应用IL—2和IL—3联合基因疗法对骨髓移植后造血及免疫…

以大剂量化疗后骨髓功能严重损伤再给予同基因骨髓移植的小鼠为实验模型，动态观察了联合应用成纤维细胞介导的ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法对同基因骨髓移植后实验小鼠骨髓造血免疫功能重建的影响。结果表明，ＩＬ－２基因疗法对造血重建无明显效果，ＩＬ－３基因疗法对免疫重建无明显作用，但联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法能显著加快骨髓ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ、ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ及ＣＦＵ－Ｅ恢复过程及提高骨髓细胞ＮＫ、     

白细胞介素3基因疗法和白细胞介素6基因疗法的联合造血调控作用

研究了成纤维细胞介导的ＩＬ－３基因疗法，ＩＬ－６基因疗法以两者联合后对造血系统的影响。结果发现，单用ＩＬ－基因疗法的小鼠白细胞总数，中性粒细胞，骨髓ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ，ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ等显著上升，但血小板上升程度经，单用ＩＬ－６基因疗法的小鼠血小板，中性粒细胞，骨髓ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ，ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ上晚为显著。     

IL－3基因疗法对化疗造血损伤的恢复作用

白细胞介素３（ＩＬ－３）是一种具有很强造血调控作用的细胞因子，本实验观察了成纤维细胞介导的ＩＬ－３基因疗法对大剂量环磷酰胺体内注射后造血功能损伤小鼠的恢复作用。结果表明：接受ＩＬ－３基因疗法的实验小鼠外周血白细胞和血小板数量降低程度减弱，回升速度加快，其脾脏和骨髓ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ、ＣＦＵ－Ｅ、ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ、ＣＦＵ－Ｓ水平显著地高于对照小鼠，可见成纤维细胞介导的ＩＬ－３基因疗法可显著地降低大剂量化疗后造血损伤程度，并能显著地促进受损的造血功能尽快恢复，提示若将ＩＬ－３基因疗法与大剂量化疗联合应用将提高肿瘤治疗的效果。     

IL—3基因疗法对化疗造血损伤的恢复作用

白细胞介素３（ＩＬ－３）是一种具有很强造血调控作用的细胞因子。本实验观察了成纤维细胞介导的ＩＬ－３基因疗法对大剂量环磷酰胺体内注射后造血功能损伤小鼠的恢复作用。结果表明：接爱ＩＬ－３基因疗法的实验小鼠外周血白细胞和血小板数量降低程度减弱，回升速度加快，其脾脏和骨髓ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ、ＣＦＵ－Ｅ、ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ、ＣＦＵ－Ｓ水平显著地高于对照小鼠，可见成纤维细胞介导的ＩＬ－３基因疗法可显著地降低大剂量化疗后造     

成纤维细胞介导的人白介素6基因疗法增强机体免疫功能的实验研究

通过研究成纤维细胞介导的人ＩＬ－６基因疗法对机体免疫功能的影响，结果发现，高分泌ＩＬ－６成纤维细胞克隆体内移植后，能显著提高淋巴细胞增殖反应、ＩＬ－２和ＩＦＮ－ｒ产生水平以及ＮＫ和ＬＡＫ细胞的杀伤活性，当与ＩＬ－２合用时，对ＮＫ和ＬＡＫ活性的增强作用更加明显，表明成纤维细胞能显著增强机体免疫功能，可望为肿瘤生物治疗、造血功能重建等开辟新的途径。     

成纤维细胞介导白细胞介素6基因疗法对化疗导致的造血损伤的恢复作用

研究了成纤维细胞介导的人白细胞介素６（Ｉｎｔｅｔｒｌｅｕｋｉｎ－６，ＩＬ－６）基因疗法对预先体内注射１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ５－氟尿嘧啶（５－ＦＵ）所造成的造血损伤小鼠模型的治疗作用。结果发现，外周血血小板数量在移殖高分泌ＩＬ－６成纤维细胞后第１０天开始持续上升，第２２天血小板数量恢复到化疗前水平，中性粒细胞数量也显著增高，但对白细胞恢复没有明显的促进作用。骨髓和脾脏ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ及ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ在体内移殖高分泌ＩＬ－６成纤维细胞后，体外动态观察发现：骨髓和脾脏ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ、ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ在第４～７天左右数量为０，在第１０天左右数量开始上升，于第１６天左右数量显著增高，对ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ、ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ具有明显的恢复作用，ＣＦＵ－Ｓ数量也显著增高。表明成纤维细胞介导的白细胞介素６基因疗法能显著治疗化疗导致的造血损伤，可望为肿瘤放、化疗导致的机体造血损伤提供新的治疗途径。     

联合应用IL-2基因疗法和IL-3基因疗法对骨髓移植后荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的增强作用

以大剂量化疗后给予同基因骨髓移植（ＢＭＴ）的荷瘤小鼠为实验模型，动态观察了联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法配合ＢＭＴ对荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤免疫功能的影响。结果表明，联合应用基因疗法能显著提高ＢＭＴ治疗后荷瘤小鼠脾细胞诱导的ＣＴＬ杀伤活性、腹腔巨噬细胞杀伤活性及其所分泌的ＩＬ－１、ＴＮＦ水平，但是对荷瘤小鼠脾脏分泌ＩＦＮ－γ无协同诱导效应。提示联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法通过显著地协同促进机体某些免疫功能恢复而增强ＢＭＴ后的抗肿瘤作用。     

成纤维细胞介导白细胞介素6基因疗法对化疗导致的造血损伤的…

研究了成纤维细胞介导的人白细胞介素６（Ｉｎｔｅｔｒｌｅｕｋｉｎ－６，ＩＬ－６）基因疗法对预先体内注射１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，５－氟尿嘧啶（５－ＦＵ）所造成的造血损伤小鼠模型的治疗作用，结果发现，外周血血小板数量在移植高分泌ＩＬ－６成纤维细胞后第１０天开始持续上升，第２２天血小板数量恢复到化疗前水平，中性粒细胞数量也显著增高，但对白细胞恢复没有明显的促进作用，骨髓和脾脏ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ及ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ在体内移植     

联合应用IL—2基因疗法和IL—3基因疗法对骨髓移植后荷瘤小鼠免 …

以大剂量化疗后基因骨髓移植（ＢＭＴ）的荷瘤小鼠为实验模型。动态观察了联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法配合ＢＭＴ对荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤免疫功能的影响。结果表明，联合应用基因疗法能显著提高ＢＭＴ治疗后葆瘤小鼠脾细胞诱导的ＣＴＬ杀伤活性、腹腔巨噬细胞杀伤活性及其所分泌的ＩＬ－１、ＴＮＦ水平，但是对荷瘤小鼠脾脏分泌ＩＮＦ＿γ无协同诱导效应。提示联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法通过显著地协同促     

IL-4基因转染瘤苗体内抗肿瘤转移作用及其免疫机理的初步研究

将白细胞介素４（ＩＬ－４）基因转染Ｂ１６黑色素瘤细胞，筛选出高分泌克隆，体外扩增后经丝裂霉素Ｃ灭活制备成瘤苗，用以治疗实验性肺转移荷瘤小鼠，同时用低剂量白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）及低剂量环磷酰胺（Ｃｙ）辅助治疗。结果发现，经ＩＬ－４基因转染瘤苗治疗后荷瘤小鼠肺部转移结节明显减少，存活期明显延长，辅以ＩＬ－２治疗后效果更佳；同时辅以ＩＬ－２及Ｃｙ则治疗效果最佳。体内免疫功能研究发现，经ＩＬ－４基因转染瘤苗治疗后小鼠脾淋巴细胞诱导的ＣＴＬ及腹腔巨噬细胞杀伤活性明显升高，但脾脏ＮＫ及经诱导的ＬＡＫ活性变化不明显。脾淋巴细胞经诱导后分泌的细胞因子（包括ＩＬ－２、ＩＦＮ－γ、ＴＮＦ、ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）中，ＴＮＦ和ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ在治疗各组有所升高。本实验结果表明，ＩＬ－４基因转染瘤苗能有效地激活体内抗肿瘤免疫功能并具有显著的抗肿瘤转移效果，将其与低剂量ＩＬ－２和低剂量Ｃｙ联合应用时抗肿瘤转移效果更佳。     

Effects of fibroblast-mediated interleukin 3 and interleukin 6 gene therapy on hematopoiesis in mice treated with 5-fluorouracil

Fibroblast-mediated cytokine gene therapy has proven to be a promising strategy for restoring hematopoiesis following repeated chemotherapy. Interleukin 3 (IL-3) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) can synergistically promote the recovery of hematopoiesis following chemotherapy. In this investigation, combined use of fibroblast-mediated IL-3 and IL-6 gene therapy was tested for hematopoietic effects on mice with or without 5-fluorouracil administration. The results demonstrated that combined therapy with IL-3 gene-modified NIH3T3 cell (NIH3T3-IL-3) and IL-6 gene-modified fibroblast NIH3T3 cell (NIH3T3-IL-6) implantation achieves obvious stimulation of hematopoiesis in normal mice and accelerates recovery of hematopoiesis. In normal mice the quantities of platelets, neutrophils, and total white blood cells in peripheral blood increased significantly after the combined implantation of NIH3T3-IL-3 and NIH3T3-IL-6 cells. The numbers of colony-forming unit (CFU) granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) and CFU megakaryocyte (CFU-MK) formed by stem cells in bone marrow was significantly higher after the combined implantation of NIH3T3-IL-3 and NIH3T3-IL-6 cells than after the implantation of NIH3T3-IL-3 alone, NIH3T3-IL-6 alone, or neomycin gene-modified NIH3T3 cells. In hematopoiesis-depressed mice induced by preinjection with 5-fluorouracil at the dose of 150 mg/kg before cell implantation, the platelets, neutrophils, and white blood cells showed accelerated recovery, and the numbers of CFU-GM and CFU-MK formed by bone marrow cells were also markedly higher after the combined implantation of NIH3T3-IL-3 and NIH3T3-IL-6 cells than in control groups. Our data show that combined use of fibroblast-mediated IL-3 and IL-6 gene therapy may be of clinical relevance for the recovery of hematopoietic depression for patients after chemotherapy. Received: 4 March 1998 / Accepted: 20 May 1998     

Transplantation of X-linked severe combined immunodeficient dogs with CD34+ bone marrow cells.

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is the most common form of human SCID and is caused by mutations in the common gamma chain (gammac), a shared component of the interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 receptors. BMT for human X-SCID results in engraftment of donor T-cells and reconstitution of normal T-cell function but engraftment of few, if any, donor B-cells and poor reconstitution of humoral immune function. Canine X-SCID is also caused by mutations in the yc and has an immunological phenotype identical to that of human X-SCID. We have previously reported that transplantation of nonconditioned X-SCID dogs with unfractionated histocompatible bone marrow results in engraftment of both donor B- and T-cells and reconstitution of normal T-cell and humoral immune function. In this study, we assessed the ability of purified canine CD34+ bone marrow cells to reconstitute lymphoid populations after histocompatible BMT in 6 nonablated X-SCID dogs. All dogs showed engraftment of donor T-cells, with T-cell regeneration occurring through a thymic-dependent pathway, and had reconstituted normal T-cell function. In contrast to our previous studies, only 3 dogs had engraftment of donor B-cells and reconstituted normal antigen-specific B-cell function post-BMT. The variable donor B-cell engraftment and reconstitution of normal humoral immune function observed in this study are similar to the outcomes observed in the majority of human X-SCID patients following BMT. This study demonstrates that canine CD34+ cells contain progenitors capable of immune reconstitution and is the first study to document the ability of CD34+ bone marrow cells to reconstitute normal B- and T-cell function in a nonablated large-animal model of BMT. This study also demonstrates that the quality of immune reconstitution following CD34+ BMT may be dosage dependent Thus canine X-SCID provides a large-animal preclinical model that can be used not only to determine the optimal conditions for both donor B- and T-cell engraftment following CD34 BMT, but also to develop and evaluate strategies for gene therapy protocols that target CD34 cells.     

The effect of the spleen on compartmental levels and distribution of donor progenitor cells after syngeneic and allogeneic bone marrow transplants

These studies investigate the involvement of the spleen in progenitor (PC) cell numbers and "cross-talk" with the marrow compartment following syngeneic or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in sham or fully splenectomized mice. Intact recipient B6 mice were lethally irradiated prior to transplant with T cell-depleted bone marrow (BM-TCD). The kinetics of PC reconstitution following i.v. transplant consistently revealed a dramatic increase in splenic colony-forming unit interleukin-3 (CFU IL-3) and CFU (high proliferative potential-(HPP) levels between days 5 and 12 post-BMT. Direct injection of TCD-BM into the recipient marrow cavity did not alter this pattern of reconstitution in the splenic compartment. In contrast to spleens from normal adult B6 mice containing 0.9% and 0.6% of the total combined splenic and marrow committed (CFU IL-3) and primitive (CFU-HPP) progenitors, respectively, spleens of syngeneic BMT recipients at day 12 contained a 10-fold increase (p < 0.001) over the progenitor levels in normal spleens. These splenic numbers decreased to normal, homeostatic levels by day 28 post-BMT. In contrast, the level of marrow CFU IL-3 progenitors continued to increase post-transplant, reaching near homeostatic levels by day 28 post-BMT. Interestingly, early seeding of 5- (and -6)carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled or green fluorescent protein (GFP) donor bone marrow cells (BMC) to the marrow compartment was not different in sham splenectomies or recipients splenectomized 14 days earlier. However, recipient splenectomy consistently resulted in significantly higher numbers of CFU IL-3 in the bone marrow during the first 2 weeks post-transplant compared to sham controls. These elevated levels exceeded the combined progenitor numbers of the splenic and marrow compartments of intact recipients. Notably, this increase in marrow progenitor activity in splenectomized recipients was observed after syngeneic as well as allogeneic BMT. Allogeneic transplants across major, or those limited to minor, histocompatibility antigen differences exhibited this increased marrow progenitor activity. Splenectomy performed 2 h post-transplant to assure "normal" marrow seeding also resulted in higher marrow progenitor activity. Thus, this "marrow response" to splenectomy is not induced by early "shunting" of infused BM cells to the marrow compartment. These results suggest that communication between the splenic and marrow compartments following syngeneic and allogeneic BMT exists during early hematopoietic reconstitution, one effect of which is to impact the compartmental distribution of donor progenitor cells. The role of the spleen on engraftment, chimerism, and tolerance in allogeneic BMT models are now under investigation.     

High-dose total body irradiation and bone marrow cells may improve efficiency of bone marrow transplantation therapy in treating type 1 diabetes

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been used to treat autoimmune diseases for many years. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also called type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease resulting from a selective destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells. Recently, T1D has been a common significant cause of morbidity and mortality. However, whether BMT can be used to treat T1DM is still controversial. During BMT procedure, recipients underwent total body irradiation (TBI) and subsequent bone marrow cells (BMCs) infusion, in which TBI kills off the most T lymphocytes and BMCs stimulates hematopoiesis and immune reconstitution. We suggest that high-dose TBI and BMCs may improve efficiency of BMT therapy in T1DM treatment.     

Differential induction of hematopoiesis and immune suppressor cells in the bone marrow versus in the spleen by Lewis lung carcinoma variants

Mice bearing large (greater than or equal to 3 g) metastatic and nonmetastatic Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumors were studied to determine if the tumor variants differentially induced bone marrow versus splenic hematopoiesis and the appearance of hematopoiesis-associated immune suppressor cells. The metastatic LLC-C3 and nonmetastatic LLC-C8 tumors were equal in their stimulatory effects in vivo on both the number of bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells (CFU) and the appearance of bone marrow immune suppressor cells. In contrast, the tumor variants differed in their effects on the spleen, with the metastatic tumors causing a more pronounced increase in the number of nucleated cells and CFU, a reduced blastogenic responsiveness to concanavalin (Con-A), and an increased suppressor cell activity than nonmetastatic LLC-C8 tumors. The splenic suppressor cells of mice bearing large LLC-C3 tumors resembled the bone marrow suppressor cells which we previously described (Young et al.: Cancer Res. 47, 100, 1987) in that they were nonadherent to nylon wool, sensitive to treatment with L-leucine methyl ester, insensitive to treatment with complement and Thy-1.2, MG-1.2, asialo-GM1, or anti-IgM antibodies, and mediated their suppression through a mechanism which was only partially indomethacin sensitive. The stimulatory effects on hematopoiesis and suppressor cells by the LLC variant tumors may have been mediated by the tumor-derived colony stimulating factor (CSF) activities. Bone marrow cell proliferation and colony formation were stimulated in vitro by culture supernatants of metastatic LLC-C3 cells and, to a lesser degree, of nonmetastatic LLC-C8 cells. These colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-containing supernatants also induced normal bone marrow cells to become immune suppressive. In contrast, supernatants of only LLC-C3 cells, and not of LLC-C8 cells, stimulated in vitro growth of splenic CFU from LLC-C3-bearing mice; spleen cells from normal mice and from LLC-C8 bearers were unresponsive to supernatants of the LLC variants. These results suggest that CSF produced by either the metastatic LLC-C3 or the nonmetastatic LLC-C8 tumors could concurrently stimulate bone marrow hematopoiesis and the appearance of bone marrow suppressor cells. However, the metastatic LLC-C3 tumor cells, and not the nonmetastatic LLC-C8 cells, could also cause expansion of progenitor cells and hematopoiesis to the spleen and, consequently, induce the appearance in the spleen of hematopoiesis-associated immune suppressor cells.     

IL-2基因直接转移促进CD4+缺损小鼠免疫功能的恢复

目的探讨ＩＬ－２基因直接转移治疗小鼠ＣＤ４缺陷的可能性。方法ｐＣＩ－ｈＩＬ－２质粒ＤＮＡ直接注入ＣＤ４缺陷小鼠大腿肌肉内。用免疫组化法检测ｈＩＬ－２蛋白的表达，同时测定小鼠的免疫功能。结果ｐＣＩ－ＩＬ－２质粒ＤＮＡ可在注射部位肌纤维内表达ＩＬ－２蛋白。ＣＤ４缺陷小鼠脾细胞中ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞增多，脾细胞对有丝分裂素ＣｏｎＡ增殖反应明显增强。对ｓＲＢＣ的免疫应答无论是体液免疫或细胞免疫应答均高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ｐＣＩ－ＩＬ－２质粒ＤＮＡ直接肌内注射可部分纠正ＣＤ４缺陷小鼠的免疫功能。     

大鼠骨髓间质干细胞对同种骨髓移植后造血重建和免疫重建的作用

目的：探讨大鼠骨髓间质干细胞（MSC）对 同种异体骨髓移植造血重建和免疫重建的影响。方法:建立大鼠同种异 体骨髓移植模型，通过生存率分析、外周血象检测、免疫细胞计数和受体免疫功能检测，综 合评价MSC对骨髓移植(bone marrow transplantation,BMT)后造血重建和免疫重建的作用。 结果：(1) MSC可促进BMT后造血重建：移植后30 d，共移植组外周血白 细胞、淋巴细胞和血小板数均高于单纯骨髓移植组；共移植组骨髓细胞数也高于对照组。(2 )MSC可促进BMT后免疫重建：移植后30 d，共移植组胸腺细胞数、脾细胞总数均高于骨髓单 纯移植组；共移植组对ConA、LPS 刺激的淋巴细胞增殖反应以及对第三体来源的同种混合淋 巴细胞反应均强于单纯BMT组。结论：大鼠MSC与骨髓共移植对同种异体 骨髓移植造血重建和免疫重建有一定促进作用。     

白细胞介素11基因治疗促进造血的实验研究

白细胞介素１１是一种具有广泛生物学功能的造血生长因子，体内体外实验均显示ＩＬ－１１具有显著的造血促进作用。为了探讨ＩＬ－１１基因治疗应用于造血功能低下疾病的可能性，构建了含人ＩＬ－１１ｃＤＮＡ的逆转录病毒载体，并转染小鼠成纤维系ＮＩＨ－３Ｔ３，经是筛选获得３株表达ＩＬ－１１ 转染细胞亚克隆。