人工乳头配合手法操作协助乳头凹陷产妇哺乳的临床应用

目的 探讨人工乳头配合手法在乳头凹陷产妇哺乳中的临床应用效果。方法 选取2017年5月~ 12月在本院收治接受治疗的120例乳头凹陷的产妇,按照随机数字表法将其分为研究组和对照组,每组60例。研究组采用人工乳头配合手法进行治疗,对照组仅采用人工乳头进行治疗。观察两组患者发生乳汁淤积和乳腺炎的情况,比较两组母乳喂养效果和患者满意度。结果 研究组发生乳汁淤积（3.34% vs18.34%）和乳腺炎（1.67% vs 15.00%）的人数较对照组少,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。研究组60例产妇中有56例产妇成功的进行了母乳喂养,4例患者由于新生儿哭闹以及家属配合力不高终止母乳喂养,其母乳喂养成功率（93.34%）高于对照组（65.00%）,研究组产妇满意度（96.67%）高于对照组（78.34%）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 对乳头凹陷产妇实施人工乳头配合手法按摩在母乳喂养中临床疗效显著,有效提高了母乳喂养的成功率,降低产妇乳腺炎的发生,提高了患者的满意度。     

护理干预对产后母乳喂养成功率的影响

目的分析护理干预对产后母乳喂养成功率的影响。方法选取在我院生产的214例产妇,将其随机分为观察组和对照组各107例,对观察组产妇进行护理干预,对照组产妇给予常规护理,比较两组产妇母乳喂养知识掌握情况、母乳喂养成功率、乳房肿胀、乳头皲裂及泌乳量情况。结果观察组产妇母乳喂养知识掌握优良率、母乳喂养成功率及产后48h泌乳量充足率分别为98.1%、100%、90.7%,均明显高于对照组,两组对比差异显著,<0.01;且乳房肿胀率、乳头皲裂率分别为4.7%、0%,也低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义,<0.01。结论实施护理干预可提高产妇母乳喂养知识水平,提高母乳喂养成功率及泌乳量,减少乳房肿胀、乳头皲裂发生率,临床效果显著,值得推广。     

产后康复仪促进产妇乳汁分泌效果观察与分析

目的：观察分析产后康复综合治疗仪对促进产妇提前泌乳、增加泌乳量、乳房胀痛的发生率的影响，寻求一种产妇乐于接受的提高纯母乳喂养率的方法，进一步巩固爱婴医院成果。方法根据产妇意愿随机选择自愿接受康复仪治疗的500例产妇为观察组，不愿接受康复仪治疗的500例产妇为对照组。观察组分娩后返回产休室24小时内应用产后康复综合治疗仪进行乳房催乳治疗，其余护理治疗措施与对照组相同。责任护士观察询间记录乳汁分泌情况，统计纯母乳喂养率及乳房胀痛的发生率。结果观察组较对照组产后乳汁分泌量增加时间提前，乳房胀痛的发生率低，出院时纯母乳喂养比例高，两组比较，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论产后康复综合治疗仪用于产后催乳安全、方便、可靠，效果显著，产妇乐于接受，在产科护理中应予推广使用。     

比较两种护理模式及护理技能对剖宫产产妇泌乳量的影响

目的:观察比较不同护理模式及护理技能对剖宫产产妇泌乳量的影响分析。方法:选取我院产科2018年10月至2019年10月期间收治的200例剖宫产产妇作为研究对象,前100例分娩产妇为对照组,采取常规护理干预;后100例分娩产妇为实验组,采取改良哺乳工具、低频电疗法、膳食指导等不同护理模式及护理技能进行干预。采用自制问卷调查表的方法调查两组患者产后干预后泌乳量、产后乳头皲裂、疼痛发生率,以及产妇对新生儿护理技能掌握情况。结果:实验组产妇产后不同时间段泌乳量明显多于对照组(P0.001);实验组产妇乳头疼痛及乳头皲裂发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05);实验组产妇对新生儿护理技能掌握情况明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:在剖宫产产妇产后采取分阶段护理模式及护理技能进行干预,可有效增加产妇产后泌乳量,减少产后乳头皲裂、疼痛发生率,提升产妇对新生儿技能的掌握率,效果理想。     

低频脉冲电刺激对乳腺炎的预防和早期治疗

目的低频脉冲电刺激应用在产后乳汁淤积阶段对预防乳腺炎的发生及对早期乳腺炎的治疗效果的观察。方法选择无哺乳禁忌症的初产妇,年龄23~35岁,无产科并发症及全身疾病。其中,选取乳汁淤积的产妇80名,随机分为观察组和对照组;选取早期乳腺炎的产妇70名,随机分为观察组和对照组。对所有产妇均实施正确的母乳喂养指导,分别对观察组产妇应用低频脉冲电刺激辅助治疗。对照组中,对乳汁淤积的产妇实施单纯的母乳喂养指导;对早期乳腺炎的产妇应用抗生素治疗。结果乳汁淤积的两组产妇中,观察组较对照组乳腺炎的发生率明显减少(χ2=3.41,P<0.05)有统计学意义。早期乳腺炎的两组产妇中观察组和对照组两组治愈效果比较无明显差别(χ2=0.215,P>0.5)无统计学意义。结论低频脉冲电刺激应用于乳汁淤积阶段可有效预防乳腺炎的发生;乳腺炎早期应用低频脉冲电刺激治疗与药物治疗比较有同样的治愈效果。但药物治疗可以改变乳汁成份、损害乳儿,所以低频脉冲电刺激很适合哺乳期乳腺炎的预防和治疗。     

剖宫产围手术期强化健康教育对母乳喂养的影响

目的 了解围手术期对产妇进行强化健康教育后对母乳喂养的效果.方法 随机抽取2004年5月～2005年5月住院进行剖宫产的368例产妇并设为常规组(常规母乳喂养教育),选择2005年6月～2006年6月住院进行剖宫产的382例产妇并设为强化组;结合剖宫产产妇的特点,将强化组分4阶段进行围手术期强化母乳喂养的专项知识教育,出院时对产妇的母乳喂养知识与技巧掌握合格率、满意度和新生儿体重进行评估并与常规组比较.产后4月随访了解母乳喂养情况.结果 两组对母乳喂养技巧的掌握合格率、母乳喂养率、健康教育满意率及新生儿体重各项比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 剖宫产产妇在围手术期进行强化母乳喂养教育是保证母乳喂养落到实处的最有效途径.     

剖宫产术后母乳喂养的护理

目的：探讨剖宫产术后的早期干预对母乳喂养的促进作用。方法采取术前母乳喂养知识宣教,母乳喂养技巧指导;术后通过早接触、早吸吮、勤吸吮,同时加强产妇营养;指导产妇正确哺乳和术后早期康复的护理措施。结果80例剖宫产产妇,76例成功实施母乳喂养达95%。结论对剖宫产产妇采取科学有效的护理措施,可提高母乳喂养成功率。促进新生儿生长发育,有利于产妇产后身体恢复及婴儿的健康。     

产后护理干预对妊娠期糖尿病产妇哺乳的影响

目的：探讨产后护理干预对妊娠期糖尿病产妇哺乳的影响。方法在我院2013年所收治的妊娠期糖尿病产妇中选取40例作为此次研究对象,分为观察组和对照组,观察组产妇采用产后护理干预,对照组产妇采用常规护理,比较两组产妇在产后的母乳喂养情况。结果观察组产妇生产后2h的开奶率、奶量充足率、纯母乳喂养率等都比对照组产妇高,两组差异具有统计学意义。结论对妊娠期糖尿病产妇实施产后护理干预,有效提高产妇的母乳喂养率,避免糖尿病发病风险,值得大力推广使用。     

穴位按摩与冷敷配合电动吸乳器对治疗乳汁淤积的效果观察

目的 探讨穴位按摩与冷敷配合电动吸乳器治疗乳汁淤积的效果。方法 选择在我院分娩的发生乳汁淤积的产妇126例,随机分成观察组和对照组,每组63例。对照组督促产妇给婴儿频繁吸吮,观察组在对照组基础上采用穴位按摩、冷敷及配合电动吸奶器打奶。观察两组产妇处理后2 h、12 h、24 h乳汁淤积程度、急性乳腺炎的发生情况以及产妇乳房的舒适度。结果 观察组处理后2 h、12 h、24 h,乳汁淤积程度和产妇的乳房舒适度较对照组均有所改善,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。对照组发生急性乳腺炎3例。结论 采用穴位按摩与冷敷配合电动吸乳器治疗乳汁淤积,可使乳汁淤积尽快消除,减少急性乳腺炎的发生。     

乳头短小凹陷产妇哺乳护理小经验

产妇刚下奶前几天常出现憋胀不适感,常自述硬如砖块,若产妇乳头短小或凹陷,婴儿吸允困难,产妇着急,临床常采用吸奶器吸出或徒手将奶汁挤出喂婴儿,然而这两种方法有不足之处,共同不足之处:卜述两种方法均是将乳汁挤出后再用奶瓶或小勺子喂婴儿,这样就会增加奶汁污染机会和乳汁温度不适宜.     

农村贫困地区母亲负性情绪与0~6月婴儿纯母乳喂养的关系

目的:探究农村贫困地区母亲负性情绪与0~6月婴儿纯母乳喂养状况的关系。方法:选取秦巴山区母亲为第一养育人的6月内婴儿母亲441名,采用抑郁-焦虑-压力量表中文精简版(DASS-21)评估婴儿母亲的抑郁、焦虑和压力负性情绪的严重程度。结果:纯母乳喂养率为16.10%。母亲焦虑风险高会降低其纯母乳喂养的可能性(OR=0.28);区分母乳喂养的家庭支持程度以后发现,母乳喂养家庭支持程度低时,母亲焦虑风险与采取纯母乳喂养的可能性负向关联(OR=0.16)。结论:在农村贫困地区,0~6月婴儿纯母乳喂养率低,而且母亲焦虑风险越高,采取纯母乳喂养的可能性越低;母乳喂养家庭支持程度高可能会抵消部分因母亲焦虑对纯母乳喂养带来的负面作用。     

Cognitive and psychomotor development of infants with orofacial clefts

OBJECTIVE: To compare at ages 3, 12, and 24 months the cognitive and psychomotor development of 29 infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP), 28 infants with cleft palate only (CPO), and a demographically matched comparison (COMP) group of 69 infants; to examine predictors of cognitive status at age 24 months in the cleft group. METHODS: Infants were administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), mother-infant interactions were observed, and medical records were reviewed. RESULTS: CLP and CPO groups scored lower than the COMP group on the BSID, but did not differ from one another. Cleft group infants scored lower than COMP group infants on BSID items assessing nonverbal and expressive language skills. Quality of maternal interaction predicted the 2-year Mental Development Index (MDI) scores of infants with clefts. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with clefts show relative deficits in cognitive and psychomotor development. Cognitive deficits are apparent in nonverbal as well as verbal areas of performance.     

Maternal corticosteroid use and risk of selected congenital anomalies.

Evidence for the teratogenicity of corticosteroids in humans is limited and has resulted in inconsistent recommendations regarding their use during early pregnancy. We examined the association between women's corticosteroid use during the periconceptional period (1 month before to 3 months after conception) and delivering infants with selected congenital anomalies. Data were derived from a population-based case-control study that included cases of orafacial clefts (n = 662), conotruncal heart defects (n = 207), neural tube defects (n = 265), and limb reduction defects (n = 165). Information on medication use was collected via maternal telephone interviews. Corticosteroid use was associated with an increased risk for isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (odds ratio 4.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1-17.2) and isolated cleft palate (odds ratio 5.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1-26.5). Increased risks were not observed for the other anomaly groups studied. These data in conjunction with other epidemiologic data suggest a possible causal association between cleft lip and palate and corticosteroid use.     

Face-to-Face Interaction Between Infants with Orofacial Clefts and Their Mother

Compared mother-infant face-to-face (en face) interaction among3-month-old infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP), infantswith isolated cleft palate (CP), or nonimpaired infants (NI).The Monadic Phase system (Tronick, Als, & Brazelton, 1980)was used to describe patterns of laboratory en face interactionin 116 mother-infant dyads. Diagnostic group comparisons ofpercentages of monadic phases and infant-mother monadic phasesequences revealed more similarities than differences. However,CP group mothers appeared less involved in en face interactionthan mothers in the CLP group. Low maternal involvement in thecombined cleft groups was predicted by concurrent measures ofinfant characteristics including infant negative reactivity,whereas low maternal involvement in the comparison group waspredicted by maternal characteristics including low psychologicaldistress. There was little evidence to suggest that anomalousfacial appearance is a significant factor influencing the qualityof early mother-infant interaction. Assessing other characteristicsof the infant and the broader social context is also important.     

Direct and indirect effects of breast milk on the neurobehavioral and cognitive development of premature infants

Eighty-six premature infants were tested to examine the effects of maternal breast milk on infant development. Infants were classified by breast-milk consumption during the hospitalization period (M = 57.4 days) into three groups: those receiving minimal (<25% of nutrition), intermediate (25-75%), and substantial (>75%) amounts of breast milk. Infants in the three groups were matched for birth weight, gestational age (GA), medical risk, and family demographics. At 37 weeks GA, mother-infant interaction was videotaped, maternal depression self-reported, and neurobehavioral maturation assessed by the Neonatal Behavior Assessment Seale (Brazelton, 1973). At 6 months corrected age, infants were tested with the Bayley II (Bayley, 1993). Infants receiving substantial amounts of breast milk showed better neurobehavioral profiles-in particular, motor maturity and range of state. These infants also were more alert during social interactions, and their mothers provided more affectionate touch. Higher maternal depression scores were associated with lower quantities of breast milk, longer latencies to the first breast-milk feeding, reduced maternal affectionate touch, and lower infant cognitive skills. Maternal affectionate touch moderated the relations between breast milk and cognitive development, with infants receiving a substantial amount of breast milk and frequent touch scoring the highest. In addition to its nutritional value, breast milk may be related to improved maternal mood and interactive behaviors, thereby indirectly contributing to development in premature infants.     

Maternal corticosteroid use and risk of selected congenital anomalies

Evidence for the teratogenicity of corticosteroids in humans is limited and has resulted in inconsistent recommendations regarding their use during early pregnancy. We examined the association between women's corticosteroid use during the periconceptional period (1 month before to 3 months after conception) and delivering infants with selected congenital anomalies. Data were derived from a population-based case-control study that included cases of orafacial clefts (n = 662), conotruncal heart defects (n = 207), neural tube defects (n = 265), and limb reduction defects (n = 165). Information on medication use was collected via maternal telephone interviews. Corticosteroid use was associated with an increased risk for isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (odds ratio 4.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1–17.2) and isolated cleft palate (odds ratio 5.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1–26.5). Increased risks were not observed for the other anomaly groups studied. These data in conjunction with other epidemiologic data suggest a possible causal association between cleft lip and palate and corticosteroid use. Am. J. Med. Genet. 86:242–244, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

An epidemiological study of facial clefting in Manitoba.

The results of an epidemiological survey of facial clefting in the province of Manitoba which covered the years 1964 to 1977, inclusive, are reported. The mean annual incidence of total facial clefts was 2 in 1000 births; the incidence of cleft lip +/- cleft palate (CLP), and of cleft palate (CP), unassociated with a syndrome or two or more major malformations, was 1.05 in 1000 and 0.46 in 1000, respectively. Mennonite infants were over-represented in the CLP group and Amerindian infants in both the CLP and CP groups. These ethnic groups also had more familial cases and showed higher average coefficients of inbreeding. Recurrence rates among sibs were found to be influenced by the presence or absence of additional affected relatives and by the presence of malformations in the proband. It is possible that these latter two variables may not be independent.     

Effect of feeding whey hydrolysate, soy and conventional cow milk formulas on incidence of atopic disease in high risk infants

The effect of feeding different infant formulas on incidence of atopic disease was assessed in a prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial among "high risk" infants with family history of atopy among first-degree relatives. The incidence of atopic eczema, wheezing, rhinitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and colic was noted and serum IgE antibodies to milk were estimated. Seventy-two infants were recruited into each of the following groups: cow milk whey hydrolysate formula (NAN/HA), conventional cow milk formula (Similac), soy-based formula (Isomil), and exclusive breast feeding for greater than or equal to 4 months. The number of infants who exited for reasons other than atopy and were excluded from analysis were 4, 5, 4, and 12 in the four groups, respectively. The incidence of one or more symptoms of possible allergic etiology was five of 68 infants fed NAN/HA, 24 of 67 infants fed Similac, 25 of 68 infants fed Isomil, and 12 of 60 breast-fed infants. Among symptomatic infants, skin prick test to milk proteins was positive in four out of five infants fed NAN/HA, 16 of 24 fed Similac, 2 of 25 fed Isomil, and 7 of 12 breast-fed. IgE antibodies to milk were found in 2 of 68, 9 of 67, 0 of 68, and 6 of 60 infants in the four groups, respectively. It is concluded that exclusive breast feeding for more than 4 months is partially protective against the development of atopic disease among high risk infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Cleft lip and palate incidence among the live births in the Republic of Korea

We present an epidemiologic study of cleft lip and palate in the Republic of Korea from January 1, 1993 through December 31, 1993. In 1993, the number of total live births was 715,817. And from 1993 through 1995, a total of 1,293 new patients with cleft lip and palate who were born in 1993 were identified. The incidence of cleft lip and palate was 1.81 per 1000, that is, 1 per 554 live births. The cleft lip: cleft lip and palate: cleft palate alone ratio was 1.13:1:1.19. The male: female ratio was 2.1:1 in the cleft lip group, and 2.5:1 in the cleft lip and palate group. We could detect a male predominance in both groups. In contrast, the ratio was 0.95:1 in the cleft palate group. The left: right: bilateral ratio was 1.9:1:0.23 in cleft lip group, and the ratio was 2.2:1:1.1 in the cleft lip and palate group. This is the first nation-wide study to provide detailed data on the incidence of cleft lip and palate in the live births in the Republic of Korea.