化妆品中白色念珠菌的鉴定和检测

白色念珠菌为念珠菌属中最常见的致病苗。由念珠菌所引起的疾病统称念珠菌病。念珠菌病不但皮肤、粘膜、甲受侵，而且胃肠道粘膜、气管、肺、心内膜和脑膜也可受侵。我国已有不少报告。近年来该病发病率不断增加，对人类危害性较大，为现代真菌学上较难研究的课题之一。 我国目     

手术后深部白色念珠菌感染的临床分析

目的探讨外科手术后的患者并发深部白色念珠菌感染的危险因素、诊断及治疗。方法收集２２例手术后并发深部念珠菌病患者，其中念珠菌性败血症６例。分析易引起术后念珠菌感染的危险因素。结果第三代头孢菌素的长时间应用和术后各种并发症存在是主要危险因素。诊断的关键是对该病的警惕和认识。治疗上提出积极治疗原发病和术后其它合并症与抗真菌药物的应用同样重要。结论氟康唑对术后深部白色念珠菌病包括念珠菌性败血症的治疗效果确切，副作用少，应早期、大剂量使用。     

白色念珠菌在呼吸道中致病性的研究

目的了解呼吸道标本中白色念珠菌的致病性并评价其分离的临床意义.方法对我院2000年1月～2001年8月100株呼吸道分离的白色念珠菌进行蛋白酶测定,并从蛋白酶活力高、中、低中分别选2株作血管内皮细胞细胞毒力、粘附性测定.结果 100株白色念珠菌全部检出蛋白酶,其中蛋白酶活力高的71株占71%;中等18株占18%;低的11株占11%;细胞毒力试验表明蛋白酶活力越高、细胞毒性越强、蛋白酶活力与毒力直接正相关(r=0.9946,P<0.01);细胞粘附试验表明蛋白酶活力越高、粘附能力越强、蛋白酶活力与粘附直接正相关(r=0.9944,P<0.01).结论蛋白酶是白色念珠菌重要的毒力因子,蛋白酶活力可直接反映其毒力,蛋白酶活力与其粘附直接相关,呼吸道标本中白色念珠菌具有一定的致病性,临床应密切关注.     

65株白色念珠菌的分离鉴定及药敏结果分析

目的了解白色念珠菌的分布状况和对9种常用抗真菌药物的敏感性,为临床用药提供参考.方法真菌的分离按照<全国临床检验操作规程>中有关酵母样菌的要求进行,其中白色念珠菌的鉴定和药物敏感试验采用珠海黑马BACT-IST微生物分析系统.结果白色念珠菌在老年病人中分离率高达84.5%,在9种抗真菌药物中,对氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、制霉菌素和氟康唑的敏感率均在90%以上;伊曲康唑和克霉唑次之,敏感率分别为82.9%和80.4%;益康唑的作用最差,敏感率仅有56.9%,耐药率高达26.2%.结论白色念珠菌对常用抗真菌药物有不同程度的耐药性,治疗时应选择敏感的药物,防止耐药性扩散.     

血链球菌对白色念珠菌临床分离株的抑制作用研究

目的研究在体外培养条件下,血链球菌对白色念珠菌临床分离株的拮抗作用。方法对白色念珠菌临床分离株和血链球菌进行定量混合培养,以白色念珠菌临床株单独培养为实验对照,于培养12、24、36、48、72h取样。血细胞计数板计数并分析血链球菌对白色念珠菌的生长抑制情况。结果在混合培养组中,每个时间点取样的白色念珠菌生长均受到了明显抑制（P〈0．05）。结论血链球菌对白色念珠菌临床分离株的生长有拮抗作用。     

重症监护病房非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的比较

目的 研究重症监护病房(ICU)患者非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的差异.方法 回顾性分析2003年2月至2009年4月ICU获得性念珠菌感染患者103例,其中非白色念珠菌感染46例,白色念珠菌感染57例,对其多个危险因素进行统计学分析.结果 非白色念珠菌中,光滑念珠菌19例(18.4%),近平滑念珠菌13例(12.6%),热带念珠菌10例(9.7%),克柔念珠菌2例(1.9%),其他念珠菌2例(1.9%).经Logistic多因素回归分析发现,中心静脉导管(CVC)留置>2 d(OR=32.477,95%可信区间:4.905～215.035,P=0.000)、全胃肠外营养(OR=3.119,95%可信区间:1.214～8.015,P=0.018)和氟康唑预防治疗(OR=5.084,95%可信区间:1.319～19.596,P=0.018)与非白色念珠菌感染密切相关.结论 CVC留置>2 d、全胃肠外营养和氟康唑预防治疗是非白色念珠菌感染的独立危险因素,可用于指导经验性抗真菌治疗的药物选择.     

重症监护病房非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的比较

目的 研究重症监护病房(ICU)患者非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的差异.方法 回顾性分析2003年2月至2009年4月ICU获得性念珠菌感染患者103例,其中非白色念珠菌感染46例,白色念珠菌感染57例,对其多个危险因素进行统计学分析.结果 非白色念珠菌中,光滑念珠菌19例(18.4%),近平滑念珠菌13例(12.6%),热带念珠菌10例(9.7%),克柔念珠菌2例(1.9%),其他念珠菌2例(1.9%).经Logistic多因素回归分析发现,中心静脉导管(CVC)留置>2 d(OR=32.477,95%可信区间:4.905～215.035,P=0.000)、全胃肠外营养(OR=3.119,95%可信区间:1.214～8.015,P=0.018)和氟康唑预防治疗(OR=5.084,95%可信区间:1.319～19.596,P=0.018)与非白色念珠菌感染密切相关.结论 CVC留置>2 d、全胃肠外营养和氟康唑预防治疗是非白色念珠菌感染的独立危险因素,可用于指导经验性抗真菌治疗的药物选择.     

白色念珠菌胃癌株的生物学特征

研究分离自胃癌患者（口腔及肿瘤组织）的白色念珠菌的某些特征。结果表明:这些菌株对小鼠毒力（腹腔注射）和在体内（经脑内感染）的侵袭扩散能力明显增强,对人口腔粘膜细胞的粘附能力及胞外蛋白酶分泌与酶活力明显高于正常人口腔白色念珠菌,其差异有显著性（P<0.01）。并对二性霉素B表现了明显抗药性（MIC>0.5μg/ml）。综上,白色念珠菌胃癌株对宿主的病理学意义是肯定的。     

重症监护病房非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的比较

目的 研究重症监护病房(ICU)患者非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的差异.方法 回顾性分析2003年2月至2009年4月ICU获得性念珠菌感染患者103例,其中非白色念珠菌感染46例,白色念珠菌感染57例,对其多个危险因素进行统计学分析.结果 非白色念珠菌中,光滑念珠菌19例(18.4%),近平滑念珠菌13例(12.6%),热带念珠菌10例(9.7%),克柔念珠菌2例(1.9%),其他念珠菌2例(1.9%).经Logistic多因素回归分析发现,中心静脉导管(CVC)留置>2 d(OR=32.477,95%可信区间:4.905～215.035,P=0.000)、全胃肠外营养(OR=3.119,95%可信区间:1.214～8.015,P=0.018)和氟康唑预防治疗(OR=5.084,95%可信区间:1.319～19.596,P=0.018)与非白色念珠菌感染密切相关.结论 CVC留置>2 d、全胃肠外营养和氟康唑预防治疗是非白色念珠菌感染的独立危险因素,可用于指导经验性抗真菌治疗的药物选择.     

白色念珠菌对临床常用抗真菌药物的耐药性分析

[目的]了解白色念珠菌对临床常用抗真菌药物的耐药性。[方法]按照美国临床实验室标准委员会(CLSI)推荐的酵母菌纸片扩散法敏感试验指南,对临床分离的852株白色念珠菌进行抗真菌药物的耐药性测定。[结果]852株白色念珠菌对两性霉素B、制霉菌素耐药率最低,分别为7.2%和12.6%,对伊曲康唑耐药率最高为78.5%;念珠菌常见临床感染部位为呼吸道,其次为尿道。[结论]白色念珠菌对常用抗真菌药物存在不同程度的耐药率,对送检标本及时进行真菌培养和药敏试验,合理使用抗生素和抗真菌药,减少多重耐药和深部真菌感染的发生。     

The Burden of Early Childhood Caries in Children under 5 Years Old in the European Union and Associated Risk Factors: An Ecological Study

The associations among early childhood caries (ECC), socioeconomic status, and sugar consumption are of the utmost importance, due to their potential policy implications. The purpose of this study was to identify trends in ECC burden in children under 5 years old among European Union (EU) member states over time and to evaluate the relationship with its risk factors. Global Burden of Disease 2019 data were analyzed to estimate the burden of ECC over time, specifically incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for children under 5 years old. Four ecological variables with a potential effect on YLDs for ECC were used to investigate the association between 2014 and 2017. The YLDs rate was consistently higher among Eastern EU countries over time. Univariate models showed a positive significant association between at-risk-of-poverty rate and YLDs rate, while GDP per capita and urbanization were inversely associated with YLDs rate. In the multivariate analysis, sugar consumption, GDP per capita and urbanization showed significant association with YLDs rate. After stratification by region, association remained significant only in the Eastern EU countries between GDP, urbanization, and YLDs rate, while sugar consumption and at-risk-of-poverty rate had no significant impact on YLDs rates. This study found increasing ECC burden in the EU. The complexity of the problem indicates the need for innovative and personalized policy approaches to tackle the disease.     

The Effect of Medicaid Primary Care Provider Reimbursement on Access to Early Childhood Caries Preventive Services

Objective

To examine receipt of early childhood caries preventive services (ECCPS) in two states'' Medicaid programs before and after the implementation of reimbursement to medical primary care providers (M-PCPs).

Data Sources

Enrollment and claims data from the Florida and Texas Medicaid programs for children ≤54 months of age during the period 2006–2010.

Study Design

We conducted time trend-adjusted, difference-in-differences analyses by using modified Poisson regressions combined with generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to analyze the effect of M-PCP reimbursement on the likelihood that an enrollee had an ECCPS visit after controlling for age, sex, health status, race/ethnicity, geographic location, and enrollment duration.

Data Extraction Methods

Enrollment data were linked to claims data to create a panel dataset with child-month observations.

Principal Findings

Reimbursement to M-PCPs was associated with an increased likelihood of ECCPS receipt in general and topical fluoride application specifically in both states.

Conclusions

Reimbursement to M-PCPs can increase access to ECCPS. However, ECCPS receipt continues to fall short of recommended care, presenting opportunities for performance improvement.     

Food Security Status,WIC Participation,and Early Childhood Caries in a Nationally Representative Sample of Children

BackgroundDespite the potential role of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in mitigating the adverse effects of food insecurity on oral health, to our knowledge, no study has examined whether WIC participation could modify the association between food insecurity with caries in young children.ObjectiveOur aim was to investigate the impact of WIC participation in modifying the association between food insecurity and early childhood caries.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.Participants/settingUsing 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, children aged 2 through 5 years; with household income ≤185% of the Federal Poverty Level; and with data on WIC participation, food security, and dental examinations were included (n = 1,921).Study exposuresFood-security status and WIC participation were the study exposures.Main outcome measuresTotal and untreated dental caries were the main outcome measures.Statistical analysesLogistic regression examined associations of food security (household-level and child-level) and WIC participation with odds of caries. Interactions between food security and WIC participation were examined using multiplicative interaction terms.ResultsMarginal child food security was significantly related to higher odds of total caries in income-eligible WIC nonparticipants (odds ratio 1.92; 95% CI 1.07 to 3.46); however, this relationship was not observed in WIC participants. Furthermore, food insecurity was significantly associated with greater odds of untreated caries only among income-eligible WIC nonparticipants (odds ratio 1.79; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.85).ConclusionsIn this sample of preschool-aged children, the relationship of food insecurity with caries differed by WIC participation status. Findings suggest that WIC participation could improve the oral health of income-eligible children with lower levels of food security.     

Impact of Dietary Trajectories on Obesity and Dental Caries in Preschool Children: Findings from the Healthy Smiles Healthy Kids Study

This study examines the impact of longitudinal dietary trajectories on obesity and early childhood caries (ECC) in preschool children in Australia. Mother–infant dyads from the Healthy Smiles Healthy Kids study were interviewed at 4 and 8 months, and 1, 2, and 3 years of age. Children underwent anthropometric and oral health assessments between 3 and 4 years of age. Multivariable logistic regression and negative binomial regression analysis were performed for the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and the number of tooth surfaces with dental caries, respectively. The intake of core, discretionary, and sugary foods showed distinct quadratic (n = 3) trajectories with age. The prevalence of overweight or obesity was 10% (n = 72) and that of early childhood caries (ECC) was 33% (mean decayed, missing, and filled tooth surfaces (dmfs) score: 1.96). Children with the highest trajectories of discretionary foods intake were more likely to be overweight or obese (adjusted OR: 2.51, 95 %CI: 1.16–5.42). Continued breastfeeding beyond 12 months was associated with higher dmfs scores (adjusted IRR: 2.17, 95 %CI: 1.27–3.73). Highest socioeconomic disadvantage was the most significant determinant for overweight or obesity (adjusted OR: 2.86, 95 %CI: 1.11–7.34) and ECC (adjusted IRR: 2.71, 95 %CI: 1.48–4.97). Targeted health promotion interventions should be designed to prevent the incidence of two highly prevalent conditions in preschool children.     

Vitamin D Supplementation,Characteristics of Mastication,and Parent-Supervised Toothbrushing as Crucial Factors in the Prevention of Caries in 12- to 36-Month-Old Children

Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), defined as any sign of smooth-surface caries in a child younger than three years of age, remains a serious health issue. The aim of this study was to indicate oral health behaviours related to S-ECC. The study surveyed parents (socio-economic and medical factors, oral health behaviours) and clinically examined children including non-cavitated d1,2/cavitated d ≥ 3 lesions. %S-ECC, and caries indices (d1,2 d ≥ 3 mft and d1,2 d ≥ 3 mfs) were calculated. Spearman’s correlation and simple and multiple logistic regression were used to assess the relationships between various factors and S-ECC. A total of 496 children were examined. S-ECC occurred in 44.8%: d1,2 d ≥ 3 mft = 2.62 ± 3.88, d1,2 d ≥ 3 mfs = 4.46 ± 8.42. S-ECC was correlated with socio-economic factors, vitamin D supplementation, breastfeeding and using formula after the 18th month, and toothbrushing. Supplementation of vitamin D and toothbrushing tended to decrease the odds of S-ECC (OR = 0.49 (0.27–0.87); p = 0.016, OR = 0.46 (0.24–0.86) p = 0.015, respectively). Feeding exclusively with formula was observed to increase the odds of S-ECC (OR = 2.20 (1.29–3.76); p = 0.004). Consuming > three snacks daily (OR = 1.39 (0.97–1.98); p = 0.072) and the reluctance to eat resilient foods (OR = 1.63 (1.05–2.51); p = 0.028) were nullified by the confounding factors. Vitamin D supplementation, mastication of resilient food, breastfeeding in the first six months of a baby’s life, and parent-supervised toothbrushing are factors in the prevention of caries in toddlers. Breast- and bottle-feeding after the 18th month of life, the reluctance to eat solids, lack of vitamin D supplementation, hygienic neglect, and delay in introducing oral health behaviours may contribute to the development of caries in toddlers.     

From Early Childhood to Adolescence: Linking Family Functioning and School Behavior

The present study uses observational assessment of 66 two-parent families working and playing together when their eldest child is in kindergarten and again in 9(th) grade to identify distinct patterns of family functioning derived from structural family systems theory. Whereas concurrent assessment of the relationship between family type and adolescents' school behavior were not significant, significant prospective longitudinal relationships between family type assessed in early childhood and 9(th) grade school behavior were indicated. Kindergarteners whose families were primarily characterized by a strong mother-child alliance were less academically competent, more aggressive/inattentive, and more anxious/depressed/withdrawn at school nine years later when they were in 9(th) grade, than their peers in more cohesive or father-child allied families.     

Association between Vitamin D and Dental Caries in a Sample of Canadian and American Preschool-Aged Children

Background: Inadequate vitamin D levels may increase the risk of caries during childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) in preschool children. Methods: Data were obtained from children <72 months of age in two case–control studies in Winnipeg, Manitoba and Richmond, Virginia. Serum analysis assessed 25(OH)D, calcium and parathyroid concentrations. Data on demographics, dental history and oral hygiene were obtained via questionnaires. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationships between demographic and biological variables and S-ECC. A p-value of ≤0.05 was significant. Results: Data were available for 200 children with S-ECC and 144 caries-free controls. Children with S-ECC had significantly lower 25(OH)D levels than those who were caries-free (p < 0.001), and children with deficient 25(OH)D levels were 10 times more likely to have S-ECC (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed that having higher 25(OH)D and calcium concentrations (p = 0.019 and p < 0.0001, respectively), as well as being breastfed in infancy (p < 0.001), were significantly and independently associated with lower odds of S-ECC, while dental insurance (p = 0.006) was associated with higher odds of S-ECC. Conclusions: This study provides additional evidence of an association between nutritional status, specifically vitamin D and calcium levels, and S-ECC.     

Effect of Sucrose Concentration on Sucrose-Dependent Adhesion and Glucosyltransferase Expression of S. mutans in Children with Severe Early-Childhood Caries (S-ECC)

Sucrose, extracellular polysaccharide, and glucosyltransferases (GTFs) are key factors in sucrose-dependent adhesion and play important roles in the process of severe early-childhood caries (S-ECC). However, whether sucrose concentration regulates gtf expression, extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, and sucrose-dependent adhesion is related to the different genotypes of S. mutans isolated from ECC in children and still needs to be investigated. In this study, 52 strains of S. mutans were isolated from children with S-ECC and caries-free (CF) children. Water-insoluble glucan (WIG) synthesis was detected by the anthrone method, adhesion capacity by the turbidimetric method, and expression of gtf by RT-PCR in an in vitro model containing 1%–20% sucrose. The genotypes of S. mutans were analyzed by AP-PCR. The results showed that WIG synthesis, adhesion capacity, and gtf expression increased significantly when the sucrose concentration was from 1% to 10%. WIG synthesis and gtfB as well as gtfC expression of the 1% and 5% groups were significantly lower than those of the 10% and 20% groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the 10% and 20% groups. The fingerprints of S. mutans detected from individuals in the S-ECC group exhibited a significant difference in diversity compared with those from CF individuals (p < 0.05). Further, the expression of gtfB and gtfC in the S-ECC group was significantly different among the 1- to 5-genotype groups (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that sucrose-dependent adhesion might be related to the diversity of genotypes of S. mutans, and the 10% sucrose level can be seen as a “turning point” and essential factor for the prevention of S-ECC.