脑静脉窦血栓形成的临床及影像学特点

目的 探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的临床及影像学特点.方法 回顾性分析9例确诊的CVST患者的临床资料.结果 9例患者有不同程度的头痛、恶心、呕吐,5例癫(癎)发作,出现发热、视盘水肿、局灶性神经功能缺损及意识障碍各为3例.9例脑脊液检查显示压力明显增高,但常规生化均正常.影像学检查:8例行头颅CT检查,但均未能明确诊断;9例头颅MRI检查,早期显示受累静脉窦内及相关脑区斑片状、条索状长T1、长T2信号影;MRV检查示受累的静脉窦不显影或显影不清;慢性期MRI表现为T1、T2均为稍高信号条索状影;MRV示静脉窦显影,未完全再通时显示轮廓欠清.结论 CVST常见颅内压增高等非特异性临床表现,脑脊液压力增高而无常规生化异常;MRI出现静脉窦正常流空效应消失,代之以异常等或高信号影;MRV特征为受累静脉窦血流信号不规则或完全消失.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的临床与治疗

目的:探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成(cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST)的临床特征、影像特点及治疗。方法:分析34例脑静脉窦血栓形成病因、临床表现、影像特征及治疗。结果:本组病因依次为产褥期(58.8%)、感染(23.5%)、脱水(2.9%)、血液病(2.9%)、外伤(2.9%);头痛、恶心、呕吐为首发症状,查体视乳头水肿89.4%,癫痫发作44.1%,脑膜刺激征阳性35.3%,意识障碍26.5%,轻偏瘫5.9%,眼球突出伴活动障碍5.9%;头MRI、MRV均显示脑静脉窦血栓形成,2例行DSA检查发现双侧横窦血栓形成;本组在应用降颅压、抗感染等药物的同时,应用低分子肝素5000u,12小时一次,疗效显著,治愈25例(73.5%),好转3例,死亡6例。结论:产褥期、感染、脱水是CVST常见原因; CVST患者主要表现为高颅压症状;头MRI和MRV能清楚显示血栓形成部位;抗凝治疗是脑静脉窦血栓形成痊愈的关键。     

Comparative evaluation of 2D time-of-flight and 3D elliptic centric contrast-enhanced MR venography in patients with presumptive cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis

We retrospectively evaluated an elliptic centric ordered 3D (ec 3D) magnetic resonance venography (MRV) technique in comparison to 2D time-of-flight (2D TOF) MRV in patients with presumptive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Twenty-five patients (mean age 40.6 ± 16.5 years) with presumptive CVST underwent cerebral MRI including 2D TOF and ec 3D MRV. Radiologic findings and clinical outcome were correlated. MRV studies were evaluated by two neuroradiologists in a blinded manner for image quality, assessment of various sinus, internal cerebral veins (ICV), vein of Labbé and Galen (VL/VG) as well as for additional imaging procedures required. Sensitivity/specificity of ec 3D MRV amounted to 85.7%/97.2% as compared with 2D TOF 71.4%/55.6 %. Ec 3D MRV performed superior in terms of image quality as well as assessment of all sinus and veins except for the straight sinus. Additional imaging procedures were less often required in ec 3D MRV studies (28% vs. 66% for 2D TOF MRV; P  < 0.001). Interobserver agreement was significantly increased by using ec 3D MRV (93.1% vs. 70.9% of readings). The results of our study provide additional evidence for the superiority of ec 3D compared with 2D TOF MR venography for the diagnosis or exclusion of acute CVST in daily clinical practice.     

Postmenopausal HRT is not independent risk factor for dural sinus thrombosis

While a dural sinus thrombosis (DST), is a well-known consequence of the use of oral contraceptives, the role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in DST was not previously evaluated. We report two postmenopausal women, presenting with DST under HRT. Antiphospholipid antibodies in one case and borderline protein S deficiency in another were diagnosed. Only five cases of DST under HRT were previously reported and in two of them additional prothrombotic risk factors were found. According to these and previous cases, HRT is not an independent risk factor for DST.     

儿童颅内静脉窦血栓形成的诊疗策略

目的 探讨儿童颅内静脉窦血栓形成的高危因素、常见临床表现、影像学特征及诊疗策略。方法 对2014年1月-2018年12月收住西安交通大学第一附属医院儿科的3例颅内静脉窦血栓形成患儿病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果 持续而严重的头痛是颅内静脉窦血栓形成最常见的临床表现; 3例患儿发病原因不一,与文献报道感染为主要原因不符,可能与病例数较少有关; 影像学最常见的受累部位为乙状窦和横窦; 经降颅内压、抗凝及对症治疗,1例痊愈,1例死亡,1例遗留颅神经功能异常。结论 儿童以急性发作的头痛起病伴孤立性颅内压增高综合征表现者均应警惕颅内静脉窦血栓形成的可能; 对脑脊液压力轻度升高的患儿仍需动态监测颅内压的变化; 儿童目前推荐的影像学检查方法为颅脑磁共振成像联合磁共振静脉成像,并具有长期随访优势; 全脑血管造影术在儿童中并非禁忌,在严格控制操作时间及造影剂剂量的前提下由技术熟练的专科医生操作亦是可行的; 强调早期抗凝治疗,治疗药物的选择、剂量及持续时间仍有待大样本病例的研究。     

Risk factors for remote seizure development in patients with cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis

PurposeWe aimed to define the possible risk factors for acute and remote seizures in patients with cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis (CVST).MethodNinety-four patients were recruited prospectively at Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, between April 2007 and April 2012. To identify seizure predictors, we compared demographic, clinical and imaging factors between patients with or without acute and remote seizures.ResultsOf the 94 patients, 32 (34%) experienced at least one seizure after CVST development. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association of remote seizure with loss of consciousness at presentation (P = 0.05, OR: 5.11, 95%CI: 1.07–24.30), supratentorial lesions (P = 0.02, OR: 9.04, 95%CI: 1.04–78.55), lesions in the occipital lobe (P = 0.00, OR: 12.75, 95%CI: 2.28–71.16), lesions in the temporal and parietal lobes, thrombophilia (P = 0.03, OR: 5.87, 95%CI: 1.21–28.39), seizure in the acute phase (P = 0.00, OR: 13.14, 95%CI: 2.54–201.2) and sigmoid sinus thrombosis (P = 0.00, OR: 12.5, 95%CI: 2.23–69.79). Seizures in the acute phase were also more common in patients with paresis (P = 0.00, OR: 4.88, 95%CI: 1.91–12.46), hemorrhagic lesions indicated by imaging (P = 0.02, OR: 2.77, 95%CI: 1.08–7.10), supratentorial lesions, lesions in the frontal (P = 0.01, OR: 3.81, 95%CI: 1.28–11.31) and parietal lobes (P = 0.00, OR: 5.16, 95%CI: 2–13.29), thrombophilia and history of miscarriage (P = 0.03, OR: 2.91, 95%CI: 1.07–7.91). No factor predicted acute or remote seizure in a multiple logistic regression analysis.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that seizure development in the acute phase is the most significant factor for development of remote seizure. Parenchymal lesions in the supratentorial area were also found to be associated with both acute and remote seizures. However, no factor was predictive of acute or remote seizures in a multivariate analysis.     

CT静脉造影在脑静脉窦血栓形成诊断中的价值

目的探讨CT静脉造影(CTV)在脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)诊断中的价值。方法对16例CVST患者行脑CTV检查,在工作站处理获得二维和三维血管重建图像。结果窦腔内充盈缺损在CTV横断层图像上表现为"空三角征"。16例中11例为多发性CVST,其中8例以上矢状窦受累为主,3例以横窦受累为主;5例为单一静脉窦受累,其中2例为上矢状窦、2例为直窦、1例为下矢状窦。16例二维或三维重建图像均可见静脉窦不规则狭窄或闭塞,静脉属支不同程度扩张。11例出现脑水肿,6例出现脑梗死,4例发生脑出血。结论CTV对CVST诊断具有很高的敏感性和特异性。     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的临床与影像学特点

目的 探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成的临床与影像学特点.方法 回顾性分析28例脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床资料.结果 男8例(28.6％),女20例(71.4％);急性起病18例(64.3％),亚急性起病8例(28.6％),慢性起病2例(7.1％).首发症状表现为头痛伴恶心、呕吐22例,发热伴视物模糊3例,发热伴精神异常2例,癫痫发作1例.主要临床表现为意识与认知功能障碍16例(57.1％),大脑皮质刺激症状5例(17.9％),运动功能障碍3例(10.7％),眼部症状6例(21.4％).白细胞增高6例,淋巴细胞增高2例;C反应蛋白升高3例,血沉升高2例;凝血酶原时间缩短2例,D-二聚体升高4例.颅内压升高11例;CSF生化和细胞学检查异常4例.头颅CT平扫示条带征13例,头颅MRI平扫示实三角征14例,增强示空三角征7例,头颅磁共振静脉成像与数字减影血管造影均见血栓部位血流消失.经抗凝治疗,痊愈23例,好转4例,死亡1例.结论 脑静脉窦血栓女性多见,主要首发症状为头痛伴恶心、呕吐,主要临床表现为意识与认知功能障碍.神经影像学特点为直接征像及间接征像.     

脑静脉窦血管内治疗脑静脉窦血栓形成临床研究

目的对比静脉肝素抗凝与脑介入治疗脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析我院14例脑静脉窦血栓患者,按治疗方法分为介入组(脑静脉窦血管内治疗)和抗凝组(静脉肝素抗凝),每组7例,比较2组平均住院时间、血管完全再通率、mRS及并发症发生率。结果脑静脉窦介入组住院时间较抗凝组短,血管完全再通率高于抗凝组,mRS平均评分低于抗凝组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组并发症发生率无显著差异(P0.05)。结论脑静脉窦血管内治疗可改善CVST患者的转归,疗效优于静脉肝素溶栓保守治疗。     

脑静脉窦血栓再通对临床预后的影响

目的探讨脑静脉窦血栓经抗凝治疗后的再通情况及再通对长期预后的影响。方法对63例首次诊断CVST患者进行抗凝治疗,分别于出院时、出院后第3个月、第6个月和第12个月对患者进行MRI联合MRV复查,根据MRV和MRI结果 ,分为完全再通、部分再通和未通,使用改良Rankin量表(mRS)对患者预后评分。根据mRS评分,将患者分为完全恢复和不完全恢复组(mRS=0分为完全恢复,mRS 1~6分为不完全恢复);预后良好组和预后不良组(mRS≤2为预后良好,mRS2为预后不良)。采用Logistic回归分析相关因素对长期预后的影响。结果出院时(18±4)d、出院后第3个月、第6个月和第12个月的再通率分别是60%、73%、79%和81%。出院第12个月时,完全再通32例(51%),部分再通19例(30%);39例(62%)患者完全恢复,24例(38%)患者不完全恢复。单因素分析显示,年龄≥40岁、静脉窦未通是CVST不完全恢复的危险因素。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,只有年龄≥40岁(OR=5.995,95%CI:1.195~20.922;P=0.023)是CVST不完全恢复的独立危险因素。完全再通患者预后明显好于未通患者(HR=3.17,95%CI:1.8~10.43;P0.001)。年龄≥40岁、男性、未通是CVST预后不良的危险因素,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥40岁(OR=6.675,95%CI:2.195~8.922;P=0.035)是预后不良的独立危险因素,而未通不是预后不良的独立危险因素(OR=2.843,95%CI:0.87~13.472;P=0.11)。结论脑静脉窦血栓形成闭塞静脉窦的再通呈时间依赖性,完全再通患者预后好于未通患者。     

磁共振血管成像对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断和疗效评价

目的 探讨MR脑血管成像在脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)形成的诊断和疗效评价中的作用. 方法 回顾性分析北京大学深圳医院影像中心自2001年8月至2007年1月期间收治的12例CVST患者的影像学资料,所有病例均作常规SE序列和2D-TOF静脉成像(MRV),10例患者做DSA,8例患者做3D-TOF动脉成像(MRA).比较不同成像方法对CVST病变的显示情况. 结果 12例患者共显示34个CVST.SE序列显示9例17个,表现为静脉窦正常流空信号消失,出现异常信号.MRV显示11例32个,表现为正常静脉窦高信号消失或其内充盈缺损.DSA显示10例30个.MRA显示2例(2/8)脑动脉血管减少.MRV显示的病变静脉窦数日明显高于SE序列,病变检出的阳性率为93.3%(相对DSA).MRV示6例经导管内注药溶柃治疗后随访的患者大部分病变静脉窦恢复正常高信号,溶栓前MRA所示脑动脉血管减少的2例患者则显示动脉血管明显增多. 结论 MR脑血管成像在CVST的诊断和疗效评价中能发挥重要作用.     

Features of dural sinus thrombosis simulating pseudotumor cerebri

To characterize dural sinus thrombosis (DST) patients presenting with a syndrome simulating pseudotumor cerebri (PTC), medical records of patients initially diagnosed as having PTC between 1980 and 1995 were analysed. Inclusion criteria were intracranial hypertension (IH) and a normal initial computed tomography (CT) scan. All patients underwent angiography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV). Patients with IH secondary to a determined disorder were excluded from the study. Forty-six patients were included, 12 patients had MRI/MRV or angiography findings compatible with DST and the remaining 34 patients had no vascular pathology on neuroimaging studies and were considered to have PTC. No clinical or auxiliary findings differed between the two groups except for younger age, which delineated the PTC patients. Two patients with DST died during the study. Both were agitated, had a relatively rapid course of symptom progression, and a CSF pressure of over 40 cm water. We conclude that DST can be identified in 26% of patients presenting with symptoms and signs typical of PTC. It may be impossible to differentiate between patients with and without DST if MRI/MRV or angiography are not performed in this scenario. Copyright Lippincott Williams & Wilkins     

Loco-regional thrombolysis in the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis: report of two cases

Although intravenous (i.v.) heparin is widely used as the first line treatment for cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST), the most appropriate therapy for this disease is still controversial. We report 2 cases of CVST who were successfully treated by means of loco-regional thrombolysis with urokinase. In the first case we chose this treatment instead of i.v. heparin because clinical conditions of the patient appeared critical for life on hospital admission; in the second case loco-regional thrombolysis was performed because a full-dose heparin treatment over 8 days failed to improve the clinical picture of the patient. In the literature, there are no established criteria for the use of loco-regional thrombolysis in CVST. On the basis of our own experience and few previous reports on the matter, we suggest that loco-regional thrombolysis should be considered an appropriate treatment for CVST when patients are at life risk, when an involvement of deep cerebral veins is present or when, after full heparinization, patients are doing poorly clinically.     

Hormonal contraceptives as a risk factor for cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis

This review will focus on recent developments in our understanding of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST), as a side effect of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) use. Case-control studies have shown an increased risk of CVST in women who use COCs, especially third-generation contraceptives that contain gestodene or desogestrel. Several studies have indicated that the combination of COCs and thrombophilia greatly increased the risk of CVST, particularly in women with hyperhomocysteinaemia, factor V Leiden and the prothrombin-gene mutation. Women with thrombophilia who developed CVST while taking oral contraceptives should be definitively advised to stop using COCs. These patients should be considered for preventive therapy with low doses of heparin in prothrombotic situations such as bed rest or pregnancy, and the duration of anticoagulation should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Patients may be considered candidates for chronic treatment with antiplatelet agents. The best and most cost-effective screening method for thrombophilia in women who are planning to conceive is selective screening based on the presence of previous personal or family history of either prior extracerebral or cerebral venous thromboembolism events.     

硬脑膜静脉窦血栓形成的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨硬脑膜静脉窦血栓形成(DVST)的血管内介入治疗。方法 11例由CT、MRI、DSA确诊的硬脑膜静脉窦血栓形成患者经皮股动、静脉穿刺给予介入治疗；围手术期规范抗凝、抗血小板聚集等综合治疗。结果 2例患者临床症状戏剧性改善，10例患者临床症状消失或好转，1例无变化；术后影像学均有不同程度的改善；1例机械辅助溶栓患者介入治疗时发生导丝断裂；1例机械辅助溶栓后置人支架未成功；术中、术后无其它相关并发症发生。出院时临床痊愈5例，显效3例，好转2例，无效1例。随访9例患者3～6月无复发。结论 多种介入方法联合治疗DVST的方法是可行的且安全有效。是值得在临床推广的治疗DVST的方法，其远期效果尚需观察。     

磁共振静脉血管成像在脑静脉窦血栓形成诊断中的应用

目的 评价2D-TOF法磁共振静脉血管成像(MRV)在脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)诊断中的价值。方法 对10例CVST患者进行2D-TOP法MRV检查，并与MRI和数字减影血管造影(DSA)结果进行对照研究。结果 10例患者均为多发性CVST，最常累及上矢状窦和横窦。在MRV上CVST的直接征像为发育正常的静脉窦不显影、狭窄或再通后的模糊影，间接征像为病变以远侧枝血管形成、深部静脉明显扩张或其他引流静脉显现。本组MRV结果与DSA比较具有较高的一致性，且在血管变异的鉴别及对血栓的动态观察上要优于DSA。结论 MRV可替代DSA作为CVST诊断和随访的首选检查方法。     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成血管内治疗的疗效及获益分析

目的 该研究旨在评估血管内治疗与传统抗凝治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的临床效果及患者的获益情况,为临床工作提供参考依据,达到规范诊疗的目的.方法 回顾性收集2017年1月至2020年9月该院收治的CVST患者,对其进行出院后3个月至46个月的电话随访,最终纳入115例CVST患者,75例在抗凝治疗的基础上接受了血管内治疗,另40例仅接受单纯抗凝治疗.分析不同治疗方法的临床治疗效果与患者获益情况.结果 两组治疗均可以明显改善患者预后情况,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).接受血管内治疗预后良好(mRS=0～2分)的患者(96.0％)多于接受单纯抗凝治疗的患者(87.5％),但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);接受血管内治疗完全恢复(mRS=0分)的患者(78.7％)与抗凝治疗完全恢复的患者(77.5％)比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).将一般临床资料中有统计学意义的指标及已被证实影响预后的因素作为协变量进行调整,仍未发现不同的治疗方法与预后良好(mRS=0～2分)、完全恢复(mRS=0)有关,P均＞0.05.血管内治疗住院中位费用44 616.83元,单纯抗凝治疗住院中位费用19 328.02元,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).血管内联合治疗住院中位时间16 d,抗凝治疗住院中位时间15 d,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 血管内治疗与抗凝治疗均能显著改善患者的预后,但两者差异无统计学意义.血管内治疗住院费用高于单纯抗凝治疗.血管内治疗与单纯抗凝治疗相比,没有减少住院时间.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成14例

目的探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成的早期诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析2005年1月-2010年1月来我院就诊的14名颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的病因、临床表现、影像学、诊断、治疗和预后。结果 14例患者中表现为头痛的有12例,伴有呕吐者2例,癫疒间发作者5例,伴有意识障碍者6例,伴有肢体瘫痪2例,伴有失语者1例。所有患者MRV均提示静脉窦显影不佳或不显影。给予抗凝治疗后,出院时9例症状好转,4例复诊痊愈,1例死亡。结论颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)临床表现多样,缺乏特异性,诊断依赖影像学检查,特别是血管成像,抗凝是首选治疗。     

Neurological and cognitive long-term outcome in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

OBJECTIVES: The main aim of the present study was to assess long-term neurological and cognitive outcome in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). METHODS: We re-investigated by means of a face to face interview all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CVST, collected at our Department over the years 1990-2000. During the interview the presence of headache, epileptic seizures, visual deficits and a new episode following the first occurrence of CVST were checked. Moreover all patients underwent a neurological examination, a functional evaluation, a cognitive assessment to rule out aphasia, apraxia and working memory deficits. Depression of mood was also investigated. RESULTS: On the whole 34 patients entered the study: 10 patients referred episodic headache following the disease. In three cases epileptic seizures were present. A new event occurred in only one patient. Four patients showed pyramidal signs, in two cases visual deficits were present. All patients had no functional disability. We found a mild non-fluent aphasia in three patients, working memory deficits in six patients and depression of mood in six cases. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates a good neurological and cognitive long-term outcome in patients with CVST.