上调RI对小鼠黑色素瘤B16-F10细胞EMT及转移的影响

目的研究核糖核酸酶抑制因子基因表达对小鼠黑色素瘤B16-F10细胞EMT及转移的影响。方法构建RI真核表达质粒p IRES2-EGFP-RI,稳定转染B16-F10细胞。RT-PCR、Western blot和免疫荧光检测RI的表达;HE染色及相差显微镜观察细胞形态;FITC标记的鬼笔环肽染色,激光共聚焦观察细胞骨架;黏附实验、划痕实验和Transwell法检测细胞黏附、迁移和侵袭能力的变化;Western blot检测EMT及转移相关蛋白的表达;分别将各组B16-F10细胞眼眶静脉注射到c57/BL小鼠,建立肺转移动物模型,注射3周后处死小鼠。取肺称重,在解剖镜下计数肺转移结节数;肺组织切片HE染色观察肿瘤细胞转移;免疫组化检测肺转移瘤组织中转移及EMT相关蛋白的表达。结果 RI表达上调后,细胞由间质型向上皮型转换,细胞骨架重排;B16-F10-RI细胞组黏附、迁移和侵袭能力下降;与对照组相比,B16-F10-RI细胞中MMP2、MMP9、snail、slug、vimentin、twist和N-cadherin的表达明显降低,而E-cadherin,nm23-H1蛋白的表达明显增加(P0.01或P0.01)。实验组与对照组比小鼠肺的转移结节明显减少,同时EMT及转移相关蛋白在瘤组织中表达与体外细胞一致。结论上调核糖核酸酶抑制因子能够显著抑制B16-F10细胞EMT及侵袭、转移,RI可望作为治疗黑色素瘤的靶蛋白。     

人PSCA真核表达质粒的构建及稳定转染B16细胞系的建立

目的:构建真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-PSCA,通过稳定转染建立高效表达人前列腺干细胞抗原(PSCA)的小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞系。方法:利用PCR扩增出人PSCA全长基因的cDNA编码区序列,使用基因重组技术将其克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1中,得到重组表达质粒pcDNA3.1-PSCA。双酶切及测序鉴定后,利用脂质体法将其转染入小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞,G418加压筛选后得到阳性克隆。通过流式细胞术、免疫荧光及Western blot检测PSCA在细胞系中的表达情况。结果:经测序及双酶切鉴定,pcDNA3.1-PSCA重组质粒构建正确;稳定转染人PSCA的B16细胞系表达率接近100%。结论:建立的稳定转染人PSCA的B16细胞系能够高效表达PSCA基因,为抗前列腺癌疫苗的功能研究奠定了基础。     

mPer2对小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞增殖作用的影响

目的:研究mPer2对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16增殖作用的影响。方法:将构建好的mPer2全长表达质粒(pcDNA3.1-mPer2)转染入小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16中,并以pcDNA3.1空质粒转染为对照,通过平板克隆形成实验和MTT法检测两组细胞的增殖情况。结果:平板克隆形成实验和MTT法检测结果均显示Period2转染组小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16较空质粒对照组明显降低。结论:mPer2的高表达能显著性的抑制小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16的生长。     

小鼠SLC基因真核表达载体的构建及其趋化活性鉴定

目的：克隆小鼠次级淋巴样组织趋化因子(secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine，SLC)基因，并构建真核表达载体。在体内外检测该表达载体表达产物的免疫趋化功能。方法：用RT—PCR从C57BL／6小鼠胸腺组织中克隆小鼠SLC基因，构建真核表达载体pcDNA3．1—msLC。在体外，用基因枪转染小鼠黑色素瘤B16F10细胞；RT—PCR检测转染细胞有SLC的表达；利用趋化小室法，检测表达产物针对淋巴细胞的趋化活性。在体内，用基因枪通过小鼠皮肤局部转染SLC基因，观察转染局部淋巴细胞的浸润。结果：克隆的基因经测序证实，为小鼠SLC基因Scya21b型。转染SLC基因的B16F10细胞体外培养48h后，RT—PCR检测到SLC的表达，同时培养基上清具有针对淋巴细胞的趋化活性。通过基因枪局部转染小鼠皮肤，24h后皮肤病理检查显示，局部皮内有明显的淋巴细胞浸润。结论：从小鼠胸腺组织中克隆到小鼠SLC基因，构建的真核表达载体pcDNA3．1—mSLC在体内外均可以表达，并具有针对淋巴细胞的趋化活性。     

mPer2在小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16细胞凋亡中的作用研究

目的:研究mPer2在小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16细胞凋亡中的作用机制。方法:将构pcDNA3.1-mper2和pcDNA3.1空质粒分别转染入小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16中。提取两组细胞的总RNA和总蛋白,利用特异引物和抗体,分别检测两组细胞中p53和c-Myc基因在RNA和蛋白水平表达的变化。结果:RT-PCR和蛋白印迹检测均显示与转染pcDNA3.1( )空质粒相比,转染pcDNA3.1-mPer2入B16细胞后,p53的表达增高,而c-Myc表达降低。结论:mPer2可能通过抑制细胞癌基因c-Myc的表达,促进抑癌基因p53的表达,从而抑制B16细胞生长,诱导细胞凋亡。     

新型细胞因子IL-24真核表达载体的构建、表达及其对肿瘤的抑制作用

目的：构建IL-24真核表达质粒，并研究其体内外表达对肿瘤细胞的生长抑制作用。方法：采用重组DNA技术构建IL-24真核表达质粒pEGFP-C1-IL-24。用脂质体法将重组质粒及空载体外转染HIC细胞，再经激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）观察其表达，用MTT法检测HIC细胞的体外增殖能力，用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期与凋亡。小鼠皮下接种转染IL-24真核表达质粒或空载的B16细胞观察其体内致瘤性的变化。小鼠实体瘤模型研究基因转染对肿瘤的生长抑制作用。结果：pEGF-C1-IL-24转染HIC细胞后，LSCM可观察到其表达。IL-24基因转染的HIC细胞体外增殖能力明显受到抑制．G2-M期细胞比例增高，细胞被阻滞在G2-M期。转染IL-24的B16细胞体外致瘤率降低。与对照组相比．IL-24基因治疗组肿瘤生长明显受到抑制（P〈0.05）。结论：IL-24基因转染的肿瘤细胞体外生长受抑。瘤内注射pEGFP-C1-IL-24可抑制肿瘤生长，具有明显的抗肿瘤作用。     

重组纤维连接蛋白多肽CH50对黑色素瘤B16细胞侵袭能力的抑制作用及机制

目的研究重组纤维连接蛋白多肽CH50对黑色素瘤B16细胞侵袭能力抑制作用及其机制。方法将小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞用CFSE标记,经尾静脉注射接种小鼠,分别在6 h和24 h取肺组织作冰冻切片,观察肿瘤细胞在肺部聚集和对肺组织侵袭情况;接种15 d后解剖小鼠取肺,观察B16细胞在肺表面形成转移结节数量差异;观察CH50多肽对B16细胞结合纤维连接蛋白和纤维蛋白原的影响;RT-PCR法检测B16细胞中转移相关基因的表达水平;zymography法检测MMP-9水平。结果CH50多肽短时间作用于B16细胞,注射细胞6 h后肺组织荧光结节数显著减少;而作用较长时间,注射细胞24 h后肺组织荧光结节数减少更为明显。CH50多肽处理过的B16细胞在肺部形成转移结节明显减少。CH50多肽能够显著抑制B16细胞结合纤维连接蛋白及结合后的细胞铺展能力及B16细胞结合纤维蛋白原的能力,能够显著下调B16细胞cdc2、αv、β3、MMP-9等基因的表达与MMP-9分泌。结论CH50多肽能够抑制黑色素瘤B16细胞的侵袭能力,抑制瘤细胞与黏附分子结合,抑制转移相关基因的表达,从而使肿瘤细胞的生物学特征发生改变。     

蛋白酶激活受体-1促进肺癌细胞侵袭和转移功能的研究

目的研究蛋白酶激活受体1（PAR-1）对人类肺癌细胞侵袭和转移功能的影响。方法采用阳离子脂质体介导法,将正义和反义PAR-1重组质粒“pC／PARls”和“pC／PARlas”分别转染至人肺巨细胞癌低转移株（PLA801C）和高转移株（PLA801D）细胞中;采用逆转录．聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和Western印迹检测转染后PAR-1基因和蛋白表达水平变化;通过MTT、软琼脂集落形成、流式细胞仪、细胞-基质黏附和Transwell细胞侵袭实验检测PAR-1对肺癌细胞转移相关功能的影响。结果转染正义和反义PAR-1分别明显上调和下调了PLA801C和PLA801D的PAR-1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平。转染正义PAR-1对细胞的生长和克隆形成具有促进作用;并可明显增强细胞对细胞外基质的黏附和侵袭能力（与空载体对照组比较均P〈0．01）。相反,转染反义PAR-1对细胞模型的生长和克隆形成具有抑制作用;能明显降低细胞的S期和G2／M期（与空载体对照组比较分别为P〈0．05、0．01）、升高G0／G1期所占比例（P〈0．01）;还可使细胞对细胞外基质的黏附力（P〈0．05）和侵袭力明显降低（P〈0．01）。结论正义和反义PAR-1基因能够分别上调和下调PAR-1的表达水平;PAR-1能够影响肺癌细胞的生长和增殖、黏附和侵袭特性。抑制PAR-1的表达可能是一种治疗肺癌的途径。     

重组FN多肽CH50抑制黑色素瘤B16细胞体内转移的研究

目的研究重组纤黏连蛋白(FN)多肽CH50对小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞体内转移的影响,以探讨CH50多肽抑制肿瘤转移的可能分子机制。方法体外培养黑色素瘤B16细胞,用荧光染料CFSE标记,接种脾脏后24h取脾、肝、肺做冰冻切片,观察肿瘤细胞在3种组织中的侵袭情况。从脾脏接种B16细胞,建立体内肿瘤转移动物模型,采用基于流体动力学的体内基因转染方法于小鼠体内表达CH50多肽,RT-PCR检测CH50 mRNA在肝组织的表达,Western印迹检测CH50多肽的表达。通过比较原位肿瘤结节及转移结节在数量、大小、分布上的差异及检测原位肿瘤组织中MMP-2、MMP-9表达差异,观察CH50多肽的治疗效果。结果注射24h后即可在脾脏形成荧光结节。pCH510质粒通过尾静脉注射后,可在肝组织中检测到CH50 mRNA及CH50多肽的表达。从脾脏接种B16细胞后第14天可在脾脏形成原发肿瘤,至第35天肝脏表面已形成转移瘤结节,成功建立了体内器官间(脾转肝)肿瘤转移动物模型。体内转染表达CH50多肽能抑制肿瘤生长、侵袭和转移,抑制原位肿瘤结节中MMP-2、MMP-9的表达。结论CH50多肽可以通过对MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达的抑制作用来抑制黑色素瘤B16细胞的成瘤能力和体内侵袭、转移能力。     

尿激酶受体反义核糖核酸抑制肺癌细胞的侵袭转移

目的用反义核糖核酸(RNA)封闭尿激酶受体的表达,抑制人肺癌细胞株95D的侵袭转移能力,验证反义RNA技术在抗肿瘤中的作用.方法将尿激酶受体(uPAR)反义核糖核酸表达质粒转染具有高度侵袭转移能力的人肺癌细胞株95D,利用改良Bovden小室分析转染细胞的体外侵袭能力,并将转染细胞接种裸小鼠以观察其体内转移能力.结果G418筛选后,鉴定出2个表达uPAR反义RNA细胞克隆,uPAR蛋白质水平相应降低.表达uPAR反义RNA的细胞克隆的体外侵袭能力及在裸小鼠体内的肺转移能力较亲本细胞和空载体对照细胞均有显著性降低(P＜0.05).结论抑制尿激酶受体的表达,能够有效抑制肺癌的侵袭转移,反义RNA技术在抗肿瘤治疗中有良好的应用前景.     

Heparanase expression in B16 melanoma cells and peripheral blood neutrophils before and after extravasation detected by novel anti-mouse heparanase monoclonal antibodies

Degradation of extracellular matrix is associated with extravasation of metastatic tumor cells and inflammatory cells. Heparanase, the heparan sulfate-specific endo-beta-glucuronidase, is a key enzyme for the matrix degradation, yet its involvement in extravasation and invasion during pathological processes was not fully clarified in vivo. In the present study, we examined heparanase expression in mouse experimental models, lung metastasis of melanoma and skin infiltration of neutrophils. Sixteen novel monoclonal antibodies specific for mouse heparanase were established by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a recombinant mouse proheparanase, immunocytochemical staining of B16F10 melanoma cells cultured in vitro, and immunoprecipitation of the lysate of heparanase transfectant cells. Heparanase expression in metastatic nodules of B16F10 melanoma cells and in neutrophils localized in the inflamed skin was immunohistochemically detected using a monoclonal antibody RIO-1 that recognized the C-terminus of mouse heparanase. Homogeneous and strong heparanase staining was observed in 46% of the lung micrometastases of B16F10 melanoma cells. The staining was intensely positive on the invasive front of larger established metastasis nodules, but it was weak or heterogeneous inside the nodules. Heparanase expression in skin-infiltrating neutrophils was examined after inducing local inflammation with croton oil. The monoclonal antibody stained a significant portion of neutrophils inside and along the blood vessels, whereas it did not stain dermal neutrophils located distant from the vasculatures. The present study strongly suggests that both melanoma cells and neutrophils transiently express heparanase before and during the invasive process in vivo.     

重组BJ46a 蛋白抑制B16 细胞的体外侵袭及转移

目的 探讨蛇毒金属蛋白酶抑制剂BJ46a的抗肿瘤侵袭及转移作用. 方法 以蛇毒金属蛋白酶抑制剂BJ46a为目的基因,选择杆状病毒表达系统生产重组BJ46a蛋白,纯化并测定其生物学活性;利用Alamar blue法及Transwell小室分析法评价重组蛋白对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16体外生长、黏附、运动和侵袭能力的影响(n＝3). 结果 经ProBond亲和层析纯化出的重组BJ46a蛋白具有抑制基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)的活性;经重组BJ46a蛋白处理的B16 细胞穿过 Matrigel的细胞数明显低于对照组(P<0.01),抑制率为84.8%. 结论重组BJ46a蛋白能抑制B16细胞的侵袭转移.     

Notch ligand Delta-like 1 promotes the metastasis of melanoma by enhancing tumor adhesion

Notch signaling plays a vital role in tumorigenicity and tumor progression by regulating proliferation, invasion, and the tumor microenvironment. Previous research by our group indicated that Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1) is involved in angiogenesis in melanoma, and we noticed that it took a longer time to trypsinize Dll1-expressing B16 melanoma cells than the control cells. In this article, we extended our study to investigate the effects of Dll1 on tumor cell adhesion and metastasis. Dll1 overexpression activated Notch signaling in B16 tumor cells and significantly enhanced the adhering capacity of B16 tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. B16-Dll1 cells also had a higher metastatic potential than their counterpart in the mouse model of lung metastasis. Along with increased Dll1 expression, N-cadherin, but not E-cadherin, was upregulated in B16-Dll1 cells. These data suggested that Notch ligand Dll1 may enhance the adhesion and metastasis of melanoma cells by upregulation of N-cadherin.     

Effect of IL-2 and IL-6 on parameters related to metastatic activity in a murine melanoma.

Previous results have shown that the metastatic colonization with B16F10 melanoma in vivo increased after in vitro treatment of the cells with IL-2 or IL-6. To further investigate the mechanisms underlying this effect, we have studied adhesion, invasion, and proliferation properties of B16 melanoma, using two sublines with different metastatic ability. Adhesion of tumor cells to Matrigel coats increased using IL-6, which also induced upregulation of VLA-4 expression in both sublines. Unexpectedly, invasion through Matrigel filters was almost completely inhibited by IL-6 and decreased in the presence of IL-2. Cell growth was not affected by these interleukins; however, IL-6 could partially overcome the proliferation blockade induced by stress conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that upregulation of adhesion properties and/or the protective effect induced by IL-6 could account for the enhancement of metastasis exerted by this interleukin.     

Inhibition of experimental metastasis and cell adhesion of murine melanoma cells by chondroitin sulfate-derivatized lipid, a neoproteoglycan with anti-cell adhesion activity

Chondroitin sulfate dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (CS-PE), when immobilized onto substratum, inhibited the adhesion of B16F10 mouse melanoma cells to fibronectin-coated dishes (anti-adhesion activity). CS-PE showed the most potent anti-adhesion activity for the melanoma cells among various GAG-PEs. CS-PE also inhibited the adhesion of B16F10 cells to Matrigel and the invasion of the cells into Matrigel. In the in vivo system of experimental metastasis, administration of B16F10 cells with CS-PE into C57BL/6 mice significantly inhibited lung metastasis. The inhibition degree of CS or hyaluronic acid-PE was lower than CS-PE. CS-PE administered intravenously into mice before the injection of B16F10 cells also inhibited metastasis. Pretreatment of B16F10 cells with CS-PE caused some but a lower degree of inhibition. When CS-PE was injected intravenously into mice, more binding in the lung was found than when CS was injected. CS-PE but not CS inhibited the retention in the lung of fluorochrome-labeled B16F10 cells when injected intravenously into mice. Since there was no significant effect of CS-PE on the viability and growth of B16F10 cells, the results suggest that CS-PE immobilized onto the subendothelial matrix may prevent melanoma cells from adhering to the subendothelial substrata of lung capillaries and inhibit subsequent invasion processes of metastasis.     

Recombinant human prothrombin kringle-2 inhibits B16F10 melanoma metastasis through inhibition of neovascularization and reduction of matrix metalloproteinase expression

Angiogenesis, a multi-step process which involves endothelial cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and basement membrane (BM) degradation, is essential for tumor metastasis. Here we show that recombinant human prothrombin kringle-2 (rk-2) inhibited bovine capillary endothelial cell migration with an IC₅₀ (concentration for half maximal inhibition) of 38 nM and inhibited adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Because tumor metastasis requires angiogenesis, we examined whether rk-2 could inhibit metastases induced by injection of B16F10 melanoma cells into mice. The results revealed that the metastatic tumors in mouse lung were markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner and acute lung injury induced by B16F10 melanoma metastasis was diminished by systemic rk-2 treatment. In immunohistochemical analysis, rk-2 reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, which is a potent angiogenic activator and neovascularization in the mouse lung. Also, rk-2 diminished the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in the mouse lung which induces tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. These data suggest that inhibition of B16F10 melanoma metastasis by rk-2 was caused by inhibition of neovascularization and reduction of matrix metalloproteinase expression.     

小鼠眼内移植三种B16黑色素瘤细胞系的比较研究

目的:比较B16F0、B16F1、B16F103种黑色素瘤细胞系的细胞移植于该肿瘤细胞系来源的C57BL/6小鼠前房内的进展情况。方法:将此三种黑色素瘤细胞系培养后的活细胞悬液移植于C57BL/6小鼠前房内,观察并比较其眼球溃破时间、淋巴结和肺的转移及生存期。结果:F10组移植肿瘤眼眼球溃破时间早于另两组,而F0组与F1组间无差异。在鼠前房移植肿瘤细胞后的18d,F1组及F10组鼠出现移植肿瘤眼同侧的颈部淋巴结转移,而F0组未出现类似情况;在鼠前房移植肿瘤细胞后的28d,3组均出现肺转移。F0组小鼠生存时间长于另两组,而F1组与F10组间无差异。结论:3种黑色素瘤细胞系的细胞移植于小鼠前房内后进展不同,为进行眼黑色素瘤特性的实验研究选择适宜的细胞系提供了实验依据。     

Inhibition of experimental metastasis by targeting the HUIV26 cryptic epitope in collagen

Metastasis from the primary tumor to distant sites involves an array of molecules that function in an integrated manner. Proteolytic remodeling and subsequent tumor cell interactions with the extracellular matrix regulate tumor invasion. In previous studies, we have identified a cryptic epitope (HUIV26) that is specifically exposed after alterations in the triple helical structure of type IV collagen. Exposure of this cryptic epitope plays a fundamental role in the regulation of angiogenesis in vivo. However, little is known concerning the ability of tumor cells to interact with this cryptic site or whether this site regulates tumor cell metastasis in vivo. In this regard, many of the same cellular processes that regulate angiogenesis also contribute to tumor metastasis. Here we provide evidence that tumor cells such as B16F10 melanoma interact with denatured collagen type IV in part by recognizing the HUIV26 cryptic site. Systemic administration of a HUIV26 monoclonal antibody inhibited experimental metastasis of B16F10 melanoma in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that tumor cell interactions with the HUIV26 cryptic epitope play an important role in regulating experimental metastasis and that this cryptic element may represent a therapeutic target for controlling the spread of tumor cells to distant sites.     

可调控型反义基质金属蛋白酶9表达抑制人黑色素瘤细胞侵袭转移表型的研究

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9与肿瘤转移的相关性。方法 利用基因重组技术构建反义MMP—9 cDNA四环素可调控型表达载体,用脂质体法转染反义MMP—9至转移性人黑色素瘤细胞株WM451(高表达MMP—9)。检测转染后细胞MMP—9表达水平的改变以及体外生长、侵袭、裸鼠体内成瘤及自发转移能力的变化。结果 转染反义基因后,WM451细胞MMP—9的表达及活性明显下降,同时MMP—2的表达也受到一定抑制,细胞生长速度、体外侵袭能力及棵鼠体内成瘤性及自发转移能力均受到一定程度抑制;运用四环素可以抑制四环素负调控逆转录病毒载体上的外源基因的表达。结论 反义MMP—9基因下调MMP—9的表达,可使人黑色素细胞转移能力受到一定程度的抑制,说明MMP—9在人黑色素瘤细胞转移过程中起重要作用。同时,四环素负调控逆转录病毒载体可以调控外源基因的表达。     

Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate,YM529/ONO-5920, inhibits tumor metastasis in mouse melanoma through suppression of the Rho/ROCK pathway

The small GTPases of the Ras and Rho families are widely involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis. We recently showed that YM529/ONO-5920, a new developed bisphosphonate, inhibits the mevalonate pathway, is required for the prenylation of the small GTPases. In this study, we investigated whether YM529/ONO-5920 inhibits tumor cell migration, invasion, adhesion, and metastasis in B16BL6 cells, a mouse melanoma cell line. It was found that YM529/ONO-5920 significantly inhibited lung metastasis, cell migration, invasion, and adhesion at concentrations that did not show anti-proliferative effects on B16BL6 cells. YM529/ONO-5920 also inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and very late antigens (VLAs). Furthermore, YM529/ONO-5920 suppressed Rho activation, but not activation of Ras. The results indicate that YM529/ONO-5920 suppresses the Rho/ROCK pathways, thereby inhibiting B16BL6 cell migration, invasion, adhesion and metastasis. These findings suggest that YM529/ONO-5920 has potential clinical applications for the treatment of tumour cell metastasis.