经颈部切口全胸腺切除术13例

目的探讨经颈部切口的全胸腺切除术治疗前纵隔胸腺内小病灶的临床应用价值。方法2007年3月～2011年12月行经颈部切口全胸腺切除术13例,使用常规手术器械及头灯照明,经颈横切口从胸骨后间隙完整游离肿瘤及全胸腺并切除。结果1例因游离中发现侵犯左无名静脉中转胸骨正中切口切除肿瘤。12例经颈部切口全胸腺切除术平均手术时间48．1min（38—60min）,平均术中出血量45ml（30～50m1）,平均术后住院3．7d（2～7d）。1例术后第2天出现房颤,药物治疗后转窦性心率。13例均无手术相关性死亡。术后病理：MasaokaI期胸腺瘤2例,Ⅱ期胸腺瘤3例,Ⅲ期胸腺瘤1例,胸腺增生3例,胸腺脂肪瘤、胸腺囊肿、异位甲状旁腺囊肿、巨大淋巴结增生各1例。5例MasaokaI／Ⅱ期胸腺瘤术后均未行放化疗,随访3～57个月均存活,未见肿瘤复发;1例MasaokaⅢ期胸腺瘤术后放疗50Gy,随访14个月,无复发;胸腺增生3例术后症状均明显改善,随访14～28个月均完全缓解;其余4例良性胸腺肿瘤随访31—59个月,均存活,未见肿瘤复发。结论经颈部切口的全胸腺切除术治疗前纵隔胸腺内早期小病灶是安全可行的。对于合并胸腺内病变的早期重症肌无力患者及≤5cm的MasaokaI／Ⅱ期胸腺瘤患者的手术确切疗效有待于进一步病例数的积累。     

经颈胸腺及胸腺瘤切除术21例

目的探讨利用自制改良经颈胸腺手术牵开器开展经颈切口胸腺及胸腺瘤切除术的效果。方法回顾性分析同济大学附属上海市肺科医院2010年2月至2011年6月21例患者的临床资料,其中男10例,女u例;年龄14～69岁,术前临床诊断均为胸腺瘤。所有患者均在全身麻醉下经颈切口行胸腺及胸腺瘤切除术,术中利用自制改良胸腺手术牵开器向上牵开胸骨,扩大前纵隔手术操作空间,确保经颈部切口可施行胸腺及胸腺瘤的完整切除。结果21例患者手术均成功。手术时间l～2h,术中出血量30～50ml,平均术后引流量20ml,住院时间2～4d。21例患者均在术后第2d拔除颈部引流管。21例患者术后病理诊断为胸腺瘤12例（2例伴重症肌无力）,重症肌无力l例（不伴胸腺瘤）,胸腺增生4例,胸腺囊肿3例,胸腺脂肪瘤1例。患者术后无并发症,无切口疼痛主诉,咳嗽、胸闷及眼睑下垂等症状较术前明显缓解。结论利用自制改良胸腺手术牵开器行经颈胸腺及胸腺瘤切除术,术中切口湿露好,肿瘤、胸腺及周围脂肪组织切除彻底,术后并发症少,患者疼痛感轻,切口美观,手术效果良好。     

胸腺瘤切除术后发生重症肌无力的危险因素分析

目的探讨胸腺瘤切除术后发生重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)患者的危险因素。方法回顾性分析新疆医科大学第一附属医院2002年6月至2015年5月行胸腺肿瘤切除术126例患者的临床资料,其中男51例、女7 5例,年龄31~73(51.71±14.06)岁。所有患者术前均无MG,术后病理确诊为胸腺瘤。分析患者术后发生MG的相关因素。结果 9例患者术后出现MG(7.1%)。不完整切除(P=0.024)、病理类型(P=0.048)、合并免疫疾病(P=0.024)、术后肺部感染(P=0.036)为术后发生MG的危险因素,术中未能完整切除者或侵袭性胸腺瘤术后放化疗(P=0.011)可降低术后MG的发生风险。结论肿瘤不完整切除、WHO病理分型A型和AB型、伴随免疫疾病、术后肺部感染患者行胸腺瘤切除术后易发生MG,术中未能完整切除者或侵袭性胸腺瘤术后应行放化疗。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗胸腺疾病58例

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术治疗胸腺疾病的方法和价值。方法 1994年7月～2010年7月,完全胸腔镜下或胸腔镜辅助小切口完整切除胸腺、胸腺瘤和胸腺囊肿58例：完全胸腔镜下切除33例,其中胸腺瘤切除8例,全胸腺切除7例,全胸腺切除纵隔脂肪清扫3例,胸腺囊肿切除15例;胸腔镜辅助小切口下切除25例,其中胸腺瘤切除9例,全胸腺切除14例,全胸腺切除纵隔脂肪清扫2例。结果 58例均在完全胸腔镜或胸腔镜辅助小切口下完成切除,无并发症。完全胸腔镜下切除33例,手术时间70～90 min,平均80 min;胸腔镜辅助小切口下切除25例,手术时间55～70 min,平均65 min。无中转开胸。术中出血50～100 ml,平均60 ml。术后留置胸腔闭式引流3～5 d,平均4 d。术后住院5～9 d,平均7 d。术后病理诊断：胸腺瘤34例,胸腺增生6例,胸腺囊肿15例,胸腺脂肪瘤3例。48例随访1～5年,其中〈2年19例,2～5年29例,均无复发。结论电视胸腔镜手术切除胸腺瘤和胸腺囊肿安全可靠,切除彻底,具有微创、恢复快及并发症少的特点。     

Ⅲ期、Ⅳa期恶性胸腺瘤患者外科手术及综合治疗的临床疗效观察

目的：观察Ⅲ期、Ⅳa期恶性胸腺瘤外科手术及术后综合治疗的疗效。方法：回顾分析12例Ⅲ期、Ⅳa期的恶性胸腺瘤患者的临床资料,其中Ⅲ期9例,Ⅳa期3例。肿瘤均侵及周围脏器及大血管如上腔静脉、无名静脉、主动脉、心包、膈神经及肺组织等。所有患者术中均行肿瘤大部切除,术后行放疗及化疗。放疗总剂量50～60Gy,化疗采用以顺铂为基础的联合化疗方案。随访时间8年。结果：12例均行肿瘤大部切除。术后病理均为恶性胸腺瘤,其中B2型4例,B3型6例,C型2例。随访：12例均存活超过1年,其中8例超过3年,4例超过5年,3例超过8年。结论：外科手术及术后综合治疗对于Ⅲ期、Ⅳa期恶性胸腺瘤患者是安全,有效的治疗方法。     

原发性腹膜后巨大肿瘤切除术中大血管的处理

目的　通过回顾性地研究近 15年手术切除原发性腹膜后巨大肿瘤的经验 ,总结术中大血管的处理方法和技巧对预后及术后并发症的影响。方法　对近 15年完整切除的 5 6例原发性腹膜后巨大肿瘤术中处理过程进行归纳分析 ,总结肿瘤生长部位对腹腔大血管处理的影响和处理受累大血管的技巧。结果　累及左、中、右和左右腹部的原发性腹膜后巨大肿瘤的切除率分别为 87.5 %、35 .7%、5 2 .2 %和 2 6 .7%。结扎切断脾血管 2 3例次 ,修补大血管 14例次。 4例次为意外紧急处理 ,其余均为预防性程序性处理 ;术后死亡 1例。血管修补组与同期血管壁残瘤组 2 8例比较 ,2年复发率分别为 14.3%和 5 3.6 % ,差异显著 ,P <0 .0 1。结论　对于累及腹腔大血管的原发性腹膜后巨大肿瘤 ,左侧大血管较易处理 ,手术切除率明显高于右侧 ;仔细结扎切断脾血管和预防性地切除受累大血管壁再行修补血管是保证手术安全性、提高腹膜后巨大肿瘤切除率、减少复发率的重要操作步骤。     

胸腺瘤的外科治疗

目的 总结胸腺瘤的外科治疗经验，以提高手术疗效。方法 102例胸腺瘤患者按Masaoka法分期：Ⅰ期28例，Ⅱ期43例，Ⅲ期26例，Ⅳ期5例。所有患者均采用胸部正中切口和胸前外侧切口进行手术。完整摘除胸腺瘤85例，姑息性切除肿瘤17例。结果 1例胸腺瘤合并冠心病心房颤动患者术后死于心力衰竭。随访101例，随访时间1个月～10年，以寿命表法统计生存率，其Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期非侵袭性胸腺瘤患者的1年、3年、5年和10年生存率分别为97％、90％、84％和57％，Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期侵袭性胸腺瘤的1年、3年、5年和10年生存率分别为87％、74％、71％和23％。结论胸腺瘤为低度恶性肿瘤，积极手术切除肿瘤。可缓解症状、延长生存时间；肿瘤的Masaoka分期与其预后有关。     

六例腹膜后肿瘤术中大出血的治疗体会

我院 1988～ 2 0 0 0年共行腹膜后肿瘤切除术 2 1例 ,其中 6例发生术中大出血 ,现将治疗体会报告如下。临床资料 :本组男 4例 ,女 2例。年龄 7～ 6 8岁。术后病理报告为腹膜后恶性肿瘤 5例 ,良性 1例。瘤体重量90 0～ 32 0 0 ｇ ,术中出血量10 0 0～ 5 0 0 0ｍｌ。讨论 :由于腹膜后间隙较大而又深在隐蔽 ,致使大多数患者在获得临床诊断时 ,肿瘤已较大 ,且常浸润大血管或与腹膜后大血管粘连 ,术中极易发生大出血。出血原因主要有 :大血管损伤、骶前出血、肿瘤残面及瘤床出血。我们体会 :除做好充分的术前准备 ,备足血液外 ,还应针对不同的出…     

胸腔镜胸腺切除术的进展

正重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)是主要累及神经肌肉接头突触后膜上乙酰胆碱受体(acetylcholine receptor,AchR)的自身免疫性疾病,胸腺切除是重症肌无力较为有效的治疗方法。传统的手术方法为经胸骨正中切口扩大胸腺切除术,术野显露清楚,操作简单,能完成包括胸腺、胸腺瘤及前纵隔所有脂肪组织的完整切除,清除胸腺和脂肪     

原发性腹膜后肿瘤手术处理的探讨

原发性腹膜后肿瘤仍以手术切除为主要治疗手段.然而,由于腹膜后间隙较大,肿瘤往往生长到较大才出现症状而确诊.巨大的肿瘤可使腹腔与腹膜后的解剖位置面貌全非,而且恶性度高,浸润范围广,一旦累及相邻脏器或包绕大血管时,常给手术带来严重困难.本文结合1967～1990年本院收治的61例原发性腹膜后肿瘤,就其手术处理和经验教训进行讨论.认为原则上应作肿瘤全切除,如浸润范围不太大,肿瘤又尚未固定,可将肿瘤与受累脏器一并切除.不能完整切除的可作包膜内肿瘤切除.对无完整包膜且浸润亦深的高度恶性的腹膜后肿瘤,原则上应作整块切除加淋巴结清扫,如已广泛浸润固定不能整块切除,可做肿瘤部分切除或活检,了解病理类型,以利术后进行化疗和放疗。对术后复发者,争取再次或多次手术.     

Right extrapleural pneumonectomy for malignant mesothelioma via median sternotomy or thoracotomy? Short- and long-term results.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the short- and long-term results of right extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MM) via median sternotomy or thoracotomy. METHODS: We analysed the results of EPP in consecutive patients with early stage MM undergoing a radical surgery protocol for MM over a 7-year period. Initially thoracotomy, but later median sternotomy, was the incision of choice for right-sided tumours. The effects of the change of approach on perioperative course and survival were analysed. RESULTS: EPP was performed in 105 patients (50 left thoracotomy, 22 right thoracotomy, 28 sternotomy, 5 combined sternotomy and right thoracotomy). Operation time was faster with median sternotomy than right thoracotomy (p=0.008). Right thoracotomy was associated with higher epidural infusion volume in the first 3 days than median sternotomy (p<0.001). There were fewer postoperative complications in the sternotomy group (p=0.05). There were no differences in pathological stage, completeness of resection or duration of postoperative stay. Median survival following left thoracotomy, right thoracotomy and median sternotomy was 18.3, 8.5 and 17.7 months, respectively (p=0.02). Planned neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy was more common following median sternotomy than right thoracotomy (p=0.01). However, compared with the left thoracotomy and sternotomy groups, right EPP performed via thoracotomy was an independent predictor of poor prognosis (hazard ratio 2.3 (95% confidence intervals, CI 1.3-4.1), p=0.02). No wound complications or tumour recurrence have been observed following median sternotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Median sternotomy should be considered as an alternative approach to thoracotomy for right EPP.     

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤54例治疗分析

目的探讨原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的治疗选择。方法回顾分析54例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果恶性肿瘤主要表现为皮肤巩膜黄染、腹痛、十二指肠梗阻和上消化道出血。各种检查方法的诊断正确率分别为：内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影92．8％、消化道气钡造影70．8％、胃镜50％、CT21．9％、MRI21．4％。能判断部位者肿瘤分布为十二指肠球部1例、降部45例,水平部3例,升部0例。恶性肿瘤行手术治疗48例,胰十二指肠切除术31例,胰十二指肠切除术加肠系膜上静脉部分切除术1例,局部根治性十二指肠肠段切除6例,姑息性十二指肠部分切除术1例,肠壁楔形切除术3例。胆肠内引流或／和胃空肠吻合5例,空肠造痿术1例。辅助化疗13例。总体5年生存率45．4％,3年45．4％,1年63．2％。根治手术组和姑息手术组的中位生存期分别为24、10个月,术后化疗组中位生存期38个月,无辅助治疗组中位生存期16个月,但各组比较生存期差异无显著意义。胰十二指肠切除术与局部根治性肠段切除术二组生存期比较差异无显著意义。多因素回归分析淋巴结转移、肿瘤大小、肿瘤深度、脉管癌栓、病理类型、手术方法与生存时间的相关性,只有脉管内癌栓与生存期相关。结论十二指肠恶性肿瘤的治疗以胰十二指肠切除术和局部根治性十二指肠肠段切除术为主,姑息的捷径手术可延长生存期和生存质量,提倡术后辅助治疗。     

Surgical treatment of stage III and IV thymoma

During past 15 years, 39 cases of thymoma were underwent surgical intervention. In these cases, invasive type, so called stage III and IV in Masaoka's classification were 19 cases. This report documents the results of extended operation in 19 patients treated for malignant thymoma. All patients had neoplasm which invaded adjacent structures; superior vena cava, pericardium, and lung. Eight patients had disseminated lesions in the pleural or pericardial cavities. All patients were underwent surgical exploration through median sternotomy (18 patients) or left thoracotomy (1 patient). Our surgical management to malignant thymoma is to have complete resection, even if tumor invades the great veins. Of 8 patients, superior vena cava and left innominate vein were resected with tumor and reconstructed with ringed PTFE. Mediastinal pleura and pericardium should be widely opened and intrapericardial or intrapleural disseminated lesions should be removed as far as possible. Malignant thymoma could be resected completely applying technique of vascular surgery. Good results were expected when tumor was resected with invading adjacent structures completely. Reoperation to the recurrent tumor is also important.     

Cystic lesion of the thymus. An occasionally malignant cervical and/or anterior mediastinal mass

Between 1965 and 1982, we treated 46 patients with cystic lesions of the thymus. Thirty patients had anterior mediastinal cysts, nine had cysts which were large enough to be both cervical and mediastinal, and seven had cervical cysts. The majority (40/46) presented with asymptomatic masses. Six patients presented with distinct complaints: dysphagia (four patients), hoarseness owing to vocal cord paralysis (one patient), and cervical pain (one patient). All six had benign thymic cysts. The diagnosis of a cystic mass was established prior to operation by ultrasonography and computed axial tomography in our last three patients. These two techniques delineated the capsule and the central fluid in those three cases. All 46 patients had the mass resected without mortality or significant morbidity, except for resection of the phrenic nerve in one patient with malignant cystic thymoma. Cervical cysts were excised through cervical incisions. Cysts located in the anterior mediastinum and cervical-mediastinal cysts required median sternotomy or right thoracotomy for successful resection. Pathological examination showed that 39 patients had benign thymic cysts, three had benign cystic thymoma, two had malignant thymoma, one had a seminoma arising in the thymus, and one had a lymphoblastoma. We believe that a cystic thymic mass which can be detected by ultrasonography and computed tomography, although usually benign, does not eliminate the possibility of malignancy, and resection, therefore, is indicated.     

胃幽门窦癌浸润胰头联合胰十二指肠切除43例临床分析

目的探讨胃幽门窦癌浸润胰头时的手术方法。方法回顾性分析1984年6月至2004年6月收治的采用胰十二指肠切除术(PD)治疗的胃癌侵及胰头43例临床资料。结果无手术死亡。19例根治手术中联合胰十二指肠切除术15例,胰头局部切除4例;姑息切除17例;探查及胃空肠吻合7例。术后并发症发生率:PD术后为33%(5/15),胰头部分切除为25%(1/4),姑息切除为18%(3/17),探查活检为14%(1/7)。组间差异无显著性意义(P>0·05)。随访:中位生存时间PD为26个月(12~156个月),胰头部分切除为23个月(14~73个月),姑息切除为8个月(3~37个月),探查及胃空肠吻合为3个月(1·5~9·0个月)。联合PD和胰头部分切除的生存期明显长于姑息切除和探查及胃空肠吻合组(P<0·01)。结论胃幽门窦癌联合PD或胰头局部切除能够提高病人的生存期,手术指征选择恰当和肿瘤的彻底根治是取得良好临床效果的关键。     

Surgical approach in thymectomy: Our experience and review of the literature

AimThymectomy is the main treatment for thymoma and patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). The traditional approach is through a median sternotomy, but, recently, thymectomy through minimally invasive approaches is increasingly performed. Our purpose is an analysis and discussion of the clinical presentation, the diagnostic procedures and the surgical technique. We also consider post-operative complications and results, over a period of 5 years (May 2011–June 2016), in thymic masses admitted in our Thoracic Surgery Unit.MethodsWe analyzed 8 patients who underwent surgical treatment for thymic masses over a period of 5 years. 6 patients (75%) had thymoma, 2 patients (25%) had thymic carcinomas. 2 patients with thymoma (33%) had myasthenia gravis. We performed a complete surgical resection with median sternotomy as standard approach.ResultsOne patient (12%) died in the postoperative period. The histological study revealed 6 (75%) thymoma and 2 (25%) thymic carcinomas. Post-operative morbidity occurred in 2 patients (25%) and were: pneumonia in 1 case (12%), atrial fibrillation and pleural effusion in 2 patients (25%). One patient with thymoma type A recurred at skeletal muscle 2-years after surgery.ConclusionsThymic malignancies are rare tumors. Surgical resection is the main treatment, but a multimodal approach is useful for many patients. Radical thymectomy is completed removing all the soft tissue in the anterior mediastinum between the two phrenic nerves and this is the most important factor in controlling myasthenia and influencing survival in patients with thymoma. Open (median sternotomy) approach has been the standard approach for thymectomy for the better visualization of the anatomical structures. Actually, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) thymectomy and robotic video-assisted thoracoscopic (R-VATS) approach versus open surgery has an equal if not superior oncological efficacy, better perioperative complications and survival outcomes.     

经骶尾、腹腔联合切除治疗直肠癌前切除术后局部复发

目的探讨直肠癌前切除术后局部复发病例的再手术治疗成绩并其临床意义。方法对1999年1月至2004年1月间43例直肠癌前切除术后局部复发再手术病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果手术采用折刀体位,经骶尾、腹腔联合切除术式,43例中27例行根治性切除术,16例行姑息性切除术,根治性切除组的术后3年、5年生存率分别为59.3%、48.1%,明显高于姑息性切除组的25%、18.8%（P〈0.05）。结论经骶尾、腹腔施行直肠癌前切除术是治疗直肠癌切除术后肿瘤局部复发的有效方法。     

残胃复发癌的再手术治疗

目的探讨残胃局部复发癌再手术治疗的临床意义。方法回顾性分析我院 1986～2 0 0 1年间收治的 5 1例残胃局部复发癌的临床资料。结果本组 5 1例中 ,复发局限于残胃者 31例 ,伴有转移的复发 2 0例。行根治性切除术 2 7例 ( 5 3% ) ,其中 16例行联合脏器切除术 ;行姑息性残胃全切术 3例 ,胃肠吻合、造口术 15例 ;单纯剖腹探查术 6例。 30例切除术后病理检查报告 :吻合口周围复发 10例 ,残胃复发癌 2 0例。根治性切除组术后 1、3、5年生存率分别为 88%、5 8%、19%。姑息性手术及综合治疗组的生存时间为 6～ 2 4个月 ,中位生存期为 16个月 ;单纯剖腹探查及腹腔化疗组均于 2～ 7个月内死亡。结论残胃局部复发癌以残胃、吻合口局部复发为主 ,具有较高的切除率 ,应积极行再手术治疗     

胃癌累及胰腺的外科治疗与预后(附120例报告)

目的探讨胃癌累及胰腺的外科治疗方法与预后的关系。方法回顾性分析我院1984年6月～2003年10月手术治疗累及胰腺的胃癌120例。结果本组120例中,根治切除组41例,姑息切除组23例,未切除组56例。根治组41例中经病理证实胰腺有癌细胞浸润者30例,占73.2%,淋巴结转移率为85.4%。其中No10、11淋巴结转移率为73.1%。术后102例得到随访,随访率为85%,1、3、5年的生存率分别为:根治切除组为73%、37%、17%,姑息切除组为22%、9%、4%,未切除组为9%、2%、0%。根治切除组1,3年生存率明显高于姑息性切除组和未切除组(P<0.05),5年生存率明显高于未切除组(P<0.01),但与姑息性切除组无显著性差异。姑息性切除组和未切除组1、3年生存率无显著性差异,但5年生存率明显高于未切除组(P<0.01)。结论胃癌累及胰腺的根治切除可提高1,3年生存率,选择合适的适应征是关键。姑息切除有助于改善生存质量,对改善预后意义不大。     

Anterolateral thoracotomy as an alternative to repeat median sternotomy for replacement of the mitral valve

Median sternotomy is the most common approach for repeat cardiac surgery despite the potential complications of cardiac injury. Right anterolateral thoracotomy has been recommended as an alternative for patients undergoing mitral valve replacement, but data supporting one approach over the other do not exist. To compare these procedures, the records of 43 patients who had had a previous median sternotomy and who underwent mitral valve replacement were reviewed. No statistically significant differences between patients undergoing repeat median sternotomy (33 patients) and those undergoing right anterolateral thoracotomy (10 patients) were demonstrable when compared for age, gender, New York Heart Association Functional Class, other diseased valves, urgency of operation, indication for operation, type of valve removed, type of valve implanted, length of postoperative hospitalization, length of operation, days of ventilatory support, length of intensive care unit stay, and survival (90% for thoracotomy group; 76% for median sternotomy group; p, NS). Significant differences between the two groups, favoring right anterolateral thoracotomy, were apparent when comparisons were made for length of perfusion (means, 94.8 min, thoracotomy group; 121.4 min, sternotomy group; p = .03), incidence of reexploration (0%, thoracotomy group; 13%, sternotomy group; p = .001), and blood transfusion (means, 5.3 units, thoracotomy group; 11.4 units, sternotomy group; p = .003). Right anterolateral thoracotomy is an effective alternative to repeat median sternotomy for replacement of the mitral valve in patients who have had a previous median sternotomy.