艾滋病发病低流行地区，但近些年艾滋病的流行速度逐年增快，严重威胁该市居民的健康和社会的稳定。     

广东省艾滋病流行现状及控制策略

目的 分析广东省艾滋病（AIDS）流行现状，为政府提出本省的控制策略，方法 分析全省的AIDS常规，哨点，行为监测资料。结果 截至2001年底，广东省累计共报告艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染2610例，AIDS病人110例，死亡42例，广东省自1986年首次发现HIV感染以来，其主要传播途径已发生了明显变化。2001年有94.7%的HIV感染由静脉吸毒引起，多性伴人群的HIV流行率在逐年增高，但HIV尚未在一般人群中立足稳定。结论 广东省HIV主要在吸毒人群中迅速传播，因此我们当前的工作重点是要抓住这个稍纵即逝的机会，采取切实可行的措施预防HIV从吸毒人群向暗娼以及一般人群传播，除加强宣传教育等综合措施外，应尽快开展以减少危害为主的干预措施。     

孝感市HIV/AIDS流行情况与控制对策

了解孝感市HIV／AIDS流行情况并提出相应的控制对策。方法整理全市从1999∽2003年7月已确认的19例HIV感染者的个案调查表，随访表和密切接触者调查表。结果19例HIV感染者中，男性占57．89％，男女之比为1．38：l，20∽49岁占84．21％，血途径感染占94．24％，农民占52．63％．病死率为75．oo％。结论孝感市HIV感染者以青壮年与农民为主．传播途径目前主要经血途径感染，静脉吸毒感染HIV的情况在该市也存在。建议加强高危人群健康教育与主动监测，特别是吸毒人员的健康教育与行为干预，同时实施艾滋病预防、治疗与关怀。     

2008年肇庆市艾滋病疫情分析

目的了解肇庆市艾滋病感染趋势和流行特点,为进一步防控艾滋病流行提供科学依据。方法采用蛋白印迹法（WB）或2次酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）判断是否感染艾滋病病毒（HIV）。结果2008年肇庆市共发现HIV感染者121例及AIDS病例32例,其中男性104例,女性49例,男女比例为2．12：1;年龄最大为78岁,最小为4岁;20～49岁占总病例数77．78％;农民占35．29％;传播途径以性接触传播为主,占49．02％,其次为经静脉注射吸毒占32．68％。结论2008年肇庆市艾滋病感染者以男性青壮年为主,性接触为首位传播途径。     

From "acute AIDS" to "chronic AIDS": body perception and surgical interventions in people living with HIV and AIDS

The Brazilian government has been providing free and universal access to the HAART therapy for people living with HIV and AIDS for ten years. Since then, many epidemiological characteristics have changed, and AIDS passed scientifically and medically to be classified as a chronic condition. This qualitative study aims to comprehend the challenges posed by self-perception of body changes experienced by people living with AIDS during recent years, as a result of prolonged use of antiretroviral medication.With this purpose, in 1999 and 2005, 32 semi-structured interviews with HIV positive individuals were held in the State of Sao Paulo to capture the challenges occurred during this period, in particular with regard to the lipodystrophy syndrome. The analysis of the data indicates that even with the availability and use of new technologies that allowed for AIDS to transform into a chronic, clinically treatable disease, there are still important aspects lived by patients that reedit fears and difficulties similar to those of the initial periods of the epidemic, among others appearance-impairing physical stigma.     

成都市HIV/AIDS疫情监测分析

目的 了解流行现状,明确防制工作重点,为防控提供依据.方法 收集成都市1992-2006年HIV/AIDS病例报告、流行病学个案调查表,以及哨点监测、专题调查等资料进行统计分析.结果 成都市1992-2006年累计报告HIV/AIDS 1 319例,年平均报告增长速度为46.92%.近2年共监测各类人群399 318人次,检出率为0.23%.以静脉注射吸毒传播为主(43.97%),性接触感染逐年上升.流动人口是潜在的危险因素.结论 成都市艾滋病流行快速增长,存在多种潜在危险因素.应采取强有力的防制措施,不断完善监测系统,加大开展高危行为干预,加强流动人口防治,控制进一步流行.     

Communication for HIV/AIDS prevention in Kenya: social-cultural considerations

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is spreading fast in Africa in spite of the various efforts and resources put in place to prevent it. In Kenya, reproductive health programs have used the mass media and other communication interventions to inform and educate the public about the disease and to promote behavior change and healthy sexual practices. This effort has led to a discrepancy between awareness and behavioral change among people of reproductive age. In this article I examine the discrepancy in Kenya from a communications perspective addressing social cultural and related factors contributing to the lack of change in behavior and sexual practices. I draw on the theoretical framework of Grunig's model of excellence in communication, the importance of understanding and relationship building between programs and their stakeholders. Data were gathered qualitatively using focus groups and in-depth interviews among men and women in rural Kenya. Key findings indicate that although awareness of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is high in Kenya, a majority of the population, particularly those in the rural communities, lack understanding of the communicated messages. They also lack the knowledge of other ways of transmitting HIV particularly among those not sexually involved. Cultural beliefs, values, norms, and myths have played a role in the rapidly increasing epidemic in the rural communities and yet HIV/AIDS communication programs have not addressed these factors adequately. I conclude that successful behavior change communication must include strategies that focus on increasing understanding of the communicated messages and understanding of the audience through application of appropriate methodologies. Building a relationship with the audience or stakeholders through dialogues and two-way symmetrical communication contributes toward this understanding and the maintenance of the newly adopted behaviors and practices.     

2002-2010年鹰潭市HIV/AIDS疫情分析

目的分析鹰潭市HIV/AIDS流行现状及影响因素,为制定艾滋病防治措施提供科学依据。方法用描述流行病学方法分析鹰潭市HIV/AIDS流行现状。结果 2002-2010年鹰潭市累计共有HIV/AIDS 97例,以性传播途径为主,年龄分布以中老年人为主,50岁以上中老年人占58.76%,职业以农民为主,占38.14%;样本来源以检测咨询及医院就诊者检测为主。结论鹰潭市艾滋病流行已进入快速增长期,中老年人艾滋病例所占比例偏大,应有针对性的开展艾滋病防治工作。     

四川省结核病患者中艾滋病病毒感染现状及流行特征研究

目的了解四川省结核病患者中HIV感染现状和流行病学特征,探讨结核病人发生HIV感染的高危因素。方法对四川省15个县（区）结核病防治机构在2009—09—01／12—31期间所有新登记的结核患者采用问卷调查与实验室检查确认相结合的方法,收集其结核病相关信息和HIV抗体检测结果,对HIV阳性者收集其艾滋病高危行为等相关信息。结果在接受HIV检测的1779例结核病患者中,共有29例HIV阳性者,HIV感染阳性检出率为1．63％。组间比较发现,15～44岁组（2．4％）,彝族（5．8％）,离异或丧偶（8．7％）和复治结核病患者（4．5％）中HIV检出率高于其他组（P〈0．05）。29例双感患者中,23例（79．3％）为男性,16例（55．2％）为涂阳结核病患者,23（79．3％）咳嗽咳痰大于等于2周,22例（75．9％）最可能的感染途径为注射毒品。结论四川省TB／HIV双重感染疫情较为严重,应将中青年男性结核病患者、复治患者以及吸毒人群结核病患者作为‘FB／HIV双重感染防治的重点人群并着重加强少数民族地区的TB／HIV双重感染防治工作。     

广州市1999～2001年HIV/AIDS监测结果分析

目的 了解广州市HIV／AIDS流行情况，为艾滋病预防控制工作提供依据。方法 对广州市1999—2001年艾滋病常规监测和哨点监测资料进行流行病学分析。结果1999- 2001年广州市共发现HIV感染510例，其中艾滋病病人57例，感染人数年均增长速度为81％。510例HIV感染中本市户籍占49．80％，省内、省外流动人口分别占11．916％、21．18％；感染途径以静脉吸毒为主(86．61％)。哨点监测结果显示，1461名吸毒的HIV感染率为13．21％，有静脉吸毒史的占79．47％，其中有共用注射器史占38．50％；暗娼的HIV感染率由1999年的0．78％上升到2001年的2．30％，且每次性行为使用安全套的比例仅为14．85％(242／1630)。结论 广州市艾滋病流行形势十分严峻，吸毒人群及缺乏安全防护的性乱人群应是防治工作的重点。     

2005年全球艾滋病流行态势及特征

1总体概况1.1 2005年HIV感染人数总数:4300万(3670￣4530万)人;成人:3800万(3450￣4260万)人;女性:1750万(1620￣1930万)人;15岁以下儿童:230万(210￣280万)人。1.2 2005年新感染HIV人数总数:490万(430￣660万)人;成人:420万(360￣580万)人;15岁以下儿童:70万(63￣82万)人。1.3     

Addressing Men and Gender Diversity in Education: A Promising Solution to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic

To date, researchers investigating gender in relation to social issues underscore women and appear to sideline men. Focusing on women in studies concerning sociogender issues may exclude not only men from mainstream research, but also those who do not fit into the binary gender system, including gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) people. One area closely related to gender issues is the HIV epidemic. Mainstream discussions of men and other versions of masculinity and femininity including GLBT people in the gender-related studies of the HIV epidemic can decrease the vulnerability of individuals against HIV infections regardless of their biological sex.     

艾滋病高流行地区病人住院费用分析

通过对艾滋病高流行地区4家不同级别的医疗机构和193住住院艾滋病病人的调查,文章分析了病人的收入情况,比较分析了确认感染时间不同、首次住院时间不同、诊断疾病不同、HIV感染途径不同和就诊医疗机构不同病人的相应住院费用.研究发现:艾滋病病人面临收入下降和住院费用高昂的困境,需要救助;在不同级别医疗机构就诊的病人住院费用有差异,需要协调;所患疾病种类不同的住院费用有差异,不同感染途径的住院费用无差异.     

Communication Perspectives on HIV/AIDS for the 21st Century

This cross-cultural experiment examined the effectiveness of three health message characteristics to foster or inhibit selective exposure to health information. An online magazine was created with eight articles about various health risks. Four articles were manipulated regarding (1) severity of the described health threat (low versus high), (2) suggested efficacy to avoid or minimize negative consequences (low versus high) and (3) type of evidence presented (statistical information versus exemplar information). Respondents from the U.S. and from Germany (n?=?301/298) browsed through the magazine while selective exposure was unobtrusively logged. Findings reveal country-specific exposure patterns. A positive main effect of severity was only found for U.S. respondents. Independent of respondents' country, significantly more time was spent with low-severity/high-efficacy messages and high-severity/low-efficacy messages than with articles featuring the often-recommended high-severity/high-efficacy message combination. Respondents generally read more exemplar messages than those with statistical evidence, especially when high efficacy was suggested. Implications of these exposure patterns for the real-life effectiveness of health messages are discussed and an improved theoretical conceptualization of message effectiveness is proposed.     

厦门市艾滋病流行特征和趋势分析

[目的]探索厦门市HIV／AIDS的流行特征和趋势，为制定本地区艾滋病防治策略提供依据。[方法]对我市1990-2004年艾滋病血清学监测、国家哨点监测及各人群行为调查进行分析。[结果]15年共监测各类重点及高危人群266536人，累计报告HIV感染者56例，其中AIDS病人9例；性接触是主要传播途径(58．9％)；吸毒人群有56．1％为注射吸毒，其中共用注射器者占34．8％；工人、小业主有多性伴的比例分别为17．2％和22．5％；媒体调查同性性行为发生率5．0％，多性伴的发生率为27．0％。[结论]我市艾滋病流行已至快速增长期，扩散蔓延的因素不断增加，建议加大防控力度，遏制艾滋病疫情上升的势头。     

福建口岸艾滋病流行状况分析与应对策略研究

〔目的〕了解福建口岸艾滋病流行状况和趋势,为制定预防与控制措施提供依据。〔方法〕对1991￣2005年福建口岸地区艾滋病监测资料进行统计分析,对119例艾滋病感染者进行流行病学调查。〔结果〕福建口岸地区HIV流行近年来呈上升趋势;HIV感染者以回国劳务人员和交通员工为主;入境人群高于出境人群和境内人群;以异性接触为主要传播途径。〔结论〕福建口岸地区艾滋病流行速度明显加快,必须加强对口岸出入境人员的艾滋病监测、健康教育和行为干预,防止艾滋病从高危人群向一般人群传播。