癫癎患儿共患注意缺陷多动障碍的临床分析

目的：评估癫癎患儿共患注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的共患率,探讨引起癫癎患儿共患ADHD的相关危险因素。方法：选取符合癫癎和癫癎综合征诊断标准、年龄在6～15岁的患儿256例,调查癫癎患儿与ADHD的共患率及危险因素。结果：192例患儿完成系统评定。ADHD的共患率为42.2%。首次发作年龄越早,抗癫癎药物治疗时程越长及多种抗癫癎药物联合应用者癫癎共患ADHD的共患率越高;Lennox-Gastaut 综合征和全身强直-阵挛发作型癫癎及脑电图提示多病灶起源的癫癎患儿ADHD共患率较高。结论：ADHD在癫癎患儿中的共患率较高。癫癎患儿共患ADHD相关的危险因素包括：癫癎的首次发作年龄、癫癎发作类型、癫癎综合征的类型、脑电图特征及抗癫癎药物的使用。     

额叶癫(癎)患儿共患注意缺陷多动障碍的临床观察

目的研究额叶癫癎患儿注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的患病情况及其相关因素。方法回顾1995—2005在山东大学齐鲁医院诊断为额叶癫癎的21例患儿的医疗记录,并对患儿的ADHD患病情况进行随访研究。结果有效随访17例,额叶癫癎患儿58.8%(10/17)患有ADHD,对癫癎与ADHD患病的相关因素分析表明:脑电图异常放电不易控制的患儿ADHD的发生率为88.9%,与脑电图异常放电控制者(25.0%)相比差异有显著性(P=0.02)。结论额叶癫癎患儿有较高的ADHD发生率,脑电图的持续异常放电与额叶癫癎共患ADHD有关。     

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注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是儿童期最为常见的心理行为障碍之一,常合并有学习困难、破坏性行为障碍(包括对立违抗性障碍和品行障碍)、心境障碍、焦虑障碍、抽动障碍等行为障碍[1]。ADHD伴有的行为障碍也被称为共患病(comorbidity)[2],约65%的ADHD患儿伴发有一种或多种共患病。共患病的存在常导致患儿社会功能受损,临床疗效降低,预后不良,而且共患不同行为障碍的患儿需要不同的治疗策略[3]。至于ADHD与学习困难内容,本期专题讨论已另有论述。1ADHD伴破坏性行为障碍破坏性行为障碍包括对立违抗性障碍(ODD)和品行障碍(CD)两个亚型,其中…     

注意缺陷多动障碍共患焦虑和抑郁情况及其行为特点的研究

评估注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患儿共患焦虑和抑郁情况,同时探讨共患疾病对其行为的影响特点。方法　2007-2009年在中南大学湘雅二医院儿童精神卫生专科门诊收集105例ADHD患儿,年龄8～14岁,均符合DSM-IV诊断标准,但不存在对立违抗障碍、品行障碍和抽动障碍。于某学校选取66名同年龄段,无ADHD、对立违抗障碍、品行障碍和抽动障碍的学生作对照组。对所有研究对象采用ADHD诊断量表、Achenbach儿童行为量表（CBCL） 、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCARED）、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表（DSRSC）进行评定,对照组儿童经SCARED、DSRSC评定后选择正常的43名作为正常对照组用于分析。结果　105例ADHD中39例（37.1%）共患焦虑,66名对照组中13例（19.7%）共患焦虑,两者间差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 5.829,P = 0.016）。ADHD共患抑郁者33例31.4%）,对照组10例（15.2%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 5.704,P = 0.017）。ADHD同时共患焦虑与抑郁者16例（15.2%）,对照组中未发现共患焦虑与抑郁者。ADHD患儿CBCL社会能力得分均低于对照组,行为问题得分除躯体主诉外均显著高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（分别P = 0.000～0.010、P = 0.000～0.007）。ADHD单纯共患焦虑组CBCL躯体主诉得分显著高于单纯ADHD组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;ADHD单纯共患抑郁组CBCL焦虑/抑郁得分显著高于单纯ADHD组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;ADHD同时共患焦虑与抑郁组CBCL退缩、躯体主诉、焦虑/抑郁、思维问题、注意问题和内化性问题均显著高于单纯ADHD组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论　ADHD患儿有较高的抑郁和焦虑共患情况,同时共患抑郁与焦虑的ADHD患儿存在更多的行为问题,需要更多的精神卫生服务。     

儿童颞叶癫癎及特发性癫癎对认知功能及情绪的影响

目的 评估儿童颞叶癫癎及特发性癫癎对认知及情绪的影响,并探索影响认知的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析38例颞叶癫癎、40例特发性癫癎患儿资料,招募42例健康儿童为对照组,每位受试者均行以下神经心理测试：蒙特利尔认知测评量表 （MoCA）、言语流畅性、数字广度、木块图、儿童社交焦虑量表 （SASC）、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表 （DSRSC）。结果 与对照组比较,颞叶癫癎组及特发性癫癎组MoCA、言语流畅性、数字广度、木块图得分均较低 （P <0.05）;SASC、DSRSC 得分均较高 （P <0.05）。颞叶癫癎组的MoCA、言语流畅性、数字广度、木块图得分均低于特发性癫癎组 （P <0.05）,SASC、DSRSC 得分高于特发性癫癎组 （P <0.05）。颞叶癫癎组的MoCA 得分与SASC、DSRSC 及发作频率呈负相关 （r=-0.571,-0.529,-0.545,P <0.01）;特发性癫癎组的MoCA 得分与SASC、DSRSC 及发作频率呈负相关 （r=-0.542,-0.487,-0.555,P <0.01）。结论 颞叶癫癎、特发性癫癎患儿的整体认知及言语、记忆、执行功能均受损,并合并焦虑抑郁,尤其以颞叶癫癎更明显。较高水平的焦虑、抑郁及发作频率是影响认知的危险因素。     

儿童注意缺陷障碍和睡眠障碍关系的研究进展

注意缺陷障碍（ADHD）是生物、心理、社会等因素共同作用导致的儿童行为障碍,病因目前仍不清楚。这些患儿中很多存在睡眠障碍,而睡眠障碍也可引起和加重ADHD的症状。因此,睡眠障碍可能是ADHD的病因之一,对睡眠障碍进行治疗有可能改善ADHD的症状,这就为ADHD的病因研究及治疗提供了新的思路。该文从ADHD患儿睡眠障碍的临床表现、睡眠周期的改变、ADHD与周期性肢体运动障碍、多动腿综合征及睡眠呼吸紊乱的关系、中枢兴奋性药物对ADHD睡眠结构的影响以及ADHD共患病对睡眠的影响等方面阐述ADHD与睡眠障碍关系的研究进展。     

1型糖尿病儿童情绪障碍对照研究

目的 探讨1型糖尿病儿童情绪障碍的发生率及其特点.方法 2005年7月至2006年1月在北京儿童医院糖尿病门诊随访的1型糖尿病患儿90例,以儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(SCARED)及儿童抑郁障碍自评量表(DSRSC)为工具,评估糖尿病患儿及193例对照组儿童的情绪状况,任一量表分≥划界分者视为情绪障碍.结果 (1)对照组共检出情绪障碍48例,检出率24.9%,搪尿病组共检出情绪障碍34例,检出率37.8%.经X2检验差异有统计学意义(X2=4.969,P=0.026),其中焦虑症状阳性在对照组检出43例,检出率22.3%,在糖尿病组检出32例,检出率35.6%,差异有统计学意义(X2=5.554,P=0.018).抑郁症状阳性(15.6%vs9.3%)及焦虑抑郁共存(13.3%vs 6.7%)两组差异无统计学意义.(2)两组情绪障碍的构成特点相似,焦虑症状阳性者多于抑郁症状阳性.(3)以不同年龄组进行比较,糖尿病组在15～17岁组情绪障碍的检出率最高(55.9%),显著高于对照组(31.9%)(X2=0.532,P=0.019),结论 1型糖尿病患儿是情绪障碍的高危人群,焦虑症状是情绪障碍的主要表现,年龄的增长可能是该群体并发情绪障碍的危险因素.     

73例癫癎患儿睡眠情况调查

目的了解癫癎患儿睡眠障碍发生情况及可能的影响因素。方法随机选取门诊就诊的癫癎患儿,对患儿家长进行儿童家庭社会环境与睡眠状况的问卷调查。结果所调查的患儿匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)平均得分为4.69±3.68。13.70%的患儿存在睡眠障碍。患儿性别、出生体质量、父母文化程度、癫癎发作类型等对睡眠障碍发生无影响;患儿年龄以及每天发作频率对睡眠障碍发生有影响。结论门诊癫癎患儿睡眠障碍发生率较低,癫癎发作频率对患儿睡眠质量有较大影响,控制患儿发作频率对改善其睡眠质量有重要意义。     

儿童癫痫共患抑郁焦虑障碍的研究进展

癫痫是一种常见慢性神经系统疾病, 其共患病越来越受到人们关注。儿童癫痫共患精神障碍的比例逐年增加, 其中癫痫患儿共患抑郁焦虑障碍最常见。反复癫痫发作很容易引起患儿抑郁焦虑情绪, 同时抑郁焦虑也有诱发癫痫的可能, 两者相互影响。因此, 癫痫共患抑郁焦虑的评估、筛查、诊断及干预成为儿童癫痫不可忽视的部分。本文就儿童癫痫与抑郁焦虑障碍的关系、发病机制、临床诊断方法与评估、治疗等研究进展作一综述。     

注意缺陷多动障碍临床亚型的共患特点

注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder,ADHD)是一种起病于儿童期的行为障碍.在美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)中,根据核心症状表现的差异将其分为3种主要亚型:注意缺陷为主型(ADHD-I),多动-冲动为主型(ADGD-HI),混合型(ADHD-C).已有的研究显示,三种亚型有不同的临床特点,提示在病因、预后和治疗方法上可能存在差异.ADHD常共患其他多种精神障碍,包括破坏性行为障碍(disruptive behaviordisorder,DBD)、心境障碍、焦虑障碍、抽动障碍、学习困难等.共患病的存在常导致患儿社会功能受损更严重,影响临床疗效和预后.本文比较ADHD三种临床亚型的共患病特点,为深入理解ADHD的预后、发展个体化的治疗方法提供参考.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童焦虑抑郁情绪研究

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童情绪问题。方法ADHD儿童70例与对照组儿童45例分别自行完成儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表。结果ADHD组儿童躯体化/惊恐、广泛性焦虑、分离性焦虑、学校恐怖及焦虑、抑郁总分均高于对照组(P均<0.05)。结论ADHD组儿童存在明显焦虑、抑郁情绪。     

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目的分析注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)对局灶性发作癫痫(FEP)患儿生活质量的影响。方法按照《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第Ⅳ版)》诊断标准对2009年5月至2010年10月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院神经科门诊及病房120例确诊为FEP患儿进行ADHD临床诊断及临床亚型分型,采用整合视听持续执行测试进行注意力及反应控制能力评估,采用癫痫患者生活质量量表(QOlIE-31),对112例患儿的生活质量进行评估。结果 120例FEP患儿中共患ADHD者21例(17.5%),其中ADHD-I型17例(81.0%),ADHD-C型4例(19.0%),无ADHD-HI型患儿。不同治疗阶段癫痫患儿其共患率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。120例FEP患儿综合尺度注意力及综合尺度反应控制商数在不同治疗阶段的3组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),其中的60例良性儿童癫痫伴中央颞区棘波(BECTs)患儿上述指标在不同治疗阶段的3组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。共患ADHD的FEP患儿生活质量及认知功能的分项值均明显低于无共患组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 FEP患儿ADHD的共患率颇高,其临床亚型呈现注意力缺...     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍共患病及功能损害研究

目的 评估注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿共患病及功能损害发生情况,并探讨其与核心症状(注意缺陷、多动冲动)的相关性。方法 疑诊为ADHD 的319例儿童作为研究对象,由父母完成Vanderbilt父母评定量表(VADPRS),根据美国精神病学会制定的《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》第四版(DSM-IV)进行诊断及分型,根据VADPRS进行共患病筛查及功能损害评估。同时对各型ADHD患儿共患病和功能损害情况进行比较,对其与核心症状的关系进行相关性分析。结果 319例儿童中,196例诊断为ADHD,其中注意缺陷型(ADHD-I)84例,多动冲动型(ADHD-HI)35例,混合型(ADHD-C)77例。123例不满足ADHD诊断标准。ADHD儿童共患病(对立违抗性障碍、品行障碍、情绪障碍)发生率显著高于非ADHD儿童(63.8% vs 37.4%, P<0.05)。ADHD-C组对立违抗和品行障碍发生率高于ADHD-I组(P<0.05)。对立违抗、品行障碍及情绪障碍的阳性条目数与两个核心症状群阳性条目数有弱相关性(P<0.01)。ADHD组总功能损害发生率显著高于非ADHD组(89.8% vs 74.8%, P<0.05)。ADHD-C组功能损害发生率显著高于ADHD-I组和ADHD-HI组(P<0.05)。注意缺陷阳性症状条目数与学习问题、同胞关系损害及组织活动问题有弱相关性(P<0.01),多动冲动阳性症状条目数仅与同胞关系损害有弱相关性(P<0.01)。结论 ADHD组儿童共患病及功能损害发生率高,以ADHD-C组最显著。ADHD核心症状严重程度可以影响共患病及功能损害的发生。未达到ADHD诊断标准的疑诊儿童也有较高的其他精神障碍和功能损害发生率,临床上也要重视对此类儿童的干预。     

Assessment and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid psychiatric illness

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently occurs with a wide variety of comorbid psychiatric disorders such as conduct disorder, depression, mania, anxiety, and learning disabilities. Because the vast majority of children with ADHD are treated in primary care settings, it is important that primary medical doctors be proficient in the diagnosis and initial treatment of children with ADHD and its commonly occurring comorbid disorders. ADHD research is beginning to focus on the treatment of these comorbidly ill children. This review will summarize the recent findings from the psychiatric literature in an attempt to provide the clinician with some initial diagnostic and treatment guidelines for ADHD and its comorbidities. RECENT FINDINGS: The NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD found that children with other disruptive behavior disorders plus ADHD respond well to stimulant medications, with behavioral interventions reducing academic and social impairment. Children with anxiety and ADHD are very responsive across multiple dimensions to behavioral and pharmacological ADHD treatments. Much less is known about the impact of depression on ADHD, and significant debate exists surrounding the identification and treatment of bipolar disorder in children with ADHD. Children with learning disabilities respond well to stimulants but often require additional educational supports. New findings suggest that treating ADHD may prevent the development of future psychiatric disorders. SUMMARY: The presence of comorbid illness is associated with significant additional morbidity and complicates the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ADHD. Therefore, it is important to identify and treat any comorbid psychiatric conditions in a child with ADHD.     

Indications des antidépresseurs chez l’enfant et l’adolescent

Relative to placebo, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are efficacious for paediatric affective disorders, although their clinical effects appear relatively modest in major depressive disorder, intermediate in obsessive-compulsive disorder, and stronger in anxiety disorders. If SSRIs modestly increase the risk of occurrence of suicidal ideation and behavior, several studies show that their use is associated with a significant decrease in the suicide rates in children and adolescents, probably because of their efficacy, compliance, and low toxicity in overdose.     

Childhood ADHD is strongly associated with a broad range of psychiatric disorders during adolescence: a population-based birth cohort study

Background: To evaluate associations between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid psychiatric disorders using research‐identified incident cases of ADHD and population‐based controls. Methods: Subjects included a birth cohort of all children born 1976–1982 remaining in Rochester, MN after age five (n = 5,718). Among them we identified 379 ADHD incident cases and 758 age‐gender matched non‐ADHD controls, passively followed to age 19 years. All psychiatric diagnoses were identified and abstracted, but only those confirmed by qualified medical professionals were included in the analysis. For each psychiatric disorder, cumulative incidence rates for subjects with and without ADHD were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Corresponding hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using Cox models adjusted for gender and mother’s age and education at the subject’s birth. The association between ADHD and the likelihood of having an internalizing or externalizing disorder was summarized by estimating odds ratios (OR). Results: Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder was associated with a significantly increased risk of adjustment disorders (HR = 3.88), conduct/oppositional defiant disorder (HR = 9.54), mood disorders (HR = 3.67), anxiety disorders (HR = 2.94), tic disorders (HR = 6.53), eating disorders (HR = 5.68), personality disorders (HR = 5.80), and substance‐related disorders (HR = 4.03). When psychiatric comorbidities were classified on the internalization‐externalization dimension, ADHD was strongly associated with coexisting internalizing/externalizing (OR = 10.6), or externalizing‐only (OR = 10.0) disorders. Conclusion: This population‐based study confirms that children with ADHD are at significantly increased risk for a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Besides treating the ADHD, clinicians should identify and provide appropriate treatment for psychiatric comorbidities.     

Komorbidität bei ADHS

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently associated with other neuropsychiatric childhood disorders. Thus, the clarification and routine assessment of these comorbidities should be a major focus in clinical practice (i.e., in diagnosing and treating children suffering from ADHD). Over the past decade scientific endeavors targeted at better characterizing the background and dynamics of ADHD-associated comorbidities increased considerably. The main aims of this article are: (a) to present an overview of current conceptualizations of comorbidities, and (b) to provide the reader with the prevalence rates as well as the genetic and cognitive aspects of ADHD-associated disorders (e.g., dyslexia, dyscalculia, oppositional defiant disorders, depression, anxiety). Based on the presented findings, the currently most plausible explanations for the respective comorbidities as well as their implications for clinical practice will be discussed. Overall, greater attention should be devoted to the complex interplay between ADHD and associated disorders.     

The CBCL as a screen for psychiatric comorbidity in paediatric patients with ADHD

Aims: To examine the informativeness of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) as a screening tool to identify comorbid and non-comorbid cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a paediatrically referred population. It was hypothesised that specific scales of the CBCL would help identify specific comorbidities within ADHD cases in the primary care setting. Methods: The sample consisted of children and adolescents 6–17 years old of both genders with ADHD (n = 121). A receiver operating curve (ROC) approach was used to determine which CBCL scales best differentiated between ADHD cases with and without its comorbidities with conduct, anxiety, and mood disorders. Results: ROC analysis showed that the CBCL Delinquent Behavior and Aggressive Behavior scales predicted the structured interview derived diagnoses of conduct and bipolar disorder, the Anxious/Depressed and Aggressive Behavior scales predicted major depression, and the Anxious/Depressed and Attention problems scales predicted anxiety disorders. Conclusions: These results extend to a paediatrically referred population with previously reported findings in psychiatric samples documenting good convergence between structured interview diagnoses and syndrome congruent CBCL scales. These findings support the utility of the CBCL as a screening tool for the identification of psychiatric comorbidity in ADHD youth in the primary care setting.     

The CBCL as a screen for psychiatric comorbidity in paediatric patients with ADHD.

AIMS: To examine the informativeness of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) as a screening tool to identify comorbid and non-comorbid cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a paediatrically referred population. It was hypothesised that specific scales of the CBCL would help identify specific comorbidities within ADHD cases in the primary care setting. METHODS: The sample consisted of children and adolescents 6-17 years old of both genders with ADHD (n = 121). A receiver operating curve (ROC) approach was used to determine which CBCL scales best differentiated between ADHD cases with and without its comorbidities with conduct, anxiety, and mood disorders. RESULTS: ROC analysis showed that the CBCL Delinquent Behavior and Aggressive Behavior scales predicted the structured interview derived diagnoses of conduct and bipolar disorder, the Anxious/Depressed and Aggressive Behavior scales predicted major depression, and the Anxious/Depressed and Attention problems scales predicted anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS: These results extend to a paediatrically referred population with previously reported findings in psychiatric samples documenting good convergence between structured interview diagnoses and syndrome congruent CBCL scales. These findings support the utility of the CBCL as a screening tool for the identification of psychiatric comorbidity in ADHD youth in the primary care setting.     

Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers

Background: Many disorders in childhood and adolescence were already present in the preschool years. However, there is little empirical research on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in young children. A true community study using structured diagnostic tools has yet to be published. Methods: All children born in 2003 or 2004 in the city of Trondheim, Norway, who attended the regular community health check‐up for 4‐year‐olds (97.2% of eligible children) whose parents consented to take part in the study (N = 2,475, 82.0%) were screened for behavioral and emotional problems with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). A screen‐stratified subsample of 1,250 children took part in a furthermore comprehensive study including a structured diagnostic interview (the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment, PAPA), which 995 parents (79.6%) completed. Results: The estimated population rate for any psychiatric disorder (excluding encopresis – 6.4%) was 7.1%. The most common disorders were attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (1.9%), oppositional defiant disorder (1.8%), conduct disorder (0.7%), anxiety disorders (1.5%), and depressive disorders (2.0%). Comorbidity among disorders was common. More emotional and behavioral disorders were seen in children whose parents did not live together and in those of low socioeconomic status. Boys more often had attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depressive disorders than girls. Conclusions: The prevalence of disorders among preschoolers was lower than in previous studies from the USA. Comorbidity was frequent and there was a male preponderance in ADHD and depression at this early age. These results underscore the fact that the most common disorders of childhood can already be diagnosed in preschoolers. However, rates of disorder in Norway may be lower than in the USA.