复合人工骨修复骨良性病变切除后骨缺损

目的探讨骨良性病变切除后骨缺损的修复方法，并对其疗效进行评估。方法总结1999年1月-2003年10月我科应用混合自体骨松质的异体脱蛋白骨松质复合自体红骨髓治疗骨良性病变切除后骨缺损28例。年龄12—61岁，平均20，5岁。结果除2例因死亡失访外，其余26例均取得满意随访，平均骨愈合时间为4．2个月。骨腔大小或植骨量不同，骨愈合时间不同。骨腔越大，植骨越多，骨愈合时间越长。本组病例未见明显排斥反应及并发感染。随访至今，无一例复发。结论利用这种复合人工骨修复骨良性病变切除后骨缺损的方法可行性好，安全性高，自体损伤小，便于推广，可用于骨缺损的修复。     

人工骨及其应用

骨移植对于提供支持，填充空腔，加速骨缺损的愈合是一种必要的治疗方式。自体骨移植是骨移植的“金标准”，但自体骨移植受到许多限制，如供区损伤、植骨量不足等，不能制备特殊的形状，这些限制促进了骨移植替代材料的研究。同种异体骨已被广泛应用，同种异体移植物可以是松质骨、皮质骨或两者一起使用。     

自体与同种异体骨移植修复四肢长骨骨缺损的对比研究

目的比较自体与同种异体骨移植修复四肢长骨骨缺损的临床效果。方法回顾性分析132例异体骨和97例自体骨修复重建四肢长骨骨缺损患者的临床治疗资料,比较两种方法愈合时间、骨性愈合评分（按Jorgenson标准）、并发症发生率及植骨失败率。结果异体骨重建组132例,4例因感染致植骨失败需行病灶清除灌洗加自体骨移植,10例发生局部排斥反应,其余118例患者术后骨缺损获得良好修复,愈合时间（17．6±1．9）周。骨性愈合评分2．7±0．5。自体骨重建组97例,9例出现供区疼痛、切口感染及局部皮肤麻木等供区并发症,骨缺损均获得良好修复,愈合时间（17．4±23）周,骨性愈合评分2．84±0.3。两组之间在愈合时间、并发症发生率以及愈合评分方面的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;在植骨失败率方面的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论运用同种异体骨和自体骨移植重建四肢长骨骨缺损,均能获得满意结果且疗效相似。异体骨移植术后感染致植骨失败以及排斥反应发生率较高,而自体骨移植则多表现为供区的并发症。     

异体冻干小块骨修复良性骨肿瘤及瘤样病变切刮术后骨缺损

目的研究异体小块骨填充修复良性骨肿瘤及瘤样病变切除骚刮术后骨缺损的临床应用价值及其并发症。方法1999年12月～2005年12月,使用异体小块骨对230例良性骨肿瘤及瘤样病变骨缺损填充修复,其中男156例,女74例;年龄5～56岁,平均32.8岁。病程3个月～15年。肿瘤刮除术后囊腔范围为1.0cm×0.8cm～10.0cm×2.0cm,局限性切除后骨缺损长度为1.0～3.5cm。根据骨缺损情况,植入自体髂骨和异体骨0.5～30.0g,术后引流2～3d,常规应用抗生素预防感染,观察术后早期并发症,定期摄X线片了解骨愈合情况。结果术后早期体温、引流量、肢体肿胀等一般情况与自体骨移植同类手术相比无差异。术后196例切口期愈合;切口渗出淡黄色液体34例,其中30例引流2周后切口愈合,占14.78%;切口延期愈合4例,占1.7%(渗液持续3～4周后,经扩创换药期愈合3例,取出植入材料切口愈合1例)。获随访时间6～60个月,平均38个月,所有患者在6～18个月达到骨性愈合,平均6.5个月。骨移植术后肿瘤复发6例,复发率3.0%。按Mankin、Komender和王志强标准评定,满意196例,占85.22%;不满意34例,占14.78%。结论异体小块骨具有良好的组织相容性及成骨作用,是骨移植术中良好的植骨材料。植骨区的稳定性、局部血运情况及骨肿瘤刮除后瘤腔处理方法是影响骨愈合的重要因素。     

同种异体骨移植在骨肿瘤手术中的应用

目的：探讨同种异体骨移植在骨肿瘤手术中应用的范围、效果以及排异反应等问题.方法：1983年10月～2003年3月在骨肿瘤手术中使用异体骨移植120例。其中肿瘤刮除、异体松质骨移植102例；肿瘤刮除、异体大块皮质骨和松质骨移植12例；肿瘤段切除、异体股骨干移植2例；肿瘤段切除、异体半关节移植3例；肿瘤切除、大块异体骶骨移植l例：结果：120例中只有2例出现较轻的排异反应，表现为手术后切口渗出较多，3个月后停止渗出，切口愈合.其余病例均一期愈合.结论：同种异体骨在骨肿瘤手术中应用范围，一、效果好、很少出现排异反应,在骨缺损填充物中占有重要位置.     

人工合成骨移植

多年来自体松质骨移植已广泛应用于骨折愈合、脊柱融合及骨缺损的治疗中,自体松质骨可以提供骨折自然愈合所需的各种成分、成骨干细胞、骨传导基质和一系列骨诱导因子,但由于自体骨移植的骨源量问题及手术创伤带来的供区疼痛、神经麻痹、感染等副作用,严重地影响其临床应用。异体骨移植也由于其生物相容性及相伴随的炎症、感染而限制了应用。为了克服这些问题,科学家试图合成人工骨。     

人工骨及其应用

骨移植对于提供支持,填充空腔,加速骨缺损的愈合是一种必要的治疗方式.自体骨移植是骨移植的“金标准“,但自体骨移植受到许多限制,如供区损伤、植骨量不足等,不能制备特殊的形状,这些限制促进了骨移植替代材料的研究.同种异体骨已被广泛应用,同种异体移植物可以是松质骨、皮质骨或两者一起使用.虽然同种异体来源较广泛,但它有传播疾病的危险、引发免疫排斥、处理后生物及机械特性改变、增加病人的经济负担等缺点,由于经济或宗教的原因,不能在世界范围内获得,因此,科学家和医药厂家努力开发研制理想的骨移植替代材料.……     

青少年股骨近端大范围骨肿瘤样病变的手术治疗

目的：总结病灶次全切除或刮除混合骨移植内固定治疗青少年股骨近端大范围肿瘤样病变的近期疗效。方法：采用肿瘤次全切除或开窗病灶刮除自体髂骨和同种异体混合骨移植治疗29例青少年股骨大范围肿瘤样病变患者,其中骨纤维异样增殖症19例,骨囊肿10例。结果：术后随访1—5年,平均2年3个月,所有患者植骨愈合,1例骨纤维异样增殖症局限性复发,患肢功能均恢复正常,无感染和排斥反应发生,无内固定失败病例。结论：病灶次全切除或者开窗病灶刮除,采用自体和同种异体骨混合骨移植,同时给予坚强内固定治疗青少年股骨近端大范围肿瘤样病变,方法简单,骨量不受限制,关节功能恢复快且完全,复发率低。尽量彻底切除病灶、足量混合植骨、稳定固定和早期功能锻炼是促进骨愈合防止复发的关键。     

椎间盘镜下异体松质骨复合自体红骨髓植骨治疗骨不连及骨缺损

目的探讨椎间盘镜下异体松质骨复合自体红骨髓植骨治疗四肢长骨干骨不连及骨缺损的临床疗效。方法2003年9月～2006年9月,选择25例创伤后骨不连、骨缺损患者,其中胫骨9例,股骨13例,肱骨3例。骨不连、骨缺损引起须植骨长度1～6 cm,平均2.7 cm,均在椎间盘镜下行瘢痕清除,然后在骨缺损部位植入异体松质骨,再于髂骨取自体红骨髓15～20 ml注入植骨处。结果25例随访12～36个月,平均25个月,切口均一期愈合,无一例发生神经血管损伤症状。除2例术后内固定失败外,余23例骨不连、骨缺损均获骨性愈合,植骨生长良好,骨愈合时间4～9个月,平均5.1月,无感染及再出现骨不连。结论椎间盘镜下异体松质骨复合自体红骨髓植骨治疗骨不连和骨缺损,无须自体髂骨取骨,局部创伤小,血运破坏小,并发症少,骨愈合率高,是一种微创有效的治疗方法。     

新型异种块型植骨材料修复前臂节段性骨缺损

目的：观察分析新型异种块型植骨材料对前臂节段性骨缺损的治疗效果。及其临床应用方法。方法：对12例前臂外伤性骨缺损者采用新型异种块型植骨材料进行治疗。新型异种块型植骨材料由脱肮原大块牛松质骨载体与重组人骨形态发生蛋白2（rhBMP2)复合而成，评价其临床治疗效果。结果：随访8－36个月，平均16．5个月，所有病例均获骨性愈合，平均愈合时间5．5个月，术后无免疫排斥，感染、骨不连、畸形愈合和再发骨折等并发症，治疗效果优6例，良3例，可3例，优良率75％，植骨术后7、14和21d流式细胞仪检测，发现外周血T淋巴细胞亚群与术前及自体骨移植组相比无明显差异（P＞0．05）。结论：新疆异种块型植骨材料为自体骨和同种异体骨的良好替代替材料，应用中无明显的免疫排斥反应，组织相容性良好。     

混合植骨技术结合髋臼加强杯或钛网杯重建髋臼严重骨缺损

 目的 探讨自体骨和异体冷冻干燥骨混合植骨方法在治疗髋臼严重骨缺损中恢复髋臼骨量的作用,评价混合植骨技术结合髋臼加强杯或钛网杯重建髋臼的临床效果。方法 1999年4月至2007年12月,采用自体骨和异体冷冻干燥骨混合打压植骨结合髋臼加强杯或钛网杯对髋臼严重骨缺损18例19髋进行重建。男8例,女10例;年龄33~76岁,平均64.7岁。全髋关节置换术后髋臼周围骨溶解导致髋臼假体松动而行翻修术17例,髋臼发育不良行髋臼截骨术后继发髋关节骨关节炎行全髋关节置换1例。Paprosky ⅡB型骨缺损5髋,Paprosky ⅡC型2髋,Paprosky ⅢA型6髋,Paprosky ⅢB型6髋。结果 全部病例随访3.6~12.3年,平均6.5年。Harris髋关节评分由术前平均(38.7±9.6)分提高至末次随访(87.6±7.8)分。术后3~6个月X线检查可见髋臼植骨区骨长入,1年后植骨区骨整合良好。随访期间未发现髋臼再松动病例。1例出现髋臼聚乙烯明显磨损,髋关节旋转中心上移。结论 自体骨和异体冷冻干燥骨混合打压植骨可有效恢复髋臼骨量,植骨中加入的自体骨可促进植骨区骨长入,混合植骨方法结合髋臼加强杯或钛网杯固定治疗髋臼严重骨缺损疗效确切。     

Lengthening of Massive Intercalary Cortical Allograft After Successful Graft Incorporation in Skeletally Immature Bone with Critical-Sized Defect: A Case Report with 6-year Follow-up

Bone allograft serves as an alternative to overcome the limitation of autograft. Some concerns, such as graft rejection, infection, and low union rate, arise from the use of bone allograft since the graft is a non-living and foreign material. We reported a case of critical-sized bone defect in a skeletally immature patient treated with massive intercalary allograft that not only did it show union but also graft incorporation that allowed for subsequent bone lengthening at the site of the incorporated massive allograft. To our knowledge, there has been a report of lengthening of free-vascularized fibular autograft but not the nonvascularized one. Massive intercalary allograft that incorporates well to the host could be an option to treat critical-sized bone defect.     

Ⅰ期开放松质骨植骨治疗感染性骨缺损

目的：探讨Ⅰ期开放松质骨植骨治疗感染性骨缺损的可行性,总结提高治疗成功率的因素。方法：12例感染性骨缺损患者,男8例,女4例;年龄22～68岁,平均42岁。其中跟骨骨缺损7例,胫骨4例,股骨1例。采用患处换药,刮除失活的软组织及骨组织,清创后Ⅰ期行自体松质骨植骨,伤口开放,术后创面爬满肉芽后行游离植皮治疗。结果：术后移植骨质表面覆盖肉芽组织时间平均24.1d,创面完全闭合时间平均30.3d,所有患者经过8～30个月（平均18个月）随访,所有骨缺损处经植骨后均骨性愈合,未发现感染复发者。结论：Ⅰ期开放植骨术是治疗感染性骨缺损简单可行的方法,术前刮除失活组织,术中彻底清除肉芽组织、充分植入松质骨及术后严格无菌换药是手术成功的关键。     

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 compared to autologous iliac crest bone graft in the treatment of long bone nonunion

This retrospective study investigated the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) mixed with cancellous allograft on fracture healing compared to iliac crest autograft in the treatment of long bone nonunion. Eighty-nine patients with 93 established long bone nonunions treated between January 2002 and June 2004 at a single academic Level I trauma center were evaluated. Patients with clinical and radiographic evidence of failed fracture union underwent nonunion debridement, revision of fixation, and implantation at the nonunion site of either rhBMP-2 or the standard treatment autologous iliac crest bone graft. Union rate, operative time, estimated intraoperative blood loss, hospital length of stay, and postoperative infections were recorded. Nineteen nonunions received rhBMP-2 on a specialized carrier matrix (an absorbable collagen sponge) mixed with cancellous allograft, and 74 nonunions were treated with autologous iliac crest bone graft. There was no statistical difference in the rate of healing between treatment groups (68.4% vs 85.1%, respectively; P=.09). Incidence of postoperative infection was 16.2% after autologous iliac crest bone graft and 5.3% after rhBMP-2/absorbable collagen sponge (P=.22). Iliac crest autograft was associated with longer operative procedures (257.9±93.0 vs 168.9±86.5 minutes; P=.0007) and greater intraoperative blood loss (554.6±447.8 vs 331.6±357.2 mL; P=.01). These outcomes suggest that rhBMP-2 may provide a suitable alternative to autologous iliac bone graft, with the possible advantages of shorter operative time and reduced intraoperative blood loss, and may be considered as part of the orthopedic surgeon's treatment options.     

The effect of demineralized bone matrix-calcium sulfate with vancomycin on calcaneal fracture healing and infection rates: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures may have a central cancellous bone defect area. We hypothesized that human demineralized bone matrix (DBM) calcium sulfate (CaSO(4)) might act as a reasonable alternative to autograft in calcaneal fractures. When combined with antibiotic powder, this bone graft substitute also may act as a local antibiotic delivery device. This is the first clinical study evaluating bone healing and complications associated with DBM-calcium sulfate bone graft substitute in the treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures with a central cancellous bone defect. METHODS: Over a 29-month period, 33 displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures with central cancellous defects were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and grafting with vancomycin/DBM-calcium sulfate bone graft substitute. Eleven fractures without bone defects were treated with ORIF only. Patient demographics, medical history, and CT fracture classification were recorded. Postoperatively, fractures were monitored every 2 weeks for healing and complications. RESULTS: The mean time to union was 8.2 weeks in the grafted, while the control group mean time to union was 10.4 weeks (p = 0.0117). Wound problems occurred in five (15%) of the 33 patients with grafting, all in type III fractures with severe soft-tissue swelling, and included two minor wound healing delays, and three serious wound problems. At a mean followup time of 22.4 months, no DBM-calcium sulfate grafted calcaneus demonstrated evidence of osteomyelitis. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study examining human DBM-calcium sulfate bone graft substitute to treat displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Based on these initial data, human DBM-calcium sulfate acted as an acceptable and safe autograft alternative in displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures with moderate (5 cc to 10 cc) central cancellous bone defects.     

Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with one-stage allograft

Objective: To avoid disadvantages of two-stage cancellus bone autograft, we investigated the feasibility of one-stage allograft for reconstructing the bone defect resulting from debridement of chronic osteomyelitis in limbs. Methods: Between Feb. 1999 and Apr. 2004, 35 cases of chronic osteomyelitis ( 8 cases of nonunion) underwent one-stage allograft after debridement in our hospital. Results: Thirty-five cases were followed up for an average period of 28 months (range, 13 to 55 months), in which 32 cases (91.43%) were found no infection, and 3 cases (8.57%) were confirmed recurrence of infection. Four out of 8 cases of bone nonunion healed in 9.5 months on average (range, 3 to 12 months), and another case also acquired union after redebridement and autograft of ilium due to infection recurrence 35 days after surgery. Renonunion occurred in 3 cases, 2 out of whom healed after secondary operation with autograft. One case of renonunion and 2 cases of infection recurrence refused further treatment. Conclusions: A high rate of infection arrest can be attained when one-stage allograft is used to reconstruct the bone defect of chronic osteomyelitis after debridement in limbs. Therefore, chronic osteomyelitis should not be regarded as a contraindication to one-stage aliogeneic bone grafting. Renonuion, however, achieves a relatively high rate, especially in cases of segmental bone defect.     

Masquelet technique in post-traumatic infected femoral and tibial segmental bone defects. Union and reoperation rates with high proportions (up to 64%) of allograft in the second stage

Introduction The aim of this study was to describe union, reoperation and failure rates after using the induced membrane (IM) technique with ≥50% allograft over autograft to treat infected femoral and tibial segmental bone defects (SBD).Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed patients with femoral and tibial SBD treated in our center between 2012 and 2019 using ≥50% allograft over autograft during the second stage of the Masquelet technique. We analyzed the affected bone, defect size, osteosynthesis technique used, time elapsed between the first and second stage of the technique, graft proportions, union time, reoperations, and non-union rates.Results We included 21 patients (61.90% men) with a median age of 41 (range 18-68) years. The tibia was affected in 61.90% (n:13) and the femur in 38.09% (n:8) of the cases. SBD length was 4.5 (range 3.5-14) cm. The median interval between both stages of the technique was 10 (range 6-28) weeks. The proportion of allograft used was 50 % in 10 patients, 51 to 55% in 5 patients, 56 to 59% in 4 patients, and 60 to 64% in 2. The union rate was 95.23% over a median time of 7 (range 6-12) months. There were 3 (14.28%) reoperations: 2 for relapse of infection and 1 for mechanical instability. There was one failure (4.76%). One patient presented non-union and nail break. The median follow-up after the second stage of the technique was 26 (range 13-54) months.Conclusion The use of the induced membrane technique and a high proportion of allograft (up to 64%) achieved similar union and failure rates than those reported for similar series that relied on lower allograft proportions.     

同种异体骨颗粒复合自体骨移植治疗近膝关节骨巨细胞瘤骨缺损

[目的]探讨同种异体骨颗粒和自体骨复合体在近膝关节骨巨细胞瘤骨缺损的疗效。[方法]自1996年3月-2006年3月,24例膝周患者经病理检查证实为骨巨细胞瘤;其中股骨远端骨巨细胞瘤11例,胫骨近端骨巨细胞瘤13例。以机械及化学方法将同种异体骨进行脱抗原处理为骨颗粒,术中将骨巨细胞瘤于外科边缘彻底刮除,将同种异体骨颗粒复合取得的自体骨彻底紧密填塞骨缺损空腔;术后支具外固定辅助活动膝关节12周。[结果]本组术后早期均未发生严重并发症。24例病例术后随访1-6年,平均2年8个月。所有病例均未见肿瘤复发,1例发生轻度病理性骨折,经制动2个月治愈。所有骨移植体X线片上显示理想的替代形态。疗效评定采用M ank in评定标准,优：20例,良：4例,优良率达100%。[结论]同种异体骨颗粒复合自体骨移植能有效治疗近膝关节骨巨细胞瘤造成的骨缺损。     

胫骨平台塌陷骨缺损的治疗现状及进展

胫骨平台塌陷骨折的特性决定了关节面必须解剖复位,胫骨力线必须恢复以及内固定必须坚强。在恢复关节面平整性的同时,关节面下骨缺损的处理却带来了许多难题。目前用于骨缺损治疗的材料归纳起来大致分3类:自体骨、同种异体骨和骨替代物。部分学者认为自体骨移植存在增加创伤、手术时间延长、来源有限、供骨区出血、持续疼痛与感觉麻木等缺点,但大多数学者认为目前治疗骨缺损的金标准仍是自体松质骨移植。同种异体骨移植存在免疫反应及病毒传染的可能,且因骨诱导特性受到破坏,移植骨力学特性和骨传导作用仍被保留。同样,骨替代物存在成骨与降解速率不匹配的问题。临床医生应根据患者自身的情况和经济状况选择符合需求的移植骨。