清肺消炎丸体外抗菌活性研究

目的观察清肺消炎丸对9种肺炎常见病原菌的体外抗菌作用。方法采用琼脂稀释法,测定清肺消炎丸对9种药敏质控菌株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)及最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果清肺消炎丸对肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌的MIC分别为6.25、25、25、50mg/mL,相应的MBC分别为12.5、25、50、50mg/mL;对大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、变形杆菌及白色念珠菌均无明显体外抑菌活性。结论清肺消炎丸对肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌具有体外抗菌作用,其中对链球菌的抗菌活性较高。     

干鲜鱼腥草中挥发油抑菌作用的比较研究

目的:研究干、鲜鱼腥草挥发油抑菌效果的比较。方法:采用紫外分光光度法分析挥发油中主要成分,以试管二倍稀释法与牛津杯法测定鱼腥草挥发油的抑菌活性。结果:鱼腥草挥发油分别在285,256和238nm波长处有最大吸收峰;鲜鱼腥草挥发油ρ(鲜生药)2g/mL,对沙门菌的抑制效果最强,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.062,0.062,0.031g/mL;鱼腥草挥发油中主要成分的质量由高到低依次为:鲜鱼腥草2g/mL>鲜鱼腥草1g/mL>干鱼腥草2g/mL>干鱼腥草1g/mL。结论:鱼腥草挥发油具有较明显的抗菌作用,鲜鱼腥草抗菌作用>干鱼腥草。     

鱼腥草素钠联合青霉素G对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌作用研究

目的研究鱼腥草素钠和青霉素G联用对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌作用。方法用美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI/NCCLS)介绍的方法,使用微量溶液稀释法,分别测得鱼腥草素钠和青霉素G对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitoryconcentration,MIC);使用棋盘联合药敏试验法,以部分抑菌浓度(fractional inhibitory concentration,FIC)指数为指标,观察鱼腥草素钠和青霉素G联用对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用。结果鱼腥草素钠对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC是31.25mg/mL(稀释度1∶32);青霉素G对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC是0.25U/mL;鱼腥草素钠和青霉素G联用对金黄色葡萄球菌的FIC指数是0.125。结论鱼腥草素钠联用青霉素G对金黄色葡萄球菌联合药敏结果呈协同作用。     

金樱根提取物体外抑菌活性的实验研究

目的比较金樱根不同极性溶剂的提取物的抑菌作用。方法用5种不同极性的溶剂提取金樱根,用倍比稀释法和抑菌圈测定其抑菌作用。结果金樱根水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、变形杆菌、伤寒杆菌的最低抑菌浓度MIC值分别为:10、40、10、40mg/ml,金樱根75%乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、痢疾杆菌、变形杆菌、伤寒杆菌的最低抑菌浓度MIC值分别为:10、10、10、20 mg/ml,金樱根乙酸乙酯提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值为20 mg/ml,对痢疾杆菌、变形杆菌、伤寒杆菌无明显抑制作用;石油醚提取物和氯仿提取物无抑菌作用。结论金樱根的水提取物和乙醇提取物有较好抑菌作用,其它溶剂提取物抑菌作用较差。     

番石榴叶提取物对常见细菌的体外抗菌作用

目的观察番石榴叶提取物对常见细菌的抗菌作用。方法应用琼脂打孔扩散实验和试管稀释法，分别测定番石榴叶提取物对11种常见细菌的抑菌效果， 对3种常见细菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）、最小杀菌浓度（MBC），并与鱼腥草注射液进行抑菌效果比较。结果1 g·mL^-1番石榴叶提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、脑膜炎双球菌、白念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌活性较强，抑菌圈＞15.5 mm;对枯草芽孢杆菌痢疾杆菌、伤寒杆菌、乙型副伤寒杆菌、变形杆菌及乙型链球菌有一定的抑菌作用， 抑菌圈＞11.0 mm。氯仿、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、甲醇等4种溶剂萃取番石榴叶的提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、白念珠菌的MIC分别为0.125～0.250，0.125～0.25，0.0625～0.25，0.25～0.5 g·mL^-1，MBC分别为0.062 5～0.125，0.062 5～0.125，0.031 25～0.125，0.125～0.25 g·mL^-1。相同浓度的番石榴叶提取物比鱼腥草注射液抑菌效果强。结论番石榴叶的提取液具有较强的广谱抗菌作用。     

不同炮制方法对知母体外抗菌活性的影响

目的探讨不同炮制方法的知母提取物及其活性物质菝葜皂苷元的体外抗菌活性。方法采用试管连续稀释法对痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌进行体外抑菌试验。结果 菝葜皂苷元对痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌有较强的抑制作用；不同炮制方法的知母提取物有不同程度的抑制作用，其中以盐麸制法抗菌效价最高，其上述4种致病菌最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为12．5，25．0，25．0，50．0μg／mL。结论盐麸制法的知母其体外抗菌活性最强，菝葜皂苷元对知母的抗菌作用特异性较强。     

肚痛丸体外抗菌活性的测定

目的；对肚痛丸提取液进行体外抗菌试验，测定其MIC值，方法：采用琼脂稀释法进行体外抗菌活性的实验。结果：测得肚痛丸提取液体外对肠道常见细菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为0．156－1．250mg/ml，结论：肚痛丸提取液对肠道常见细菌具有显著的抗菌作用。     

葎草水提液的体外抑菌作用研究

目的:研究葎草水提液的体外抑菌效果。方法:采用倍比稀释法和96孔板微量肉汤稀释法对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌进行体外抑菌试验,测定其抑菌圈直径、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果:该药对试验菌株呈现不同程度的敏感,大肠埃希菌的MIC和MBC值浓度同为31.25 mg·ml-1;对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC和MBC值浓度同为3.91 mg·ml-1;对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC和MBC值分别为125 mg·ml-1和250 mg·ml-1。结论:以水煎液为研究对象,考察葎草的体外抑菌效果更贴近临床应用形式,为葎草相关制剂的深入研究提供参考。     

广西藤茶提取物APS体外抗菌作用研究

目的: 观察从广西藤茶中提取得到的一个单体化合物(简称APS) 的体外抗菌作用。方法: 利用琼脂稀释法对标准金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus) 、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌( MRSA) 、绿脓杆菌( P.aeruginosa) 、大肠杆菌(E.coli) 、乙型溶血性链球菌( β-hemolytic streptococcus) 、福氏痢疾杆菌( Shigella flexneri) 、白色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus albus)、奈氏菌(Neisseria)、白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)、枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)进行最低抑菌浓度( MIC) 测定, 并与盐酸黄连素相比较, 利用不同浓度 APS 对标准金黄色葡萄球菌、MRSA、绿脓杆菌进行体外杀菌曲线测定。结果: 对 S. aureus、MRSA、P. aeruginosa、E.coli、β- hemolytic strepto-coccus、Shigella lexneri、Staphylococcus albus、Neisseria、Candida albicans、Bacillus subtilis 的 MIC 值分别为 0.078、0.078、1.25、0.31、2.5、1.25、0.625、2.5、5、1.25mg/mL; 体外杀菌曲线表明, APS 对 S. aureus、MRSA、P. aeruginosa 有直接抑制作用, 且与药物剂量呈正相关。结论: APS 体外具有明显的抗菌作用。     

余甘子醇提物不同萃取部位对人消化道常见菌的抑制作用研究

目的:研究余甘子醇提物4种不同萃取部位对人消化道常见菌的抑制作用。方法:采用管碟法进行余甘子醇提物及醇提物中石油醚、乙酸乙酯、三氯甲烷、水部位对大肠杆菌的抑菌试验,测量其抑菌圈直径以确定最佳抑菌部位,二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。采用宏量肉汤稀释法(试管法)进行余甘子醇提物最佳抑菌部位对消化道菌群的抑菌试验,测定其MIC。结果:余甘子醇提物对大肠杆菌的MIC为0.625 mg/ml。余甘子醇提物乙酸乙酯部位为最佳抑菌部位,其对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、变形杆菌、沙门氏菌的MIC均为2.5 mg/ml,对肺炎链球菌的MIC为0.625 mg/ml,对大肠杆菌和产气荚膜杆菌的MIC均为1.25 mg/ml,对破伤风杆菌的MIC为0.156 mg/ml。结论:余甘子醇提物乙酸乙酯部位对消化道常见菌群有较强的抑制作用。     

具抑菌活性的鱼腥草内生细菌的筛选

目的筛选具抑菌活性的鱼腥草内生细菌。方法结合鱼腥草内生细菌的总体特征,以茎内生细菌为筛选抗性菌的重点。结果从约200个细菌菌株中筛选出1株对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都有较好抗性的菌株,点接法抑菌圈内外径之比分别为3.28和3.8,发酵液滤纸片法抑菌圈直径均在10 mm左右,发酵液在鱼腥草素最大吸收峰283 nm波长处有吸收峰。结论初步鉴定筛选出的菌株属芽孢杆菌属。     

头孢唑兰对临床分离菌株体外抗菌作用评价

目的：评价头孢唑兰对临床分离菌株的体外抗菌作用,为头孢唑兰的临床使用提供参考依据。方法：用浊度法测定头孢唑兰对临床分离的无乳链球菌、甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）、甲氧西林敏感表皮葡萄球菌（MSSE）、肺炎链球菌、粪肠球菌、化脓性链球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产气肠杆菌等的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,平行试验3次,观察头孢唑兰培养液的的浊度。结果：头孢唑兰对化脓性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、无乳链球菌、MSSE、MSSA、粪肠球菌6种临床分离G~＋菌株的MIC分别为0.064,0.125,0.125,0.5,2,8μg·ml~（-1）,MBC分别为0.125,0.25,0.25,1,4,16μg·ml~（-1）;对肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、奇异变形杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌、产气肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌7种临床分离G~-菌株的MIC分别为0.125,0.125,0.25,1,1,8,32μg·ml~（-1）,MBC分别为0.25,0.25,0.5,2,2,16,64μg·ml~（-1）。结论：头孢唑兰具有较强的抑菌及杀菌作用。     

盐酸头孢他美酯体内和体外抗菌作用研究

目的评价盐酸头孢他美对临床常见致病菌的体外和体内抗菌作用。方法采用试管二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,同时与对照药头孢克洛进行对比。结果头孢他美对革兰氏阳性菌如乙型溶血性链球菌、肺炎链球菌有较强的抗菌活性,MICso均为0．25μg／mL;对革兰阴性菌如淋球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、痢疾杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌也有较强的抗菌活性,MIC50分别为0．25、0．5、0．5和0．5μg／mL。头孢他美酯口服给药对金葡菌、大肠埃希菌感染小鼠有明显的保护作用,其ED50分别为24．6和9．3mg／kg,头孢他美酯对金葡菌的抗菌活性弱于头孢克洛,但对大肠埃希菌的抗菌活性强于头孢克洛。结论头孢他美和头孢他美酯对临床常见致病菌有良好的抗菌作用。     

不同配比的头孢曲松钠/舒巴坦钠体外抗菌活性比较

目的:比较不同配比的头孢曲松钠/舒巴坦钠(CRO/SBT)及头孢曲松钠(CRO)单剂对黑龙江地区临床分离致病菌的体外抗菌活性.方法:采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定不同配比CRO/SBT复方制剂(1:1,2:1,4:1,8:1)对鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等6种临床分离致病菌株(共183株)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),采用肉汤二倍稀释法测定最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并与单方CRO进行比较.结果:对于鲍曼不动杆菌和产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,4种CRO/SBT不同配比的复方可使耐药率从单用CRO的46.7%～100%下降至4.17%～67%,下降幅度达6～10倍,CRO/SBT(1:1)的MIC50为4～32 mg·L-1,是CRO单方的1/16～1/24;对于不产酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌以及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,复方制剂的活性类似于单方.结论:4种配比CRO/SBT对大多数临床分离的致病菌均有较强的体外抗菌活性,明显高于单剂;在复方制剂中,当头孢曲松钠的量一定时,增加舒巴坦钠的量对抗菌活性有一定的增强作用,CRO/SBT(1:1)为强效广谱杀菌复方制剂.     

Correlation of in vitro activities of the fluoroquinolones to their in vivo efficacies

The new fluoroquinolones have activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In order to differentiate between the compounds, the authors have compared their in vitro activities and correlated these results with their in vivo efficacies. Norfloxacin (N), pefloxacin (P), enoxacin (E), ofloxacin (O), difloxacin (D), ciprofloxacin (C), fleroxacin (F), A-61827 (A), temafloxacin (T) and lomefloxacin (L) were used in these studies. In vitro, C was the most active compound against Gram-negative aerobic bacteria and A was the most active compound against Gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria. In mouse protection tests, C, D, A, O, T and F had similar activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. D, T and A were the most active quinolones against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes and Strep. pneumoniae in mouse protection tests. D was the most active agent against intracellular infection with Salmonella typhimurium, followed by O, T, A and F. The other compounds were ineffective in this test. All the quinolones were effective in treating E. coli pyelonephritis in mice. The doses required to treat P. aeruginosa pyelonephritis in mice were four times greater than those required to treat E. coli. Resistant P. aeruginosa mutants could be isolated from the kidneys after quinolone treatment. Systemic infections with E. coli, Staph. aureus and P. aeruginosa in neutropenic mice required high doses of the fluoroquinolones and F, T and A were ineffective at doses of 100 mg/kg against P. aeruginosa in this model. Differences in in vitro potencies were not reflected in in vivo efficacies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Antibacterial Activity of Jordanian Medicinal Plants

The antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of 15 plant species used in the traditional medicine in Jordan and other Middle East countries were tested. Extracts of certain parts of these plants were tested in vitro against 14 pathogenic bacterial species and strains using the agar diffusion method. Results evaluated as the diameter of inhibition zone of bacterial growth showed that 25 mg/well of 12 plant extracts have antibacterial activity on one or more of the tested bacteria. Three plants exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity: Punica granatum L., Quercus infectoria Olive., and Rhus coriaria L. The most susceptible bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 12351), and the most resistant species were Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922 and clinical isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysentriae (ATCC 49345), and Yersinia enterocolitica (ATCC 9610). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of active extracts ranged from 4-32 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were exerted at higher doses 8-62 mg/ml.     

槲皮素及其水溶性衍生物体外抑菌试验

目的初步探究槲皮素及其水溶性衍生物槲皮素-7-硫酸酯钠、槲皮素-7,4-二硫酸酯二钠的体外抑菌效果。方法以革兰阳性菌：金黄色葡萄球菌,革兰阴性菌：大肠埃希菌、痢疾志贺菌、铜绿假单胞菌为实验菌株,分别采用MH琼脂稀释法和药敏纸片法测定槲皮素及其水溶性衍生物的最小抑菌浓度。结果琼脂稀释法,槲皮素及其水溶性衍生物槲皮素-7-硫酸酯钠和槲皮素-7,4-二硫酸酯二钠梯度浓度0.5～0.0004875mg/mL范围内各种细菌均有生长;药敏纸片法,槲皮素及其水溶性衍生物槲皮素-7-硫酸酯钠和槲皮素-7,4-二硫酸酯二钠对各种细菌无明显抑菌作用。结论槲皮素、槲皮素-7-硫酸酯钠和槲皮素-7,4-二硫酸酯二钠对上述四种细菌均无明显抑菌作用。     

Antibacterial Activity of the Crude Extracts and Fractionated Constituents of Myrtus communis

The antibacterial activity of methanol crude extract of Myrtus communis L. (Myriaceae) was evaluated against 10 laboratory strains of microorganisms, including 6 Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes) and 4 Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Campylobacter jejuni). The crude extract inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria except C. jejuni. The inhibition zone diameter for 0.5 mg/ml of the crude extract (fraction M) varies from 18 mm for S. aureus to 8 mm for S. agalactiae, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) range from 0.1 for S. aureus and M. luteus to over 2 mg/ml for E. coli. Further extraction of fraction M with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol results in 6 different fractions (M1-M6). These fractions were screened for antibacterial activity against the non-fastidious bacteria (S. aureus, M. luteus, E. coli, P. vulgaris, and P. aeruginosa). The diethyl ether extracted fraction (fraction M1) showed the highest level of activity in comparison to fraction M and other fractions. The MIC for S. aureus and M. luteus were reduced from 0.1 in the fraction M to 0.025 mg/ml in fraction M1 and for E. coli and P. aeruginosa was reduced from over 1 mg/ml in fraction M to 0.1 mg/ml in fraction M1. Essential oil was also active against the tested bacteria, and M. luteus showed the highest level of sensitivity (MIC 1 : 1600). The presence of antibacterial activity in different fractions and essential oil indicates that the extract possesses different compounds, which have different activities.     

头孢噻肟与他唑巴坦不同配比体外抗菌作用研究

目的研究4种不同配比的头孢噻肟/他唑巴坦(1:1、3:1、5:1、7:1)及头孢噻肟单剂对临床分离致病菌的体外抗菌作用。评价头孢噻肟联合他唑巴坦复方制荆的抗菌活性及不同配比间的差异。方法对临床分离的致病菌(β-内酰胺酶阳性)665株作药物敏感试验。采用琼脂平板二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、试管二倍稀释法测定最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果不同配比的头孢噻肟与他唑巴坦均有强大的杀菌作用,明显优于头孢噻肟单剂。对临床分离的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、宋内氏志贺菌、福氏志贺菌、伤寒沙门菌的MIC90为0.25-16mg/L,比头孢噻肟的活性提高1-32倍。4种不同配比的头孢噻肟/他唑巴坦对(艹卓)革兰阳性菌抗菌活性无明显差异,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌的MIC50为0.125-16mg/L,活性较头孢噻肟高1-32倍,MIC90为1-32mg/L,活性较头孢噻肟高2-8倍。结论5:1配比的头孢噻肟/他唑巴坦复方制剂对大多数临床分离致病菌具有较强的体外抗菌作用,降低产酶菌耐药性,作用与1:1和3:1配比相当。