学龄前儿童看电视时间和饮食模式的相关性研究

目的 探讨学龄前儿童看电视时间与饮食模式的相关性。方法 选取上海市虹口区全部11所幼儿园儿童及其家长作为调查对象。①采用“儿童个人及家庭社会环境问卷”调查儿童及其家庭基本情况、看电视情况;②以简明版食物频率问卷（FFQ）调查儿童在过去1周内常见食物的摄入频率;③测量儿童的身高和体重。对FFQ中的10个条目,采用主成分分析方法归纳儿童主要饮食模式。以看电视时间<2 h·d-1和≥2 h·d-1分组,分析看电视时间与饮食模式的相关性。结果 共发放问卷1 827份,回收有效问卷1 670份(91.4%)。进入分析儿童平均年龄（5.1±1.0）岁,其中男童824名(49.3%)。平均BMI（15.8±1.8） kg·m-2,平均BMI Z值为0.015±0.96。①儿童平时看电视时间≥2 h·d-1为12.9%（215/1 670）,周末看电视时间≥2 h·d-1为36.6%(612/1 670)。②主成分分析提出2种儿童主要饮食模式,即传统型饮食模式和西方型饮食模式。传统型饮食模式以水果、蔬菜、红肉类、白肉类和主食类等食物为代表,西方型饮食模式主要包括甜食、软饮料和果汁类等。③在调整了年龄、性别、父母受教育程度、家庭收入水平和BMI Z值等因素后,相比看电视时间<2 h·d-1的儿童,平时和周末看电视时间≥2 h·d-1的儿童传统型饮食模式的得分均较低（β分别为 -0.105和-0.102,P均<0.001）,西方型饮食模式的得分较高（β分别为 0.138和0.158,P均<0.001）。④多元线性回归分析结果表明,调整了年龄、性别、父母受教育程度和家庭收入水平等因素后,学龄前儿童西方型饮食模式的因子得分越高,其BMI值越高（β= 0.066,P=0.006）。结论 不良的饮食模式可能是导致儿童肥胖的危险因素。学龄前儿童看电视时间会影响其饮食模式,看电视较多的儿童应尤其注意饮食健康。     

An intervention to reduce television viewing by preschool children

BACKGROUND: Television viewing has been associated with increased violence in play and higher rates of obesity. Although there are interventions to reduce television viewing by school-aged children, there are none for younger children. OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate an intervention to reduce television viewing by preschool children. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial conducted in 16 preschool and/or day care centers in rural upstate New York. PATIENTS: Children aged 2.6 through 5.5 years. INTERVENTION: Children attending intervention centers received a 7-session program designed to reduce television viewing as part of a health promotion curriculum, whereas children attending the control centers received a safety and injury prevention program. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Change in parent-reported child television/video viewing and measured growth variables. RESULTS: Before the intervention, the intervention and control groups viewed 11.9 and 14.0 h/wk of television/videos, respectively. Afterward, children in the intervention group decreased their television/video viewing 3.1 h/wk, whereas children in the control group increased their viewing by 1.6 h/wk, for an adjusted difference between the groups of -4.7 h/wk (95% confidence interval, -8.4 to -1.0 h/wk; P =.02). The percentage of children watching television/videos more than 2 h/d also decreased significantly from 33% to 18% among the intervention group, compared with an increase of 41% to 47% among the control group, for a difference of -21.5% (95% confidence interval, -42.5% to -0.5%; P =.046). There were no statistically significant differences in children's growth between groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to show that a preschool-based intervention can lead to reductions in young children's television/video viewing. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects associated with reductions in young children's television viewing.     

Food security among preschool children

A cross-sectional study of preschool children from 450 families from a residential colony of ‘D’ class hospital employees was undertaken to study food security & associated variables. Food security was established from (a) 24 hours recall method with 1 day weighment and (b) monthly food purchase inventory for cereals and pulses. Relationship between food secure status and variables of interest was studied from Chi-square value and odds ratio. Only 42.6% households and 54% preschool children from these households were calorically secure. Insecurity was the highest in 48–59 months age group. Per capital income, increasing birth order, family size, household size, less years of schooling of the mother, less than 4 meals per day and pulse insufficiency at home were associated with food insecurity. Per capita income ensures food availability at home. Family size and household size probably ensure distribution. Mother’s education, frequent feeds more than four, ensure that it reaches the preschool children.     

Growth velocity among preschool Ethiopian children

We describe the height and weight velocities of 1529 preschool Ethiopian children from two rural and semi-urban communities. Compared to international references, our results show a marked deficit in both height and weight velocities. Most importantly, these deficits occurred among the youngest children. As most of the children had normal body proportions, the weight velocity deficits are probably a consequence of increasing prevalence of stunting alone.     

Anemia and undernutrition among preschool children in Uttar Pradesh, India

This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of anemia among preschool children (3-5 years) and its association with malnutrition in rural Barabanki district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Three out of 18 sub-centers in Nindura block, Barabanki, each with six villages, were randomly selected for this survey and 654 boys and 546 girls were included. Mean hemoglobin level in g/dL among boys and girls was 10.1 (SD: 1.66) and 9.9 (SD: 1.67) (P <0.06) respectively. The proportion of anemic children (Hb <11 g/dL) was 70%. Boys were heavier and taller as compared to girls. Among the 67.3% underweight children the mean hemoglobin level was 9.85 (SD: 1.67) as compared to 10.39 (SD: 1.62) in those without malnutrition (P <0.0001). Likewise, stunted children (87.6%) had statistically significantly lower mean hemoglobin levels than those not stunted. The odds ratio of an underweight and stunted child having moderate to severe anemia was 1.66. While more than half caretakers knew about the term "anemia " and associated physical weakness with it, only very few (2.5%) knew that iron intake will improve it. They relied on "doctors" (86.7%) for anemia prevention.     

Dietary composition and weight change among low-income preschool children

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between dietary composition and weight change among children. We tested several hypotheses considering intake of nutrients (total fat and fiber) and predefined food groups (breads and grains, "fat foods," fruits, and vegetables) used in the North Dakota Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC Program). DESIGN: Prospective study.Subjects We collected dietary, anthropometric, and sociodemographic data from 1379 children aged 2 to 5 years participating in the North Dakota WIC Program on 2 visits ranging from 6 to 12 months apart.Main Outcome Measure Annual change in weight. RESULTS: In multiple regression analyses, no significant relations were found between total intake of fat, fiber, fruits, or vegetables and weight change. There was a 0.16-kg lower weight change per year (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.20 to -0.12 kg; P<.01) with each additional daily serving of breads and grains, and a 0.05-kg greater weight change per year (95% CI, 0.1-0.09 kg; P<.05) for each additional serving of fat foods in a model adjusting for sex, age, baseline weight, change in height, and sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: Intake of North Dakota WIC Program-defined fat foods, but not dietary fat per se, significantly predicted weight gain, whereas intake of North Dakota WIC Program-defined breads and grains, but not fiber per se, significantly predicted weight loss in preschool children.     

Injuries among preschool children enrolled in day-care centers

In this study, 423 injury incidents among preschool children enrolled in day-care centers reported to the Los Angeles Unified School District during the 2-year period 1983 to 1984 are reviewed. The relative risk of sustaining an injury between boys and girls was 1.5:1. Among sex and age groups, younger boys (2 to 3 years of age) showed the highest injury rate and older girls (4 to 5 years of age) showed the lowest. The overall incidence was 19.7 injuries per 1,000 child-years. The majority of the injuries were minor in severity, and medical attention was recommended in only 12.8% of the injuries. The highest incidence occurred during the late morning period (9 AM to 12 noon). A consumer product was involved in 53.7% of the incidents. Three of four injuries were considered preventable by training and/or education or by the Haddon injury reduction strategies. Additional prospective studies are needed to develop and implement preventive measures.